CT Brain Contrast
A Complete Academic Guide to Contrast-Enhanced CT of the Brain
Clinical history, patient preparation, contrast safety, renal and allergy screening, IV access, patient positioning, scan planning, Siemens CT workflow, contrast administration, post-contrast acquisition, image reconstruction, quality assessment and examination completion.
For CT Students, Radiographers and CT Technologists
Contents
- Introduction to Contrast-Enhanced Brain CT
- Clinical History and Terminology
- When Contrast-Enhanced Brain CT Is Considered
- Patient Preparation and Safety Screening
- IV Access and Contrast Media
- Patient Positioning and Scout Planning
- Contrast-Enhanced CT Brain Scanning Technique
- Siemens CT Operating Workflow: Registration to Completion
- Contrast Administration and Injection Workflow
- Post-Contrast Reconstruction and Windowing
- Brain Anatomy and Contrast Enhancement
- Common Contrast-Enhanced CT Findings
- Image Quality and Technical Review
- Adverse Reactions and Extravasation
- PACS, Documentation and Examination Completion
- Complete Workflow and Viva Revision
Introduction to Contrast-Enhanced Brain CT
Contrast-enhanced CT of the brain is a CT examination performed after intravenous administration of an iodinated contrast medium when the clinical question requires assessment of enhancement or improved visualization of selected intracranial structures.
Unlike a plain non-contrast CT examination, contrast-enhanced CT requires an additional safety and preparation pathway. The examination therefore begins with confirmation of the clinical indication and proceeds through patient identification, contrast screening, appropriate intravenous access, protocol selection, positioning, acquisition and post-scan observation.
Intravenous iodinated contrast can increase the conspicuity of certain lesions, vessels and areas of abnormal blood-brain barrier permeability. The usefulness of contrast depends on the clinical question and the approved protocol. A contrast examination should not be selected simply because it is technically possible; the requested protocol should match the intended diagnostic purpose.
Clinical History and Terminology
Clinical history determines why contrast is being considered and helps the technologist verify that the selected examination matches the request.
Headache
Headache is a common clinical complaint. The decision to perform contrast-enhanced CT depends on the clinical circumstances and the question being asked. The request should be reviewed rather than assuming that every headache requires contrast.
Suspected Mass or Tumor
Contrast may be requested when the clinical team needs to assess a known or suspected intracranial mass, its enhancement pattern, associated edema or other relevant features. The final interpretation remains the responsibility of the qualified interpreting physician.
Infection or Inflammation
Contrast-enhanced CT may be used in selected cases of suspected intracranial infection or inflammatory disease, particularly when the clinical question concerns abnormal enhancement, complications or mass effect.
Postoperative Evaluation
In selected postoperative cases, contrast may help evaluate residual or recurrent enhancing tissue, postoperative complications or other findings. The exact protocol should be determined by the clinical team and institutional practice.
Common Clinical Vocabulary
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Contrast-enhanced CT | CT performed after administration of intravenous contrast medium. |
| IV contrast | Contrast medium administered through an intravenous route. |
| Iodinated contrast | CT contrast medium containing iodine that increases X-ray attenuation. |
| Enhancement | Increased attenuation of tissue or a lesion following contrast administration. |
| Bolus | A relatively concentrated administration of contrast over a short period. |
| Injection rate | The rate at which contrast is delivered, usually expressed in mL/s. |
| Extravasation | Unintended leakage of contrast from the vein into surrounding tissue. |
| Allergic-like reaction | A contrast-associated reaction with symptoms resembling an allergic response. |
| eGFR | Estimated glomerular filtration rate, used as part of renal assessment when clinically indicated. |
| Creatinine | A laboratory measurement that may be used in assessment of renal function. |
Intracranial Terms Commonly Encountered
| Term | General Meaning |
|---|---|
| Mass effect | Compression or displacement of normal intracranial structures. |
| Midline shift | Displacement of normally central intracranial structures. |
| Edema | Abnormal accumulation of fluid within brain tissue. |
| Ring enhancement | Peripheral enhancement surrounding a relatively non-enhancing center; several causes are possible. |
| Abnormal enhancement | Enhancement that is atypical for the expected normal anatomy or clinical context. |
When Contrast-Enhanced Brain CT Is Considered
The indication for contrast should come from the clinical request and approved protocol. The technologist should understand the purpose of the examination without independently changing the physician's requested diagnostic study.
Common Clinical Situations
Contrast-enhanced CT may be used in selected patients with suspected brain tumors or metastases, intracranial infection, inflammatory processes, postoperative assessment, selected vascular or meningeal questions, and other situations in which enhancement is clinically relevant.
The exact examination may instead require CTA, CTV, CT perfusion, non-contrast CT, MRI or another modality. These are different studies with different protocols and should not be substituted for one another without appropriate authorization.
| Clinical Question | Possible CT Approach |
|---|---|
| Acute hemorrhage or initial trauma assessment | Non-contrast CT is commonly important as the initial examination. |
| Known or suspected enhancing lesion | Contrast-enhanced CT may be requested. |
| Suspected vascular abnormality | CTA or another vascular protocol may be more appropriate. |
| Suspected venous abnormality | CTV may be requested. |
| Selected postoperative assessment | Contrast-enhanced CT may be used according to the clinical question. |
Patient Preparation and Safety Screening
Contrast administration adds a safety screening process to the normal CT preparation pathway. The screening requirements should follow the institution's policy and the current contrast-media guidance used by the department.
Patient Identification
Verify the patient using the required identifiers before registration and again before contrast administration. The patient identity on the console, request and wristband or equivalent identification should correspond.
Clinical History
Review the indication, previous imaging when available, known conditions and any information relevant to contrast administration. The purpose is to identify whether the requested examination and contrast plan are appropriate.
Previous Contrast Reaction
Ask about previous reactions to iodinated contrast and document the information according to local policy. A previous reaction is clinically important because it may influence the risk assessment and preparation for the current examination.
Renal Function
Renal function assessment should follow the local policy and current institutional guidance. Depending on the patient and clinical setting, recent creatinine and/or eGFR information may be reviewed before contrast administration.
Pregnancy
Pregnancy status should be addressed according to institutional policy for patients in whom pregnancy is possible. The clinical benefit of an indicated examination must be considered together with radiation and contrast considerations.
Food and Fluid Preparation
For many routine intravenous contrast CT examinations, prolonged fasting is not universally required. However, local policy may specify fasting in particular situations, such as sedation or procedures with specific aspiration considerations. Follow the actual departmental protocol.
Consent and Explanation
The patient should be informed that intravenous contrast will be administered and that a temporary sensation of warmth, flushing or altered taste may occur. The patient should also know to report pain, burning or swelling at the injection site and any new symptoms during or after administration.
| Screening Area | What Should Be Checked |
|---|---|
| Patient identity | Correct patient and correct examination. |
| Indication | Why contrast-enhanced CT is requested. |
| Previous contrast reaction | Type, severity and circumstances of any previous reaction. |
| Renal assessment | Recent renal function information when required by policy. |
| Pregnancy status | Assessment according to local radiation-safety policy. |
| IV access | Suitable, patent access for the planned injection. |
| Emergency readiness | Required emergency equipment and trained personnel available. |
IV Access and Contrast Media
A contrast-enhanced CT brain examination requires reliable intravenous access suitable for the approved contrast injection method.
Choice of Contrast
Modern CT examinations generally use water-soluble iodinated contrast media. The exact agent, concentration, volume and injection rate should be selected according to the scanner protocol, patient factors, clinical indication and institutional policy.
Peripheral IV Access
A peripheral intravenous cannula should be placed using appropriate aseptic technique and in accordance with local practice. The IV line must be assessed for patency before connecting it to a power injector.
Testing the IV
The technologist or appropriately trained clinical professional should confirm that the IV access is functioning as required. The assessment should follow local policy and should not cause unnecessary trauma to the patient.
Power Injector
When a power injector is used, the tubing and syringe should be prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. Air must be removed from the injection pathway as required by the equipment and departmental procedure.
Contrast Volume and Injection Rate
The volume and injection rate are protocol-dependent. They may vary with scanner capability, patient size, contrast concentration, clinical question and whether the examination is routine post-contrast CT, angiography or another specialized study.
Saline Flush
A saline flush may be used according to the approved protocol and injector configuration. It can help deliver the contrast bolus from the IV tubing and may reduce residual contrast in the tubing.
Patient Positioning and Scout Planning
The positioning principles are similar to those used for plain CT brain, but the contrast examination requires additional attention to the injection setup and patient observation.
Standard Position
The patient is generally positioned supine with the head first. The head is supported and aligned with the scanner isocenter. Appropriate immobilization should be used when required.
Remove Metallic Objects
Spectacles, earrings, hairpins and removable external metallic objects around the head should be removed when practical and safe to reduce artifacts.
IV Line Position
The IV tubing should be positioned so that it does not interfere with patient movement, scanner operation or observation. The connection to the injector should be secure.
Scout Acquisition
Acquire the appropriate localizer or topogram and inspect it for positioning and coverage. The diagnostic scan should include the required brain and skull anatomy according to the selected protocol.
Scan Planning
Plan the acquisition according to the approved contrast-enhanced head protocol. The exact acquisition range, reconstruction thickness and timing should be scanner- and protocol-specific.
Contrast-Enhanced CT Brain Scanning Technique
The scanning technique must be selected from the approved protocol for the particular Siemens CT system. The following describes the workflow rather than prescribing a universal set of exposure or contrast parameters.
Non-Contrast and Contrast Components
Depending on the clinical indication, the examination may consist of a non-contrast acquisition followed by a post-contrast acquisition, or a contrast-enhanced acquisition may be performed according to a specific protocol. The requested examination and radiologist-approved protocol determine the sequence.
Acquisition Parameters
Tube voltage, tube current or reference mAs, detector configuration, rotation time, pitch where applicable, field of view and reconstruction parameters should be taken from the approved protocol. These parameters should not be copied from a different CT scanner without verification.
Contrast Timing
Contrast timing depends on the clinical question. Routine post-contrast brain imaging and vascular examinations have different timing requirements. CTA and CTV should therefore not be treated as ordinary post-contrast brain CT.
Scan Range
The acquisition should include the required intracranial anatomy from the appropriate skull base region through the vertex. The exact range should be confirmed on the scout and in the approved protocol.
Motion Control
The patient should remain still during both the contrast injection and the diagnostic acquisition. The technologist should communicate clearly before scanning because movement can degrade the examination.
| Parameter | Principle |
|---|---|
| kV | Use the scanner-specific approved protocol and patient-size strategy. |
| mAs / tube current | Use the approved exposure setting or automatic exposure-control strategy. |
| Collimation | Depends on detector configuration and selected protocol. |
| Pitch | Relevant to helical acquisition and protocol-specific. |
| FOV | Should appropriately cover the head while supporting required spatial resolution. |
| Slice thickness | Use the required reconstruction thickness for the clinical task. |
| Contrast timing | Determined by the clinical question and approved protocol. |
Siemens CT Operating Workflow: Registration to Completion
The following is a general Siemens SOMATOM-style educational workflow. Exact console labels, buttons, protocol names and software screens vary by scanner model and software version.
Step 1 — Prepare the CT System
Confirm that the scanner is operational and that required quality control and system checks have been completed according to departmental and manufacturer procedures.
Step 2 — Register the Patient
Open the patient registration area and create the examination. Enter the patient identifiers accurately and verify them against the patient and examination request.
Step 3 — Enter Clinical Information
Enter or confirm the clinical indication and other required study information according to the department's workflow.
Step 4 — Select CT Brain Contrast
Select the approved contrast-enhanced brain protocol. Confirm that the selected examination corresponds to the requested study and is not a CTA, CTV, CT perfusion or another specialized vascular protocol unless that is specifically requested.
Step 5 — Perform Contrast Screening
Before connecting contrast, confirm the required history and screening information, including previous contrast reactions, renal assessment when required, pregnancy considerations and other locally mandated checks.
Step 6 — Establish IV Access
Confirm that a suitable IV line is present and patent. Secure the line and prepare the injector according to the approved contrast protocol.
Step 7 — Position the Patient
Position the patient supine, head first, with the head supported and centered. Check for rotation and tilt.
Step 8 — Acquire the Scout
Acquire and review the localizer. Confirm positioning, anatomical coverage and planned scan range.
Step 9 — Review the Protocol
Before exposure, verify the approved acquisition parameters, reconstruction series and contrast injection settings. The values should correspond to the specific scanner and patient.
Step 10 — Prepare the Injector
Load the approved contrast agent and volume, connect the injector tubing, remove air according to the injector procedure and confirm that the IV connection is secure.
Step 11 — Final Patient Instructions
Explain that the patient may feel warmth or flushing during injection. Instruct the patient to remain still and to report pain, burning, swelling, breathing difficulty or other unexpected symptoms.
Step 12 — Perform the Approved Acquisition
Start the approved scan and contrast injection sequence. The exact relationship between injection and acquisition is determined by the protocol.
Step 13 — Observe the Patient
Continue to observe the patient during and immediately after contrast administration. Be prepared to stop the injection and initiate the department's emergency response pathway if a significant reaction occurs.
Step 14 — Reconstruct the Images
Generate the required post-contrast brain reconstruction and any additional protocol-specific series, such as bone reconstruction when required.
Step 15 — Technical Review
Check coverage, motion, artifacts, enhancement, reconstruction, patient identification and series labeling. This is a technical review, not the final diagnostic interpretation.
Step 16 — Send to PACS
Transfer the examination to the correct PACS destination and confirm that the study is associated with the correct patient.
Step 17 — Complete the Examination
Document the examination and contrast administration according to local policy. Follow the required post-contrast observation and discharge procedure.
Contrast Administration and Injection Workflow
Safe contrast administration requires correct patient selection, appropriate IV access, correct injector preparation, observation and rapid recognition of complications.
Before Injection
Confirm the patient's identity, examination, contrast agent, prescribed volume, injection rate, IV access and injector setup. The contrast information should correspond to the approved protocol.
During Injection
The patient should remain under observation. A transient warm sensation, flushing or unusual taste may occur with iodinated contrast. These sensations should be explained before injection so that the patient is not unnecessarily alarmed.
Patient-Reported Pain
Pain, burning or swelling around the IV site may indicate infiltration or extravasation. The injection should be managed according to the department's extravasation protocol.
After Injection
Continue appropriate observation according to local practice, particularly when the patient has relevant risk factors or develops symptoms. Document contrast administration and any reaction.
| Stage | Technologist Focus |
|---|---|
| Before injection | Identity, indication, screening, IV patency, contrast and protocol. |
| During injection | Patient observation, injector operation and IV site monitoring. |
| During scanning | Correct timing, patient stillness and acquisition coverage. |
| After injection | Observation, documentation and management of symptoms if present. |
Post-Contrast Reconstruction and Windowing
Post-contrast images are reconstructed and displayed using settings appropriate for intracranial soft tissue and other required structures.
Brain Window
The brain window is used to evaluate intracranial soft tissue, including brain parenchyma and areas of enhancement. Comparison with any non-contrast series may be important when both series are acquired.
Bone Window
A bone reconstruction and bone window may be included when required by the clinical question, trauma history or institutional protocol.
Multiplanar Reconstructions
Axial images may be supplemented with coronal and sagittal reconstructions when required. The reconstruction thickness and algorithm should follow the approved protocol.
| Series / Display | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Non-contrast brain | Baseline assessment when included in the protocol. |
| Post-contrast brain | Assessment of abnormal enhancement and contrast-enhancing structures. |
| Bone reconstruction | Evaluation of skull and other high-contrast osseous structures when required. |
| Coronal / sagittal MPR | Additional anatomical assessment according to protocol. |
Brain Anatomy and Contrast Enhancement
Knowledge of normal enhancement helps the technologist understand why contrast is being administered and helps identify whether the study has been technically completed.
Normal Enhancing Structures
Certain intracranial structures normally demonstrate enhancement after intravenous contrast because of their vascularity or because they lie outside the typical blood-brain barrier. Recognition of expected enhancement prevents normal structures from being mistaken for pathology.
Abnormal Enhancement
Abnormal enhancement may be seen with a range of conditions, including tumors, infection, inflammation and vascular abnormalities. Enhancement alone is not a diagnosis and must be interpreted in conjunction with morphology, clinical history and other imaging findings.
Blood-Brain Barrier
The blood-brain barrier limits passage of many substances from the circulation into normal brain tissue. Disease processes can alter this barrier and produce abnormal enhancement.
Ventricular System
The lateral, third and fourth ventricles should be assessed for size, symmetry and mass effect when reviewing the technical appearance of the examination.
Posterior Fossa
The cerebellum and brainstem should be included in the acquisition. Contrast enhancement in the posterior fossa is assessed using the same principles of protocol-specific image quality and anatomical coverage.
Common Contrast-Enhanced CT Findings
This chapter provides educational terminology rather than diagnostic interpretation. Final diagnosis belongs to the appropriately qualified interpreting physician.
Enhancing Mass
An enhancing intracranial mass may demonstrate focal, homogeneous, heterogeneous or peripheral enhancement. The enhancement pattern is only one component of interpretation.
Ring Enhancement
Ring enhancement describes enhancement around a relatively non-enhancing central region. Differential considerations include neoplastic, infectious and inflammatory processes, among others.
Meningeal Enhancement
Abnormal enhancement along the meninges may occur in several clinical conditions. The pattern and distribution must be interpreted with the clinical context.
Abscess
A cerebral abscess may demonstrate a relatively low-attenuation center with peripheral enhancement and surrounding edema. CT appearance alone does not establish the diagnosis.
Metastatic Disease
Metastatic lesions may enhance and can be multiple. Their appearance, distribution and associated edema are evaluated by the interpreting physician.
Glioma and Other Tumors
Primary brain tumors demonstrate variable enhancement. Some lesions enhance strongly while others may show little or no enhancement. Therefore, lack of marked enhancement does not by itself exclude intracranial pathology.
| Finding | General CT Appearance |
|---|---|
| Enhancing mass | Focal or diffuse increase in attenuation after contrast. |
| Ring enhancement | Peripheral enhancement surrounding a relatively non-enhancing center. |
| Meningeal enhancement | Abnormal enhancement along meningeal surfaces. |
| Edema | Low attenuation in affected brain tissue, often with mass effect when substantial. |
| Mass effect | Displacement or compression of normal structures. |
| Hydrocephalus | Ventricular enlargement associated with disturbed CSF dynamics. |
Image Quality and Technical Review
A contrast-enhanced CT examination must be reviewed technically before it is released to PACS.
Patient and Study Identification
Confirm that the patient name, identification number, study description and series labels are correct.
Coverage
Confirm that the planned anatomy is included from the appropriate skull base region through the vertex.
Motion
Assess whether motion has reduced image quality. If a clinically important series is nondiagnostic, follow the institutional procedure for correction or repeat acquisition.
Contrast Enhancement
Confirm that the post-contrast series was acquired according to the approved timing and that there is no obvious technical failure of contrast delivery.
Injection and IV Complications
Check whether the patient reported pain or swelling and whether there was any concern for extravasation. Document and manage according to departmental procedure.
| Technical Check | Question |
|---|---|
| Patient | Is the correct patient and examination registered? |
| Screening | Were required contrast safety checks completed? |
| IV access | Was the IV suitable and patent? |
| Coverage | Is the complete required anatomy included? |
| Contrast | Was the intended contrast acquisition completed? |
| Motion | Are images sufficiently free from motion? |
| Reconstruction | Are all required series available? |
| Labeling | Are series and patient labels correct? |
| PACS | Will the correct study reach the correct destination? |
Adverse Reactions and Extravasation
Contrast reactions are uncommon but can be clinically important. Every contrast CT area should have a defined response pathway and appropriate emergency resources.
Acute Contrast Reactions
Reactions may range from mild symptoms such as nausea, itching or limited urticaria to severe reactions involving airway compromise, hypotension or other serious manifestations. The department's emergency protocol should guide management.
Patient Observation
The patient should remain observable during injection and for the period specified by local practice. Staff should be able to recognize and escalate concerning symptoms promptly.
Extravasation
Extravasation occurs when contrast leaves the vein and enters surrounding tissue. Signs may include pain, swelling, tightness or discomfort at the injection site. Stop the injection and follow the institution's extravasation management protocol.
Documentation
Any significant reaction or extravasation should be documented according to departmental requirements, including the relevant contrast agent and clinical response.
| Situation | Immediate Principle |
|---|---|
| Mild symptoms | Observe, assess and follow the local contrast-reaction protocol. |
| Severe symptoms | Stop/interrupt contrast administration as appropriate and activate the emergency response pathway. |
| Injection-site pain or swelling | Stop injection and assess for possible extravasation according to protocol. |
| Delayed symptoms reported later | Provide the patient with the department's appropriate advice and documentation pathway. |
PACS, Documentation and Examination Completion
The examination is complete only after image reconstruction, technical review, documentation and appropriate transfer have been completed.
Contrast Documentation
Record the required contrast information according to local policy. This may include the agent name, concentration, volume, administration time and any reaction or complication.
PACS Transfer
Send the correct series to the appropriate PACS destination. Verify that the study is attached to the correct patient and examination.
Final Patient Care
Remove the IV access when appropriate according to the department's workflow, provide any required post-procedure instructions and ensure that the patient is stable before leaving the CT area.
Technical Completion Checklist
| Item | Completion Check |
|---|---|
| Registration | Correct patient and study. |
| Screening | Required contrast safety assessment completed. |
| IV | Access established and managed appropriately. |
| Contrast | Agent and administration documented. |
| Acquisition | Required scan completed. |
| Reconstruction | Required image series reconstructed. |
| Quality | Technical review completed. |
| PACS | Study transferred correctly. |
| Patient | Post-contrast care and discharge procedure completed. |
Complete Workflow and Viva Revision
Complete CT Brain Contrast Sequence
↓ 2. Identify patient
↓ 3. Review clinical indication
↓ 4. Confirm CT Brain Contrast request
↓ 5. Contrast safety screening
↓ 6. Establish / verify IV access
↓ 7. Position and center patient
↓ 8. Acquire scout
↓ 9. Plan scan range
↓ 10. Verify approved Siemens protocol
↓ 11. Prepare injector and contrast
↓ 12. Give patient instructions
↓ 13. Administer contrast according to protocol
↓ 14. Acquire CT at protocol-defined timing
↓ 15. Observe patient
↓ 16. Reconstruct images
↓ 17. Review technical quality
↓ 18. Document contrast administration
↓ 19. Send study to PACS
↓ 20. Complete patient care and examination
Memory Formula
A simple memory sequence is:
REGISTER → SCREEN → IV → POSITION → PLAN → INJECT → SCAN → CHECK → PACS → COMPLETE
Viva Questions
1. What is contrast-enhanced CT brain?
It is CT imaging of the brain performed after intravenous administration of an iodinated contrast medium when enhancement is clinically required.
2. Why is contrast used?
Contrast can improve visualization of enhancing lesions, selected vascular structures and areas where the blood-brain barrier or tissue vascularity is abnormal.
3. Is contrast required for every CT brain?
No. The decision depends on the clinical indication and approved protocol.
4. What contrast is commonly used for CT?
Water-soluble iodinated contrast media are commonly used for intravenous CT examinations.
5. Why is IV patency important?
A patent and appropriate IV access is necessary for safe administration of the prescribed contrast injection.
6. What is extravasation?
Extravasation is unintended leakage of contrast from the vein into surrounding tissue.
7. What should the patient be told before contrast injection?
The patient should be informed about the injection and possible temporary sensations and should be instructed to report pain, burning, swelling or other concerning symptoms.
8. What is the role of eGFR?
eGFR is an estimate of renal function and may form part of the renal assessment required before iodinated contrast administration according to institutional policy.
9. What is a CTA brain?
CTA is a CT angiographic examination designed to evaluate blood vessels and uses a different acquisition and timing protocol from routine post-contrast brain CT.
10. What is the most important technical principle?
Use the approved protocol for the specific scanner, patient and clinical question, and verify the examination before administration and acquisition.
Final Summary
Contrast-enhanced CT brain is a complete clinical, technical and safety workflow rather than simply a CT scan followed by an injection.
The process begins with patient identification and clinical review. The technologist confirms the indication for contrast, completes the required safety screening, verifies appropriate IV access and prepares the approved contrast injection. The patient is then positioned, centered and scanned according to the scanner-specific protocol.
Contrast timing is determined by the clinical question and the approved protocol. After acquisition, the images are reconstructed and reviewed for coverage, motion, artifacts, contrast delivery and correct identification. Contrast information and any complications are documented, and the completed examination is transferred to PACS.
Use of This Academic Guide
This material is intended for education and training. It does not replace the Siemens operator manual, the current institutional CT protocol, the radiologist's instructions, medical-physics guidance, contrast-media guidance, emergency procedures, radiation-safety requirements or applicable regulations.
Siemens SOMATOM systems differ in model, detector configuration, software version and installed options. Exact console buttons, protocol names, contrast settings and exposure parameters must therefore be verified on the specific scanner used in the department.
Contrast administration should be performed only by appropriately trained and authorized personnel using the department's approved contrast agent, injector procedure and emergency-response pathway.
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