Sonoacademy : CXR templates-PA view

PA chest radiograph demonstrates normal cardiac size and mediastinal contours. Both lungs are adequately expanded and clear. No focal parenchymal infiltrate, collapse, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax is identified. Hilar structures are normal. Costophrenic angles are preserved. No acute bony abnormality is evident on the visualized thorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Normal PA chest examination.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Routine clinical follow-up. No radiographic evidence of active chest pathology.

📂 AIR-SPACE / ALVEOLAR DISEASES

1 📄 Lobar Pneumonia

📋 FINDINGS:

PA chest radiograph demonstrates a homogeneous air-space opacity involving the left lower lobe, with obscuration of the adjacent left hemidiaphragm. Air bronchograms are visible within the area of consolidation. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax is identified. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal size limits. Remaining lung fields are clear. Visualized osseous structures show no acute abnormality.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Left lower lobe lobar consolidation with visible air bronchograms, consistent with lobar pneumonia.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and appropriate antibiotic therapy are recommended. Follow-up chest radiograph after completion of treatment is advised to document radiographic resolution.

2 📄 Bronchopneumonia

📋 FINDINGS:

PA chest radiograph demonstrates multiple patchy ill-defined air-space opacities involving both lower lung zones, predominantly in the perihilar and basal regions. No focal lobar consolidation is identified. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax is seen.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Patchy bilateral air-space infiltrates consistent with bronchopneumonia.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and antibiotic therapy as indicated. Follow-up chest radiograph recommended after treatment.

3 📄 Aspiration Pneumonia

📋 FINDINGS:

Patchy air-space opacities are present in the dependent segments of the right lower lobe. Findings are most prominent in the posterior basal region. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is unremarkable.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right lower lobe aspiration pneumonia.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation with aspiration risk factors. Follow-up imaging after treatment is advised.

4 📄 Pulmonary Edema – Cardiogenic

📋 FINDINGS:

Cardiac silhouette is enlarged. Bilateral perihilar fluffy air-space opacities demonstrate a bat-wing distribution. Mild bilateral pleural effusions are present. Pulmonary vascular congestion is noted.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema with associated cardiomegaly.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Correlation with cardiac status and heart failure management is recommended.

5 📄 Pulmonary Edema – ARDS

📋 FINDINGS:

Diffuse bilateral air-space opacities are seen throughout both lungs. Cardiac silhouette is not enlarged. No significant pleural effusion is identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates compatible with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent clinical correlation and intensive respiratory management recommended.

6 📄 Pulmonary Hemorrhage

📋 FINDINGS:

Patchy bilateral alveolar opacities are present, predominantly involving the central lung fields. Cardiac size is within normal limits. No pleural effusion is seen.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates consistent with pulmonary hemorrhage.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and urgent evaluation of underlying etiology are advised.

7 📄 Right Middle Lobe Pneumonia

📋 FINDINGS:

Focal homogeneous opacity is present in the right middle lobe with loss of the right heart border silhouette. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right middle lobe pneumonia.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and follow-up chest radiograph after treatment.

8 📄 Left Lower Lobe Pneumonia

📋 FINDINGS:

Homogeneous air-space consolidation is seen in the left lower lobe with obscuration of the adjacent left hemidiaphragm. Air bronchograms are visible. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Left lower lobe pneumonia.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and interval follow-up radiograph recommended.

9 📄 Lingular Consolidation

📋 FINDINGS:

Focal air-space opacity is present within the lingular segment of the left upper lobe causing partial obscuration of the left heart border.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Lingular consolidation, most consistent with pneumonia.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and follow-up chest radiograph advised.

10 📄 Posterior Basal Consolidation

📋 FINDINGS:

Focal consolidation is present in the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax. Cardiomediastinal silhouette remains normal.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Posterior basal consolidation, likely infective in etiology.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and follow-up imaging after appropriate treatment.

📂 TUBERCULOSIS & INFECTIVE DISEASES

11 📄 Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

PA chest radiograph demonstrates right hilar lymphadenopathy with a focal parenchymal opacity in the right upper lobe consistent with a Ghon focus. No cavitation is identified. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Findings consistent with primary pulmonary tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and microbiological confirmation are recommended. Follow-up imaging after treatment is advised.

12 📄 Post-Primary Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Patchy fibronodular opacities are present in the right upper lobe with associated volume loss. No pleural effusion. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is normal.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis involving the upper lobe.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Correlation with sputum examination and clinical assessment is recommended.

13 📄 Fibro-Cavitary Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Extensive fibrotic changes with thick-walled cavitary lesions are noted in the right upper lobe. Associated volume loss and pleural thickening are present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Fibro-cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Tuberculosis treatment evaluation and microbiological correlation recommended.

14 📄 Cavitary Pulmonary Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Thick-walled cavitary lesion is seen in the right upper lobe with surrounding infiltrative opacity. No pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Sputum AFB testing and clinical correlation recommended.

15 📄 Miliary Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Numerous tiny uniformly distributed nodules are seen throughout both lungs, producing a diffuse miliary pattern.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Miliary tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent clinical evaluation and anti-tubercular therapy assessment recommended.

16 📄 Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Patchy upper lobe infiltrates with cavitation and surrounding nodularity are present. Findings suggest active infection.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Active pulmonary tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Isolation precautions and microbiological confirmation are advised.

17 📄 Healed Pulmonary Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Fibrotic scarring and calcified granulomas are present in the upper lobe without evidence of active infiltrate or cavitation.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Healed pulmonary tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

No radiographic evidence of active disease.

18 📄 Tuberculoma

📋 FINDINGS:

A well-defined rounded nodular opacity is present in the right upper lobe. No cavitation or surrounding consolidation is identified. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Solitary tuberculoma in the right upper lobe.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and comparison with previous imaging are recommended.

19 📄 Endobronchial Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Segmental atelectatic changes and narrowing of the right upper lobe bronchus are noted. Associated peribronchial infiltrates are present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Findings suggestive of endobronchial tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Bronchoscopic evaluation and microbiological confirmation are recommended.

20 📄 Tuberculous Pleural Effusion

📋 FINDINGS:

Moderate left pleural effusion with blunting of the left costophrenic angle. Associated passive atelectatic changes are present at the left lung base.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Left-sided pleural effusion consistent with tuberculous pleuritis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Pleural fluid analysis and clinical correlation are advised.

21 📄 MDR Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Bilateral upper lobe fibrocavitary lesions with extensive fibrosis and volume loss. Multiple chronic parenchymal opacities are present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Advanced pulmonary tuberculosis with imaging features compatible with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Drug susceptibility testing and specialist infectious disease consultation recommended.

22 📄 XDR Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Extensive bilateral fibrocavitary destruction involving both upper lobes with marked architectural distortion and chronic volume loss.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Severe chronic pulmonary tuberculosis compatible with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent specialist management and microbiological confirmation are required.

23 📄 Post-Tubercular Fibrosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Linear fibrotic scarring with associated volume loss is present in the right upper lobe. No active infiltrates or cavitary lesions.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Post-tubercular fibrotic changes.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

No radiographic evidence of active pulmonary tuberculosis.

24 📄 Destroyed Tubercular Lung

📋 FINDINGS:

Near-complete destruction and volume loss of the left lung with marked fibrosis, cavitation, mediastinal shift, and compensatory hyperinflation of the right lung.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Destroyed left lung secondary to chronic pulmonary tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Pulmonary function assessment and specialist respiratory evaluation recommended.

25 📄 Tuberculous Bronchiectasis

📋 FINDINGS:

Cystic and tubular bronchiectatic changes are present in the upper lobe with adjacent fibrotic scarring and volume loss.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Tuberculous bronchiectasis with associated post-infectious fibrosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and respiratory follow-up are advised.

26 📄 Disseminated Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Numerous bilateral micronodular opacities are distributed diffusely throughout both lungs. No pleural effusion is seen.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent clinical evaluation and anti-tubercular treatment assessment recommended.

27 📄 Paravertebral Abscess

📋 FINDINGS:

Right paravertebral soft tissue opacity is identified adjacent to the thoracic spine. Associated vertebral body destruction is suspected.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Paravertebral abscess, likely tuberculous in origin (Pott disease).

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

MRI spine and specialist orthopedic evaluation are recommended.

28 📄 Apical Fibrotic Tuberculosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Fibrotic scarring and pleural thickening are present at the right lung apex with mild associated volume loss. No active infiltrate or cavitation is identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Apical fibrotic changes secondary to previous pulmonary tuberculosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

No radiographic evidence of active tuberculosis. Routine clinical follow-up as indicated.

📂 AIRWAY & OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES

29 📄 COPD with Hyperinflation

📋 FINDINGS:

PA chest radiograph demonstrates hyperinflation of both lungs with increased lung volumes, flattening of the diaphragms, widened intercostal spaces, and increased retrosternal airspace. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits. No focal consolidation, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

COPD with pulmonary hyperinflation.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and pulmonary function testing are recommended.

30 📄 Emphysema

📋 FINDINGS:

Marked hyperinflation of both lungs with flattened diaphragms and attenuation of peripheral vascular markings. No focal air-space opacity or pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Radiographic features of emphysema.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Correlation with pulmonary function tests is advised.

31 📄 Bullous Lung Disease

📋 FINDINGS:

Large thin-walled lucent bullae are present within the upper lobes bilaterally. No evidence of pneumothorax. Remaining lung fields are clear.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Bullous emphysematous lung disease.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Respiratory specialist evaluation is recommended.

32 📄 Bronchiectasis

📋 FINDINGS:

Tram-track opacities and ring shadows are noted predominantly in the lower lobes, consistent with bronchial dilatation. Mild associated peribronchial thickening is present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Bronchiectatic changes involving both lower lobes.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

High-resolution CT chest may be considered for further assessment.

33 📄 Endobronchial Obstruction

📋 FINDINGS:

Volume loss and segmental collapse are noted distal to an obstructed bronchus. No pleural effusion. Cardiomediastinal silhouette remains normal.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Findings suggestive of endobronchial obstruction.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

CT chest and bronchoscopic evaluation are recommended.

34 📄 Acute Bronchitis

📋 FINDINGS:

Mild diffuse peribronchial thickening is present. No focal consolidation, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Mild bronchitic changes without focal pneumonia.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation recommended.

35 📄 Chronic Bronchitis

📋 FINDINGS:

Diffuse bronchovascular prominence and chronic peribronchial thickening are noted. No focal air-space opacity or pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Radiographic features of chronic bronchitis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Smoking cessation and pulmonary assessment are advised.

36 📄 Asthmatic Bronchitis

📋 FINDINGS:

Mild hyperinflation and central peribronchial thickening are present. No focal consolidation or pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Findings consistent with asthmatic bronchitis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and pulmonary function testing if indicated.

37 📄 Bronchiolitis

📋 FINDINGS:

Mild bilateral hyperinflation with diffuse peribronchial thickening. No focal lobar consolidation or pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Radiographic findings compatible with bronchiolitis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation recommended.

38 📄 Small Airway Disease

📋 FINDINGS:

Mild hyperinflation and diffuse attenuation differences between lung regions suggesting air trapping. No focal consolidation.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Findings suggestive of small airway disease.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Pulmonary function testing and clinical assessment are recommended.

39 📄 Foreign Body Aspiration

📋 FINDINGS:

Unilateral hyperinflation of the right lung is present with evidence of air trapping. No focal consolidation or pleural effusion. Radiopaque foreign body is not identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Findings suspicious for foreign body aspiration with obstructive air trapping.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Bronchoscopic evaluation is recommended if clinically indicated.

📂 COLLAPSE / VOLUME LOSS

40 📄 Lobar Collapse

📋 FINDINGS:

Homogeneous wedge-shaped opacity is present within the right upper lobe with associated volume loss, fissural displacement, and crowding of bronchovascular markings. Mild ipsilateral hilar elevation is noted.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right upper lobe collapse (lobar atelectasis).

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

CT chest is recommended to evaluate the underlying cause of collapse.

41 📄 Segmental Collapse

📋 FINDINGS:

Linear wedge-shaped opacity with localized volume loss is seen within a pulmonary segment. Associated crowding of bronchovascular markings is present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Segmental atelectatic collapse.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and follow-up imaging are advised.

42 📄 Complete Lung Collapse

📋 FINDINGS:

Complete opacification of the left hemithorax with marked volume loss and ipsilateral mediastinal shift. Compensatory hyperinflation of the contralateral lung is present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Complete left lung collapse.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent CT chest and bronchoscopic evaluation are recommended.

43 📄 Atelectatic Band

📋 FINDINGS:

Thin linear plate-like opacity is noted at the lung base, consistent with subsegmental atelectatic change. No pleural effusion or focal consolidation.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Basal subsegmental atelectatic band.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and follow-up if symptoms persist.

44 📄 Middle Lobe Atelectasis

📋 FINDINGS:

Wedge-shaped opacity projects over the right middle lobe with partial loss of the right heart border silhouette. Mild volume loss is present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right middle lobe atelectasis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Further evaluation for obstructive etiology should be considered.

45 📄 Interstitial Lung Disease

📋 FINDINGS:

Diffuse bilateral reticular interstitial opacities are present predominantly in the lower lung zones. No focal consolidation or pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Interstitial lung disease.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

High-resolution CT chest is recommended for further characterization.

46 📄 Pulmonary Fibrosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Bilateral coarse reticular opacities with lower lobe predominance. Mild volume loss and architectural distortion are present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Pulmonary fibrosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Pulmonary consultation and HRCT chest correlation are advised.

47 📄 Honeycomb Lung

📋 FINDINGS:

Advanced fibrotic changes with clustered cystic air spaces are present predominantly in the peripheral lower lung zones, producing a honeycomb appearance.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Honeycomb lung consistent with end-stage fibrotic lung disease.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Specialist respiratory evaluation is recommended.

48 📄 Sarcoidosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Symmetrical bilateral hilar enlargement with mild reticulonodular opacities in the upper lung zones. No pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Radiographic findings consistent with pulmonary sarcoidosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and CT chest evaluation are recommended.

49 📄 Pneumoconiosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Multiple small bilateral nodular opacities are present predominantly in the upper lung zones. Mild hilar prominence is noted.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Findings consistent with pneumoconiosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Occupational exposure history and pulmonary evaluation are advised.

50 📄 Silicosis

📋 FINDINGS:

Numerous small nodular opacities are present in both upper lobes with associated bilateral hilar lymph node calcification. No pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Radiographic findings consistent with silicosis.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical and occupational exposure correlation is recommended.

📂 CARDIAC & VASCULAR PATHOLOGY

51 📄 Cardiomegaly

📋 FINDINGS:

PA chest radiograph demonstrates enlargement of the cardiac silhouette with a cardiothoracic ratio exceeding 50%. Pulmonary vascularity is within normal limits. No focal pulmonary infiltrate, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Cardiomegaly.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and echocardiographic evaluation are recommended.

52 📄 Congestive Cardiac Failure

📋 FINDINGS:

Enlarged cardiac silhouette with pulmonary vascular congestion. Bilateral perihilar interstitial-alveolar opacities and small bilateral pleural effusions are present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Radiographic findings consistent with congestive cardiac failure.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Cardiology consultation and heart failure management are recommended.

53 📄 Pulmonary Venous Hypertension

📋 FINDINGS:

Prominent upper lobe pulmonary veins with redistribution of pulmonary blood flow. Mild diffuse interstitial prominence is noted. Cardiac silhouette is mildly enlarged.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Pulmonary venous hypertension.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Correlation with echocardiographic findings is advised.

54 📄 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

📋 FINDINGS:

Enlargement of the central pulmonary arteries with peripheral pruning of pulmonary vascular markings. Mild right heart enlargement is present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Findings consistent with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Echocardiography and specialist cardiopulmonary assessment are recommended.

55 📄 Pericardial Effusion

📋 FINDINGS:

Marked globular enlargement of the cardiac silhouette producing a "water-bottle" cardiac configuration. Lung fields are clear without pulmonary edema.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Cardiomegaly with morphology suggestive of pericardial effusion.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent echocardiographic evaluation is recommended.

56 📄 Aortic Unfolding

📋 FINDINGS:

Elongation and prominence of the thoracic aorta with unfolding of the aortic arch. No focal mediastinal widening or acute cardiopulmonary abnormality.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Aortic unfolding, likely age-related.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and cardiovascular risk assessment are advised.

57 📄 Aortic Aneurysm

📋 FINDINGS:

Focal widening of the thoracic aortic contour with prominence of the aortic arch. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is otherwise stable.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Thoracic aortic aneurysm.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

CT angiography of the thoracic aorta is recommended for further evaluation.

58 📄 Left Atrial Enlargement

📋 FINDINGS:

Double-density right heart border and straightening of the left cardiac border are present. Mild prominence of the left atrial appendage is noted.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Left atrial enlargement.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Echocardiographic assessment is recommended.

59 📄 Right Atrial Enlargement

📋 FINDINGS:

Prominent convexity and enlargement of the right heart border consistent with right atrial dilatation. No focal pulmonary abnormality is identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right atrial enlargement.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical and echocardiographic correlation is advised.

📂 PLEURAL DISEASES

60 📄 Pleural Effusion

📋 FINDINGS:

Blunting of the right costophrenic angle with a meniscus-shaped pleural opacity is present, consistent with pleural fluid accumulation. Mild adjacent compressive atelectatic changes are noted.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right pleural effusion.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and pleural fluid evaluation may be considered.

61 📄 Massive Pleural Effusion

📋 FINDINGS:

Near-complete opacification of the left hemithorax with contralateral mediastinal shift. Residual compressed left lung is seen superiorly.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Massive left pleural effusion with significant mass effect.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent clinical evaluation and pleural drainage assessment are recommended.

62 📄 Loculated Pleural Effusion

📋 FINDINGS:

Focal pleural-based lenticular opacity is present along the right lateral hemithorax without free-flowing meniscus formation, consistent with loculated pleural fluid.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Loculated pleural effusion.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Ultrasound or CT correlation is recommended.

63 📄 Empyema

📋 FINDINGS:

Loculated pleural opacity with adjacent compressive atelectasis is seen in the lower right hemithorax. Pleural thickening is present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Pleural collection suspicious for empyema.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent clinical assessment and pleural fluid sampling are advised.

64 📄 Pleural Thickening

📋 FINDINGS:

Focal pleural-based thickening is present along the right lateral chest wall. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Pleural thickening.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and comparison with previous imaging are recommended.

65 📄 Pleural Plaque

📋 FINDINGS:

Multiple calcified pleural plaques are noted along the lateral chest wall and diaphragmatic pleura. No active pulmonary infiltrate.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Calcified pleural plaques, likely asbestos-related.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Occupational exposure history correlation is advised.

66 📄 Pneumothorax

📋 FINDINGS:

Visible visceral pleural line is identified in the right hemithorax with absence of peripheral lung markings beyond the pleural margin. No mediastinal shift.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right pneumothorax.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical evaluation and management according to pneumothorax size and symptoms are recommended.

67 📄 Tension Pneumothorax

📋 FINDINGS:

Large right pneumothorax with complete collapse of the right lung and marked leftward mediastinal shift. Depression of the right hemidiaphragm is present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Tension pneumothorax.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Medical emergency. Immediate decompression and chest tube placement are required.

68 📄 Hydropneumothorax

📋 FINDINGS:

Air-fluid level is present within the right pleural cavity with partial collapse of the adjacent lung. No significant mediastinal shift.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right hydropneumothorax.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and thoracic surgical consultation are recommended.

📂 MEDIASTINAL / HILAR PATHOLOGY

69 📄 Mediastinal Widening

📋 FINDINGS:

PA chest radiograph demonstrates widening of the superior mediastinum. Cardiac silhouette is not enlarged. No focal pulmonary infiltrate, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Mediastinal widening.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Contrast-enhanced CT chest is recommended for further evaluation.

70 📄 Mediastinal Mass

📋 FINDINGS:

Well-defined mediastinal soft tissue opacity is present within the anterior mediastinum. No pleural effusion or focal pulmonary abnormality.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Mediastinal mass.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

CT chest is recommended for characterization of the lesion.

71 📄 Hilar Lymphadenopathy

📋 FINDINGS:

Bilateral hilar enlargement is noted with lobulated hilar contours. No focal air-space consolidation or pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and CT chest evaluation are recommended.

72 📄 Pneumomediastinum

📋 FINDINGS:

Linear lucencies outlining the mediastinal contours and cardiac silhouette are present, consistent with mediastinal free air. No pneumothorax identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Pneumomediastinum.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical assessment for underlying airway or esophageal injury is advised.

73 📄 Thymoma

📋 FINDINGS:

Rounded anterior mediastinal soft tissue mass projects over the upper mediastinum. No pleural effusion or pulmonary infiltrate.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Anterior mediastinal mass consistent with thymoma.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

CT chest with contrast is recommended for further evaluation.

74 📄 Retrosternal Goiter

📋 FINDINGS:

Superior mediastinal widening with mild rightward tracheal deviation. Soft tissue density extends inferiorly from the thyroid region into the superior mediastinum.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Retrosternal goiter.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Thyroid ultrasound and CT neck/chest correlation are advised.

75 📄 Neurogenic Tumor

📋 FINDINGS:

Well-defined posterior mediastinal mass is present adjacent to the thoracic spine. No associated pleural effusion or pulmonary infiltrate.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Posterior mediastinal mass, likely neurogenic tumor.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Cross-sectional imaging with CT or MRI is recommended.

76 📄 Hiatal Hernia

📋 FINDINGS:

Retrocardiac air-fluid level is present within the lower mediastinum. Cardiac silhouette is within normal limits. No acute pulmonary abnormality.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Hiatal hernia.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and upper gastrointestinal evaluation if symptomatic.

📂 LUNG MASSES & NEOPLASMS

77 📄 Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

📋 FINDINGS:

Well-circumscribed solitary pulmonary nodule measuring approximately 1.5 cm is present in the right upper lobe. No cavitation or associated pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Solitary pulmonary nodule.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

CT chest is recommended for further characterization and risk stratification.

78 📄 Bronchogenic Carcinoma

📋 FINDINGS:

Irregular spiculated mass is present within the right upper lobe. Associated hilar prominence is noted. No pleural effusion is identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right upper lobe mass suspicious for bronchogenic carcinoma.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent CT chest and tissue diagnosis are recommended.

79 📄 Metastatic Lung Nodules

📋 FINDINGS:

Multiple bilateral rounded pulmonary nodules of varying sizes are present throughout both lungs. No pleural effusion.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Multiple pulmonary nodules consistent with metastatic disease.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Oncologic evaluation and CT staging are recommended.

80 📄 Pancoast Tumor

📋 FINDINGS:

Soft tissue opacity is present at the right lung apex with adjacent pleural thickening and suspected destruction of the adjacent first rib.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Apical lung mass consistent with Pancoast tumor.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

CT/MRI evaluation and tissue diagnosis are recommended.

📂 TRAUMA & CHEST WALL

81 📄 Rib Fracture

📋 FINDINGS:

PA chest radiograph demonstrates cortical discontinuity involving the lateral aspect of the right sixth rib consistent with an acute fracture. No associated pneumothorax or pleural effusion is identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Acute right sixth rib fracture.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and pain management are advised.

82 📄 Flail Chest

📋 FINDINGS:

Multiple consecutive fractures involving adjacent ribs at more than one site are identified in the left hemithorax. Associated mild pulmonary opacity is present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Flail chest injury.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent trauma assessment and respiratory monitoring are recommended.

83 📄 Pulmonary Contusion

📋 FINDINGS:

Patchy ill-defined air-space opacities are present within the right mid and lower lung zones. No significant pleural effusion or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Pulmonary contusion.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical observation and follow-up imaging if clinically indicated.

84 📄 Hemothorax

📋 FINDINGS:

Moderate left pleural opacity with meniscus configuration consistent with pleural fluid. Adjacent compressive atelectatic changes are present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Left hemothorax.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent clinical evaluation and thoracic surgical consultation are recommended.

85 📄 Surgical Emphysema

📋 FINDINGS:

Extensive streaky radiolucencies are seen throughout the soft tissues of the chest wall and lower neck, consistent with subcutaneous emphysema. No large pneumothorax identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Surgical (subcutaneous) emphysema.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Assessment for underlying pneumothorax or airway injury is advised.

86 📄 Clavicle Fracture

📋 FINDINGS:

Displaced fracture involving the midshaft of the right clavicle. Visualized lungs are clear without pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right clavicular fracture.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Orthopedic consultation is recommended.

87 📄 Sternal Fracture

📋 FINDINGS:

Linear lucency with cortical disruption is identified involving the sternum. No associated mediastinal widening is evident on this examination.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Sternal fracture.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical assessment and dedicated sternal imaging may be considered.

88 📄 Vertebral Collapse

📋 FINDINGS:

Compression deformity involving a mid-thoracic vertebral body with reduction in vertebral height. No acute pulmonary abnormality is identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Thoracic vertebral compression collapse.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Correlation with spinal imaging and orthopedic evaluation is recommended.

89 📄 Chest Wall Mass

📋 FINDINGS:

Well-defined soft tissue opacity projects over the right lateral chest wall. No associated pleural effusion or underlying focal pulmonary infiltrate.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Chest wall soft tissue mass.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Further characterization with CT or MRI is recommended.

📂 DIAPHRAGM & SUBDIAPHRAGMATIC

90 📄 Elevated Hemidiaphragm

📋 FINDINGS:

PA chest radiograph demonstrates elevation of the right hemidiaphragm relative to the left. No focal pulmonary consolidation, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Elevated right hemidiaphragm.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation and assessment for diaphragmatic dysfunction or subdiaphragmatic pathology are recommended.

91 📄 Diaphragmatic Eventration

📋 FINDINGS:

Smooth focal elevation of the anteromedial portion of the right hemidiaphragm is noted. No focal pulmonary infiltrate, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right diaphragmatic eventration.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Clinical correlation. Further imaging may be considered if clinically indicated.

92 📄 Diaphragmatic Hernia

📋 FINDINGS:

Air-filled bowel loops are identified within the left lower hemithorax above the diaphragm. Mild adjacent compressive atelectatic changes are present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Left diaphragmatic hernia with herniation of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

CT evaluation and surgical consultation are recommended.

93 📄 Free Air Under Diaphragm

📋 FINDINGS:

Crescent-shaped lucency is present beneath the right hemidiaphragm, consistent with free intraperitoneal air. Lung fields are otherwise clear.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Pneumoperitoneum with free subdiaphragmatic air.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Urgent surgical evaluation is recommended to exclude perforated hollow viscus.

94 📄 Subphrenic Abscess

📋 FINDINGS:

Elevated right hemidiaphragm with adjacent small pleural reaction and underlying basal atelectatic changes. Subdiaphragmatic air-fluid level is suggested.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Findings suspicious for right subphrenic abscess.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Contrast-enhanced CT abdomen is recommended for confirmation and assessment of extent.

📂 ICU LINES / DEVICES / POSTOPERATIVE

95 📄 Endotracheal Tube Position

📋 FINDINGS:

Portable chest radiograph demonstrates an endotracheal tube with its tip positioned approximately 4 cm above the carina. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is stable. No focal consolidation, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Endotracheal tube tip in satisfactory position.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Routine radiographic monitoring as clinically indicated.

96 📄 Central Venous Catheter

📋 FINDINGS:

Right internal jugular central venous catheter is present with its tip projecting over the lower superior vena cava. No evidence of pneumothorax. Lungs are clear.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Central venous catheter tip in satisfactory position.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

No immediate radiographic complication identified.

97 📄 Intercostal Drainage Tube

📋 FINDINGS:

Right intercostal drainage tube is seen projecting over the right pleural cavity with the tip directed toward the apex. No residual significant pneumothorax is identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Right chest tube in satisfactory position.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Continue clinical monitoring and follow-up imaging as required.

98 📄 Nasogastric Tube Position

📋 FINDINGS:

Nasogastric tube courses below the diaphragm with the tip projecting over the stomach. No evidence of malposition within the airway.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Nasogastric tube tip appropriately positioned within the stomach.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Tube position is satisfactory for use.

99 📄 Pacemaker / ICD

📋 FINDINGS:

Left subclavian cardiac rhythm device is present with leads projecting appropriately into the right atrium and right ventricle. No lead discontinuity identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Pacemaker / ICD in expected position.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Correlate with device interrogation if clinically indicated.

100 📄 Surgical Clips

📋 FINDINGS:

Multiple metallic surgical clips project over the right hilar and mediastinal regions. No acute cardiopulmonary abnormality is identified.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Postoperative surgical clips noted. No acute chest abnormality.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Routine clinical follow-up.

101 📄 Post-Lobectomy Changes

📋 FINDINGS:

Postsurgical volume loss involving the right upper hemithorax with hilar elevation and surgical clips. Mild compensatory hyperinflation of the remaining lung is present.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Expected postoperative changes following lobectomy.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Correlation with surgical history. No acute postoperative complication identified on this examination.

102 📄 Postoperative Chest Changes

📋 FINDINGS:

Postsurgical changes are present within the thorax including surgical clips and mild pleural-parenchymal scarring. No focal consolidation, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Stable postoperative chest changes without acute radiographic abnormality.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Routine postoperative clinical follow-up as indicated.

📂 OTHER / NON-SPECIFIC

103 📄 No Acute Cardiopulmonary Abnormality

📋 FINDINGS:

PA chest radiograph demonstrates normal cardiac size and mediastinal contours. Both lungs are adequately expanded and clear. No focal parenchymal infiltrate, collapse, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax is identified. Hilar structures are unremarkable. Costophrenic angles are sharp. No acute osseous abnormality is evident on the visualized thorax.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

No acute cardiopulmonary abnormality.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Routine clinical follow-up. No radiographic evidence of active chest pathology.

104 📄 Indeterminate Chest Lesion

📋 FINDINGS:

A focal indeterminate opacity projects over the right mid-lung zone. The lesion demonstrates nonspecific radiographic characteristics and cannot be confidently characterized on the current examination. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax. Cardiomediastinal silhouette is within normal limits.

🔖 CONCLUSION:

Indeterminate pulmonary lesion in the right mid-lung field. Further characterization is required.

💡 RECOMMENDATION:

Comparison with prior imaging is recommended. Contrast-enhanced CT chest is advised for further evaluation and characterization of the lesion.

📂 CASE STUDY

1 📄 00

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You have reached the end of this First-Trimester Ultrasound topic.

Content is intended for educational, training, and clinical reference only.

Declaration:
I, R. K. Mouj, declare that the material presented in this Chest X-Ray (PA View) report template has been prepared solely for educational and academic purposes. Any measurements, descriptions, radiographic interpretations, or examples provided are illustrative in nature. Clinical correlation, laboratory investigations, further imaging (CT / HRCT when indicated), and professional judgment are essential before making diagnostic or management decisions.

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