BVRMIT-104 - Table of Contents
Unit-1. Medical Ethics
Ch-1.1
Medical Ethics
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- Definition and scope of medical ethics
- Goals of medical ethics
- Protection of patient rights
- Promotion of patient welfare
- Respect for patient autonomy
- Maintaining confidentiality
- Prevention of harm
- Professional responsibility
- Fair and equitable healthcare
- Maintaining public trust
- Application of ethics in patient care
- Ethics in diagnosis and treatment
- Ethics in research and end-of-life care
Ch-1.2
Code of Conduct
-
- Definition of professional code of conduct
- Respectful treatment of patients
- Patient confidentiality
- Obtaining appropriate consent
- Working within professional competence
- Radiation-safety procedures
- Accurate record keeping
- Professional communication
- Non-discrimination
- Reporting errors and safety incidents
- Professional boundaries
Ch-1.3
Basic Principles of Medical Ethics
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- Autonomy
- Patient's right to informed decision-making
- Beneficence
- Acting for the patient's benefit
- Non-maleficence
- Minimizing unnecessary risks
- Justice
- Fair and equitable treatment
Ch-1.4
Confidentiality
-
- Definition of confidentiality
- Protection of patient privacy
- Diagnosis and medical history
- Imaging findings
- Laboratory results
- Photographs and personal information
- Medical records and treatment details
- Importance of confidentiality
- Patient trust
- Professional and legal responsibility
- Patient authorization
- Legal disclosure requirements
- Public-health disclosure requirements
Ch-1.5
Malpractice and Negligence
-
- Definition of negligence
- Definition of medical malpractice
- Professional negligence and patient harm
- Wrong-patient examination
- Failure to check contraindications
- Incorrect patient identification
- Failure to follow safety procedures
- Inadequate documentation
- Failure to follow established protocols
- Prevention of negligence
- Standard protocols
- Patient verification
- Procedure confirmation
- Consent and documentation
- Equipment and safety standards
- Clear communication
Ch-1.6
Rational and Irrational Drug Therapy
-
- Definition of rational drug therapy
- Correct indication
- Correct dose
- Correct route
- Appropriate duration
- Patient-specific factors
- Definition of irrational drug therapy
- Unnecessary medication
- Wrong drug
- Wrong dose
- Unnecessary polypharmacy
- Inappropriate antibiotic use
- Unnecessary continuation of therapy
- Importance for radiography students
Ch-1.7
Autonomy and Informed Consent
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- Definition of informed consent
- Voluntary agreement to a procedure
- Information about the proposed procedure
- Purpose of the procedure
- Important risks
- Expected benefits
- Available alternatives
- Consequences of refusal
- Understanding
- Voluntariness
- Capacity
- Agreement
Ch-1.8
Rights of Patients
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- Right to respectful care
- Right to information
- Right to privacy
- Right to confidentiality
- Right to participate in decisions
- Right to informed consent
- Right to refuse treatment subject to applicable law
- Right to access appropriate medical information
- Right to safe care
- Right to non-discriminatory treatment
Ch-1.9
Care of Terminally Ill Patients
-
- Definition of terminal illness
- Comfort care
- Dignity of terminally ill patients
- Pain and symptom management
- Psychological support
- Respect for patient preferences
- Family support
- Appropriate communication
- Palliative care
Ch-1.10
Euthanasia
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- Definition of euthanasia
- Ethical considerations
- Legal considerations
- Active euthanasia
- Passive euthanasia terminology
- Variation in legality between jurisdictions
- Difference between euthanasia and palliative care
- Purpose of palliative care
Ch-1.11
Organ Transplantation — Ethics and Law
-
- Consent in organ transplantation
- Donor safety
- Allocation of organs
- Organ trafficking
- Voluntary donation
- Confidentiality
- Determination of death
- Fair distribution
- Informed consent
- Prevention of commercial exploitation
- Legal requirements
Ch-1.12
Medico-Legal Aspects of Medical Records
-
- Clinical importance of medical records
- Legal importance of medical records
- Patient identification
- History and examination findings
- Investigation reports
- Imaging reports
- Consent forms
- Treatment details
- Procedure notes
- Discharge summaries
- Referral documents
- Continuity of care
- Evidence of treatment
- Communication between healthcare professionals
- Legal proceedings
- Quality assurance and audit
Ch-1.13
Medico-Legal Case (MLC)
-
- Definition of medico-legal case
- Road traffic accidents
- Assault
- Suspected poisoning
- Certain burns
- Suspected abuse
- Unexplained injuries
- Cases requiring legal investigation
- Patient identification
- Accurate documentation
- Preservation of records and images
- Confidentiality
- Institutional MLC procedures
- Unauthorized disclosure
Ch-1.14
Ownership of Medical Records
-
- Creation and maintenance of medical records
- Patient information contained in records
- Legal rights concerning records
- Access to medical records
- Copies of records
- Retention of records
- Disclosure of records
- Secure maintenance
Ch-1.15
Privileged Communication
-
- Definition of privileged communication
- Special protection from disclosure
- Legal circumstances affecting disclosure
- Confidentiality
- Limits of confidentiality
- Legally required disclosure
Ch-1.16
Release of Medical Information
-
- Patient authorization
- Legally required disclosure
- Patient identity verification
- Recipient identity verification
- Authorization verification
- Scope of requested information
- Applicable legal requirements
Ch-1.17
Unauthorized Disclosure
-
- Definition of unauthorized disclosure
- Public discussion of patient information
- Unauthorized sharing of patient images
- Social media and patient confidentiality
- Sending reports to incorrect recipients
- Unauthorized access to records
- Protection of confidential information
Ch-1.18
Retention of Medical Records
-
- Applicable laws
- Regulatory requirements
- Institutional policy
- Secure record storage
- Accurate records
- Authorized access
- Protection from alteration
- Protection from loss
Ch-1.19
Professional Indemnity Insurance
-
- Definition of professional indemnity insurance
- Protection against professional negligence claims
- Professional liability claims
- Legal expenses
- Compensation claims where covered
- Importance of professional protection
- Policy terms and limitations
Ch-1.20
Near Miss and Sentinel Events
-
- Definition of near miss
- Definition of sentinel event
- Patient-safety incidents
- Events causing serious harm
- Events causing death
- Significant risk of harm
- Patient identification protocols
- Procedure verification
- Communication protocols
- Documentation
- Equipment safety
- Incident reporting
- Quality assurance
Unit-2. Hospital Structure, Radiography Profession & Patient Communication
Ch-2.1
Hospital
-
- Definition of hospital
- Healthcare services
- Diagnostic services
- Therapeutic services
- Preventive services
- Rehabilitative services
- Medicine department
- Surgery department
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology
- Paediatrics
- Orthopaedics
- Emergency department
- Radiology department
- Pathology department
- Anaesthesia department
- Pharmacy and laboratory services
- Blood bank and medical records
- CSSD and biomedical engineering
- Housekeeping, laundry and dietary services
Ch-2.2
Radiology Department
-
- X-ray services
- Fluoroscopy
- Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Ultrasound
- Mammography
- Interventional radiology
- Patient identification
- Patient preparation
- Patient positioning
- Imaging equipment operation within scope of practice
- Radiation protection
- Image-quality assessment
- Patient communication
- Documentation
- Infection-control procedures
Ch-2.3
Radiography as a Profession
-
- Medical knowledge
- Imaging technology
- Patient care
- Safety
- Professional ethics
- Technical competence
- Communication skills
- Patient-centred care
- Safety awareness
- Teamwork
- Confidentiality
- Professional responsibility
Ch-2.4
Professionalism
-
- Knowledge
- Skills
- Professional attitude
- Professional behavior
- Ethics
- Responsibility
- Punctuality
- Appropriate appearance
- Respect
- Honesty
- Accountability
- Confidentiality
- Teamwork
- Continuous learning
Ch-2.5
Professional Image of a Radiographer
-
- Clean and appropriate dress
- Personal hygiene
- Professional communication
- Respectful behavior
- Confidence
- Proper identification
- Safe practice
- Maintaining patient dignity
Ch-2.6
Essential Qualities of a Radiographer
-
- Technical knowledge
- Responsibility
- Empathy
- Communication
- Patience
- Accuracy
- Confidentiality
- Teamwork
- Leadership
- Adaptability
- Problem-solving
- Emotional stability
- Continuous professional development
Ch-2.7
Communication Skills
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- Verbal communication
- Speaking skills
- Explaining procedures
- Asking appropriate questions
- Giving instructions
- Non-verbal communication
- Facial expressions
- Eye contact
- Posture
- Gestures
- Tone of voice
- Body language
Ch-2.8
Communicating with Patients
-
- Introducing yourself
- Confirming patient identity
- Explaining the examination
- Answering relevant questions
- Obtaining appropriate consent
- Explaining positioning and instructions
- Maintaining privacy and dignity
- Communication with children
- Communication with elderly patients
- Communication with hearing-impaired patients
- Communication with visually impaired patients
- Communication across language barriers
- Communication with anxious patients
- Communication with critically ill patients
Ch-2.9
Moving and Lifting Patients
-
- Risks of incorrect lifting
- Back injury
- Muscle strain
- Patient falls
- Patient injury
- Equipment damage
- Assessment of patient condition
- Assessment of weight and mobility
- Use of appropriate equipment
- Assistance from other staff
- Keeping the load close to the body
- Maintaining a stable base
- Avoiding twisting
- Communication during transfer
- Use of transfer devices
Ch-2.10
Transfer of Patients
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- Transfer between bed and trolley
- Transfer between bed and wheelchair
- Transfer between wheelchair and imaging table
- Assessment before transfer
- Explaining the procedure
- Preparing equipment
- Assisting the patient
- Safe transfer technique
- Reassessment after transfer
- Securing wheelchair and trolley brakes
Unit-3. Patient Care & Safety
Ch-3.1
Patient-Centred Care
-
- Physical needs
- Emotional needs
- Social needs
- Privacy
- Dignity
- Cultural needs
- Communication needs
- Patient safety
Ch-3.2
Patient Identification
-
- Importance of correct patient identification
- Patient name
- Date of birth
- Hospital or registration number
- Requested examination
- Use of appropriate patient identifiers
- Risks of relying on bed or room number
Ch-3.3
Patient Preparation
-
- Preparation according to examination
- Fasting
- Hydration
- Removal of metallic objects
- Appropriate clothing
- Bladder preparation
- Contrast-related preparation
- Following examination-specific protocols
Ch-3.4
Infection Prevention
-
- Hand hygiene
- Personal protective equipment
- Equipment cleaning
- Surface disinfection
- Safe handling of body fluids
- Respiratory hygiene
- Appropriate waste disposal
Ch-3.5
Patient Privacy and Dignity
-
- Maintaining patient privacy
- Appropriate exposure of body parts
- Use of gowns and drapes
- Explaining procedures before touching
- Respecting cultural preferences
- Respecting personal preferences
- Avoiding unnecessary observers
Ch-3.6
Patient Safety in Radiology
-
- Correct patient verification
- Correct examination
- Correct body part
- Pregnancy considerations
- Contrast-related screening
- Allergy and relevant history
- Renal function assessment when required
- MRI safety screening
- Radiation protection
Ch-3.7
Radiation Safety
-
- Time
- Distance
- Shielding
- Minimizing unnecessary exposure
- ALARA principle
- Obtaining diagnostically adequate images
Ch-3.8
Care of Special Patients
-
- Care of paediatric patients
- Communication with children
- Parent and caregiver involvement
- Reduction of anxiety
- Appropriate immobilization
- Care of elderly patients
- Fall prevention
- Hearing impairment
- Reduced mobility
- Fragile skin
- Cognitive impairment
- Care of critically ill patients
- Airway and breathing assessment
- Monitoring equipment
- Oxygen and IV lines
- Catheters and drains
Unit-4. Emergency Care & Life Support
Ch-4.1
Emergency Care
-
- Definition of emergency
- Emergency assessment
- Cardiac arrest
- Respiratory arrest
- Syncope
- Seizure
- Severe allergic reaction
- Contrast-related emergency
- Trauma
- Severe bleeding
- Hypoglycaemia
Ch-4.2
Primary Assessment
-
- Initial emergency assessment
- Airway assessment
- Breathing assessment
- Circulation assessment
- Assessment of perfusion
- Disability assessment where appropriate
- Exposure assessment where appropriate
Ch-4.3
Vital Signs
-
- Temperature
- Pulse
- Respiratory rate
- Blood pressure
- Oxygen saturation
- Level of consciousness
- Pulse rate
- Pulse rhythm
- Pulse strength
- Respiratory rate, rhythm and depth
- Respiratory effort
- Blood pressure measurement
- Pulse oximetry
Ch-4.4
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation — CPR
-
- Definition and purpose of CPR
- Recognition of an unresponsive patient
- Scene safety
- Checking responsiveness
- Calling for emergency assistance
- Assessment of breathing
- Chest compressions
- Use of automated external defibrillator
- Adult compression rate
- Adult compression depth
- Complete chest recoil
- Minimizing interruptions
- Following current BLS protocols
Ch-4.5
Bag-Valve-Mask — BVM
-
- Definition of bag-valve-mask
- Manual positive-pressure ventilation
- Self-inflating bag
- Face mask
- One-way valve
- Oxygen connection
- Reservoir
- Indications for BVM
- Apnoea
- Inadequate breathing
- Resuscitation
- Appropriate mask seal
- Maintaining an open airway
- Adequate ventilation
- Avoiding excessive ventilation
Ch-4.6
Syncope
-
- Definition of syncope
- Transient loss of consciousness
- Reduced cerebral perfusion
- Patient safety
- Assessment of responsiveness
- Airway and breathing assessment
- Vital signs
- Identification of possible causes
- Seeking medical assistance
Ch-4.7
Seizure
-
- Recognition of seizure
- Protection from injury
- Removal of nearby hazards
- Avoiding forceful restraint
- Do not place objects in the mouth
- Airway and breathing monitoring
- Emergency assistance
- Post-seizure assessment
- Recovery positioning when appropriate
Ch-4.8
Anaphylaxis
-
- Definition of anaphylaxis
- Severe allergic reaction
- Difficulty breathing
- Wheezing
- Swelling
- Rash
- Hypotension
- Collapse
- Recognition of emergency symptoms
- Immediate emergency response
- Institutional emergency protocols
Ch-4.9
Contrast-Related Emergencies
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- Contrast media in radiology
- Mild contrast reactions
- Nausea
- Mild itching
- Limited rash
- Severe contrast reactions
- Bronchospasm
- Airway swelling
- Severe hypotension
- Anaphylaxis
- Recognition of symptoms
- Stopping or withholding contrast administration as appropriate
- Calling for medical assistance
- Patient monitoring
- Emergency response within scope of practice
- Documentation of the event
Ch-4.10
Role of the Radiographer During a Medical Emergency
-
- Recognition of patient deterioration
- Immediate communication
- Calling emergency assistance
- Primary assessment
- Patient monitoring
- Following institutional emergency procedures
- Supporting emergency response within scope of practice
- Maintaining patient safety
- Appropriate documentation
- Incident reporting
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