Ultrasound
Abbreviation

01

Introduction to Ultrasound

• 01CSA = Cross-Sectional Area
• 02BM = B-Mode (Gray Scale)
• 03CD = Color Doppler
• 04PD = Power Doppler
• 05PW = Pulsed Wave Doppler
• 06CW = Continuous Wave Doppler
• 07RI = Resistive Index
• 08PI = Pulsatility Index
• 09PSV = Peak Systolic Velocity
• 10EDV = End Diastolic Velocity
• 11TAMV = Time Averaged Mean Velocity
• 12S/D Ratio = Systolic / Diastolic Ratio
• 13CFI = Color Flow Imaging
• 14CFD = Color Flow Doppler
• 15PDI = Power Doppler Imaging
• 16CEUS = Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
• 17Elastography = Ultrasound Tissue Stiffness Assessment
• 18QUS = Quantitative Ultrasound
• 19SMI = Superb Microvascular Imaging
• 20MV-Flow = Microvascular Flow Imaging
• 21HFUS = High-Frequency Ultrasound
• 22POCUS = Point-of-Care Ultrasound
• 23EUS = Endoscopic Ultrasound
• 24IVUS = Intravascular Ultrasound
• 25TCD = Transcranial Doppler
• 26LUS = Lung Ultrasound
• 27AI-Assisted Ultrasound
• 28AP = Anteroposterior Diameter
• 29TR = Transverse Diameter
• 30CC = Craniocaudal Diameter
• 31Vol = Volume Calculation

02

Physics of Ultrasound

• 01Hz = Hertz (Frequency)
• 02MHz = Megahertz
• 03λ = Wavelength
• 04c = Speed of Sound
• 05T = Period
• 06A = Amplitude
• 07Z = Acoustic Impedance
• 08dB = Decibel
• 09ATT = Attenuation
• 10PRF = Pulse Repetition Frequency
• 11PRP = Pulse Repetition Period
• 12DF = Duty Factor
• 13PD = Pulse Duration
• 14SPL = Spatial Pulse Length
• 15SPTA = Spatial Peak Temporal Average Intensity
• 16SPPA = Spatial Peak Pulse Average Intensity
• 17TI = Thermal Index
• 18MI = Mechanical Index
• 19PE = Piezoelectric Effect
• 20TX = Transducer
• 21NF = Near Field (Fresnel Zone)
• 22FF = Far Field (Fraunhofer Zone)
• 23AR = Axial Resolution
• 24LR = Lateral Resolution
• 25ER = Elevational Resolution
• 26TR = Temporal Resolution
• 27Δf = Doppler Shift Frequency
• 28CW = Continuous Wave Doppler
• 29PW = Pulsed Wave Doppler
• 30CD = Color Doppler
• 31PD = Power Doppler
• 32CFI = Color Flow Imaging
• 33AL = Aliasing
• 34NL = Nyquist Limit
• 35THI = Tissue Harmonic Imaging
• 36CEUS = Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
• 37SMI = Superb Microvascular Imaging
• 38MV-Flow = Microvascular Flow Imaging
• 39EUS = Endoscopic Ultrasound
• 40IVUS = Intravascular Ultrasound
• 41TCD = Transcranial Doppler
• 42ALARA = As Low As Reasonably Achievable

03

Ultrasound Equipment (Knobology)

• 01US System = Ultrasound System
• 02TX = Transducer
• 03BM = B-Mode (Gray Scale)
• 04M-Mode = Motion Mode
• 05CD = Color Doppler
• 06PD = Power Doppler
• 07PW = Pulsed Wave Doppler
• 08CW = Continuous Wave Doppler
• 09Gain = Overall Image Brightness Control
• 10TGC = Time Gain Compensation
• 11DGC = Depth Gain Compensation
• 12Power = Acoustic Output Power
• 13Depth = Image Depth Control
• 14Focus = Focal Zone Control
• 15Freq = Transducer Frequency Selection
• 16DR = Dynamic Range
• 17Comp = Compression
• 18Zoom = Image Magnification
• 19Cine = Cine Loop Review
• 20Freeze = Freeze Image Function
• 21Store = Save Image
• 22Meas = Measurement Package
• 23Cal = Electronic Calipers
• 24Anno = Annotation Tool
• 25BMK = Body Marker
• 26Preset = Examination Preset
• 27PID = Patient Identification Data
• 28THI = Tissue Harmonic Imaging
• 29SRI = Speckle Reduction Imaging
• 30SCI = Spatial Compound Imaging
• 31AIO = Auto Image Optimization
• 32ECG = Electrocardiographic Synchronization
• 33PRF = Pulse Repetition Frequency Control
• 34WF = Wall Filter
• 35BL = Baseline Adjustment
• 36SV = Sample Volume (Gate)
• 37SA = Steering Angle
• 38AC = Angle Correction
• 39CB = Color Box
• 40INV = Image Invert Function
• 41MPR = Multi-Planar Reconstruction
• 423D = Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
• 434D = Real-Time Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
• 44Elasto = Elastography Controls
• 45CEUS = Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Controls
• 46DICOM = Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
• 47PACS = Picture Archiving and Communication System
• 48MWL = Modality Worklist
• 49USB = Universal Serial Bus Export
• 50System Maintenance & Quality Assurance

04

Doppler ultrasound

• 01DUS = Doppler Ultrasound
• 02CD = Color Doppler
• 03PD = Power Doppler
• 04PW = Pulsed Wave Doppler
• 05CW = Continuous Wave Doppler
• 06SD = Spectral Doppler
• 07Δf = Doppler Shift Frequency
• 08PRF = Pulse Repetition Frequency
• 09NL = Nyquist Limit
• 10AL = Aliasing
• 11SV = Sample Volume (Gate)
• 12θ = Doppler Angle
• 13AC = Angle Correction
• 14WF = Wall Filter
• 15BL = Baseline Adjustment
• 16CB = Color Box
• 17SA = Steering Angle
• 18PSV = Peak Systolic Velocity
• 19EDV = End Diastolic Velocity
• 20MV = Mean Velocity
• 21TAMV = Time Averaged Mean Velocity
• 22RI = Resistive Index
• 23PI = Pulsatility Index
• 24S/D = Systolic / Diastolic Ratio
• 25AT = Acceleration Time
• 26AI = Acceleration Index
• 27Vmax = Maximum Velocity
• 28Vmean = Mean Velocity
• 29FV = Flow Volume
• 30CFI = Color Flow Imaging
• 31CFD = Color Flow Doppler
• 32PDI = Power Doppler Imaging
• 33SMI = Superb Microvascular Imaging
• 34MV-Flow = Microvascular Flow Imaging
• 35Vasc = Vascularity
• 36HyperV = Hypervascularity
• 37HypoV = Hypovascularity
• 38Mono = Monophasic Waveform
• 39Bi = Biphasic Waveform
• 40Tri = Triphasic Waveform
• 41Turb = Turbulent Flow
• 42Lam = Laminar Flow
• 43AVM = Arteriovenous Malformation
• 44RAR = Renal-Aortic Ratio
• 45RRI = Renal Resistive Index
• 46ICA PSV = Internal Carotid Artery PSV
• 47CCA PSV = Common Carotid Artery PSV
• 48ICA/CCA Ratio
• 49PV = Portal Vein Flow Assessment
• 50Standard Doppler Reporting Terminology

05

Artifacts

• 01US Art = Ultrasound Artifacts
• 02Rev = Reverberation Artifact
• 03CTA = Comet Tail Artifact
• 04RDA = Ring-Down Artifact
• 05MIA = Mirror Image Artifact
• 06AS = Acoustic Shadowing
• 07PAE = Posterior Acoustic Enhancement
• 08ES = Edge Shadowing
• 09RA = Refraction Artifact
• 10SDA = Speed Displacement Artifact
• 11SLA = Side Lobe Artifact
• 12GLA = Grating Lobe Artifact
• 13BWA = Beam Width Artifact
• 14STA = Slice Thickness Artifact
• 15RAA = Range Ambiguity Artifact
• 16MPA = Multipath Artifact
• 17SA = Speckle Artifact
• 18AN = Anisotropy
• 19FZA = Focal Zone Artifact
• 20ENA = Electronic Noise Artifact
• 21DO = Signal Dropout
• 22CB = Color Bleeding
• 23CFA = Color Flash Artifact
• 24AL = Doppler Aliasing
• 25SB = Spectral Broadening
• 26MID = Mirror Image Doppler Artifact
• 27TA = Twinkling Artifact
• 28BA = Blooming Artifact
• 29VW = Velocity Wraparound
• 30WFA = Wall Filter Artifact
• 31MA = Motion Artifact
• 32RMA = Respiratory Motion Artifact
• 33PPA = Probe Pressure Artifact
• 34NFC = Near Field Clutter
• 35FFD = Far Field Degradation
• 36Artifact Recognition & Interpretation
• 37Artifact Reduction Techniques
• 38Common B-Mode Artifacts
• 39Common Color Doppler Artifacts
• 40Common Spectral Doppler Artifacts
• 41Artifact vs True Pathology
• 42Clinical Applications of Artifacts
• 43A-Lines & B-Lines
• 44Artifact-Based Diagnosis
• 45Artifact Summary & Quick Reference

07

Patient Care & Ergonomics

• 01Patient Care & Ergonomics Overview
• 02Professional Conduct in Ultrasound Practice
• 03Patient Identification & Verification
• 04Patient Consent & Communication
• 05Patient Confidentiality & Privacy
• 06Infection Prevention & Control
• 07Hand Hygiene Protocols
• 08PPE = Personal Protective Equipment
• 09Probe Cleaning & Disinfection
• 10Ultrasound Gel Safety
• 11Patient Preparation
• 12Patient Positioning Principles
• 13Special Needs Patients
• 14Pediatric Patient Care
• 15Geriatric Patient Care
• 16Obstetric Patient Care
• 17Critical Care & ICU Patients
• 18Patient Safety Principles
• 19Fall Prevention & Safe Transfers
• 20Medical Emergencies in Ultrasound
• 21BLS = Basic Life Support
• 22Ergonomics in Sonography
• 23WRMSD = Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
• 24Ergonomic Risk Factors
• 25Neutral Scanning Posture
• 26Chair & Workstation Adjustment
• 27Monitor Positioning
• 28Keyboard & Control Panel Positioning
• 29Proper Transducer Grip Techniques
• 30Scanning Arm & Shoulder Position
• 31Patient Bed Height Adjustment
• 32Reducing Repetitive Strain Injury
• 33Stretching Exercises for Sonographers
• 34Microbreaks During Scanning
• 35Fatigue Management
• 36Workload Management
• 37Occupational Health in Sonography
• 38Burnout Prevention
• 39Improving Patient Experience
• 40Cultural Sensitivity & Respect
• 41Managing Challenging Patient Interactions
• 42Ethical & Legal Considerations
• 43Documentation & Incident Reporting
• 44Quality Assurance in Patient Care
• 45Patient Care & Ergonomics: Best Practices Summary

08

Scanning Techniques

• 01Scanning Techniques Overview
• 02Patient Preparation for Ultrasound Scanning
• 03Room & Equipment Setup
• 04Transducer Selection
• 05Probe Orientation & Marker Position
• 06Anatomical Scanning Planes
• 07Longitudinal (Sagittal) Scanning
• 08Transverse (Axial) Scanning
• 09Coronal Scanning
• 10Oblique Scanning
• 11Sliding Technique
• 12Sweeping Technique
• 13Rocking (Heel-Toe) Technique
• 14Tilting Technique
• 15Rotation Technique
• 16Compression Technique
• 17Graded Compression Technique
• 18Dynamic Scanning
• 19Real-Time Assessment
• 20Multiplanar Scanning
• 21Systematic Organ Survey
• 22Image Optimization Techniques
• 23Gain Adjustment
• 24TGC = Time Gain Compensation Adjustment
• 25Depth Adjustment
• 26Focus Adjustment
• 27Frequency Selection & Adjustment
• 28Dynamic Range Adjustment
• 29THI = Tissue Harmonic Imaging Use
• 30Doppler Scanning Techniques
• 31Color Doppler Technique
• 32Power Doppler Technique
• 33Spectral Doppler Technique
• 34Doppler Angle Correction
• 35Sample Volume Placement
• 36Vascular Assessment Techniques
• 37Abdominal Scanning Techniques
• 38Pelvic Scanning Techniques
• 39Obstetric Scanning Techniques
• 40Small Parts Scanning Techniques
• 41Musculoskeletal Scanning Techniques
• 42Interventional Ultrasound Techniques
• 43Common Scanning Errors
• 44Image Documentation & Labeling
• 45Scanning Techniques: Best Practices Summary

09

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS)

• 01POCUS = Point-of-Care Ultrasound
• 02What is Point-of-Care Ultrasound?
• 03History & Evolution of POCUS
• 04Clinical Indications for POCUS
• 05Advantages & Limitations of POCUS
• 06Portable & Handheld Ultrasound Systems
• 07POCUS Knobology
• 08Transducer Selection for POCUS
• 09Basic POCUS Scanning Techniques
• 10Focused vs Comprehensive Ultrasound
• 11eFAST = Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
• 12FAST Examination
• 13Trauma POCUS Applications
• 14LUS = Lung Ultrasound
• 15A-Lines & B-Lines
• 16POCUS for Pneumothorax
• 17POCUS for Pleural Effusion
• 18POCUS for Lung Consolidation
• 19FoCUS = Focused Cardiac Ultrasound
• 20Basic Echocardiography in POCUS
• 21Pericardial Effusion Assessment
• 22Cardiac Tamponade Assessment
• 23LV Function Assessment
• 24IVC = Inferior Vena Cava Assessment
• 25Volume Status Evaluation
• 26Abdominal POCUS
• 27Gallbladder Assessment
• 28Renal & Hydronephrosis Assessment
• 29Urinary Bladder Assessment
• 30Appendix Evaluation
• 31Obstetric POCUS
• 32First Trimester Assessment
• 33Fetal Heart Activity Assessment
• 34Vascular POCUS
• 35DVT = Deep Vein Thrombosis Assessment
• 36Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Access
• 37Procedural POCUS
• 38Central Venous Line Guidance
• 39Thoracentesis Guidance
• 40Paracentesis Guidance
• 41Regional Anesthesia Guidance
• 42Critical Care POCUS
• 43Emergency Medicine POCUS
• 44POCUS Documentation & Reporting
• 45Limitations, Pitfalls & Quality Assurance
• 46AI Applications in POCUS
• 47Future of Point-of-Care Ultrasound
• 48POCUS Case Studies
• 49Practical Tips & Tricks
• 50POCUS Quick Reference & Summary

10

CHAPTER 6

• 01Advanced Ultrasound Overview
• 02CEUS = Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
• 03Ultrasound Contrast Agents
• 04Physics of CEUS
• 05CEUS Examination Technique
• 06CEUS of the Liver
• 07CEUS of the Kidney
• 08CEUS of the Pancreas
• 09CEUS Vascular Applications
• 10CEUS Reporting Guidelines
• 11Elastography Overview
• 12SE = Strain Elastography
• 13SWE = Shear Wave Elastography
• 14pSWE = Point Shear Wave Elastography
• 152D-SWE = Two-Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography
• 16Liver Elastography
• 17Thyroid Elastography
• 18Breast Elastography
• 19Prostate Elastography
• 20Musculoskeletal Elastography
• 213D = Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
• 224D = Four-Dimensional Ultrasound
• 233D Volume Acquisition
• 243D Rendering Techniques
• 253D/4D Obstetric Ultrasound
• 263D Gynecologic Ultrasound
• 27SMI = Superb Microvascular Imaging
• 28MV-Flow = Microvascular Flow Imaging
• 29Microvascular Imaging Applications
• 30Fusion Imaging
• 31Ultrasound-CT Fusion Imaging
• 32Ultrasound-MRI Fusion Imaging
• 33Fusion-Guided Interventions
• 34QUS = Quantitative Ultrasound
• 35HFUS = High-Frequency Ultrasound
• 36UBM = Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
• 37EUS = Endoscopic Ultrasound
• 38EUS-Guided Procedures
• 39IVUS = Intravascular Ultrasound
• 40IVUS vs OCT
• 41TCD = Transcranial Doppler
• 42fUS = Functional Ultrasound
• 43AI-Assisted Ultrasound
• 44Machine Learning in Ultrasound
• 45Automated Image Analysis
• 46Radiomics & Quantitative Imaging
• 47Ultrasound-Guided Therapy
• 48FUS = Focused Ultrasound
• 49HIFU = High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
• 50Future of Advanced Ultrasound

11

Image Interpretation

• 01AN = Anechoic
• 02HE = Hypoechoic
• 03HPE = Hyperechoic
• 04IE = Isoechoic
• 05HT = Heterogeneous
• 06HM = Homogeneous
• 07SL = Solid Lesion
• 08CL = Cystic Lesion
• 09CXL = Complex Lesion
• 10CAL = Calcification
• 11AS = Acoustic Shadowing
• 12PE = Posterior Enhancement
• 13SEP = Septation
• 14DEB = Internal Debris
• 15VASC = Vascularity
• 16AV = Avascular
• 17HV = Hypervascular
• 18HYV = Hypovascular
• 19RI = Resistive Index
• 20PI = Pulsatility Index
• 21PSV = Peak Systolic Velocity
• 22EDV = End Diastolic Velocity
• 23TAMV = Time Averaged Mean Velocity
• 24S/D = Systolic-Diastolic Ratio
• 25BM = B-Mode
• 26CD = Color Doppler
• 27PD = Power Doppler
• 28PW = Pulsed Wave Doppler
• 29CW = Continuous Wave Doppler
• 30CEUS = Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
• 31SMI = Superb Microvascular Imaging
• 32MV-Flow = Microvascular Flow Imaging
• 33LN = Lymph Node
• 34CBD = Common Bile Duct
• 35MPD = Main Pancreatic Duct
• 36AAO = Abdominal Aorta
• 37IVC = Inferior Vena Cava
• 38PV = Portal Vein
• 39HV = Hepatic Vein
• 40SMV = Superior Mesenteric Vein
• 41SMA = Superior Mesenteric Artery
• 42RK = Right Kidney
• 43LK = Left Kidney
• 44GB = Gallbladder
• 45FH = Focal Hepatic Lesion
• 46ML = Mass Lesion
• 47DDx = Differential Diagnosis
• 48IFU = Incidental Finding on Ultrasound
• 49NAD = No Abnormality Detected
• 50WNL = Within Normal Limits

12

Reporting & Documentation

• 01USG = Ultrasonography
• 02BM = B-Mode (Gray Scale)
• 03CD = Color Doppler
• 04PD = Power Doppler
• 05PW = Pulsed Wave Doppler
• 06CW = Continuous Wave Doppler
• 07Hx = History
• 08CC = Chief Complaint
• 09OE = On Examination
• 10FOV = Field of View
• 11ROI = Region of Interest
• 12MEAS = Measurement
• 13AP = Anteroposterior Diameter
• 14TR = Transverse Diameter
• 15CC = Craniocaudal Dimension
• 16VOL = Volume
• 17LN = Lymph Node
• 18LSN = Lesion
• 19MS = Mass
• 20CYS = Cyst
• 21CAL = Calcification
• 22NDL = Nodule
• 23ECHO = Echogenicity
• 24HM = Homogeneous
• 25HT = Heterogeneous
• 26AN = Anechoic
• 27HE = Hypoechoic
• 28HPE = Hyperechoic
• 29IE = Isoechoic
• 30VASC = Vascularity
• 31PSV = Peak Systolic Velocity
• 32EDV = End Diastolic Velocity
• 33RI = Resistive Index
• 34PI = Pulsatility Index
• 35IMP = Impression
• 36CONC = Conclusion
• 37DDx = Differential Diagnosis
• 38NAD = No Abnormality Detected
• 39WNL = Within Normal Limits
• 40IFU = Incidental Finding on Ultrasound
• 41FU = Follow-Up
• 42CORR = Clinical Correlation
• 43DICOM = Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
• 44PACS = Picture Archiving and Communication System
• 45QA = Quality Assurance
• 46QC = Quality Control
• 47PR = Peer Review
• 48AUD = Audit
• 49SR = Structured Reporting
• 50RS = Reporting Standards

13

Beyond Basics

• 01CEUS = Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
• 02ELX = Elastography
• 03SE = Strain Elastography
• 04SWE = Shear Wave Elastography
• 05pSWE = Point Shear Wave Elastography
• 062D-SWE = Two-Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography
• 073D = Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
• 084D = Real-Time Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
• 09SMI = Superb Microvascular Imaging
• 10MV-Flow = Microvascular Flow Imaging
• 11MFI = Micro Flow Imaging
• 12FI = Fusion Imaging
• 13QUS = Quantitative Ultrasound
• 14HFUS = High-Frequency Ultrasound
• 15UBM = Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
• 16EUS = Endoscopic Ultrasound
• 17EUS-FNA = Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration
• 18EUS-FNB = Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Biopsy
• 19IVUS = Intravascular Ultrasound
• 20OCT = Optical Coherence Tomography
• 21TCD = Transcranial Doppler
• 22TCDU = Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound
• 23fUS = Functional Ultrasound
• 24POCUS = Point-of-Care Ultrasound
• 25FAST = Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
• 26eFAST = Extended FAST
• 27FoCUS = Focused Cardiac Ultrasound
• 28LUS = Lung Ultrasound
• 29VUS = Vascular Ultrasound
• 30AI-US = Artificial Intelligence in Ultrasound
• 31ML = Machine Learning
• 32DL = Deep Learning
• 33CAD = Computer-Aided Diagnosis
• 34RAD = Radiomics
• 35Imaging Omics = Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers
• 36FUS = Focused Ultrasound Surgery
• 37HIFU = High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
• 38MRgFUS = MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound
• 39ST = Sonothrombolysis
• 40UGDD = Ultrasound-Guided Drug Delivery
• 41MUS = Molecular Ultrasound
• 42NUS = Nano-Ultrasound Applications
• 43TUS = Tele-Ultrasound
• 44RUS = Robotic Ultrasound
• 45WUS = Wearable Ultrasound
• 46WLUS = Wireless Ultrasound
• 47CUS = Cloud-Based Ultrasound
• 48FUSI = Future Ultrasound Innovations
• 49RUS = Research Ultrasound Applications
• 50NGUS = Next-Generation Ultrasound Systems