BVRMIT-102 - Table of Contents
Unit-1. Introduction to Radiology and Medical Imaging
Ch-1.1
Introduction to Radiology
-
- Definition of Radiology
- History of Radiology
- Discovery of X-Rays
- Development of Diagnostic Imaging
- Role of Radiology in Modern Medicine
- Branches of Radiology
- Diagnostic Radiology
- Interventional Radiology
- Radiation Oncology
- Nuclear Medicine
- Role of Radiologist
- Role of Radiographer/Medical Imaging Technologist
- Basic Principles of Medical Imaging
Ch-1.2
Medical Imaging Modalities
-
- Introduction to Medical Imaging Modalities
- Conventional Radiography
- Fluoroscopy
- Mammography
- Computed Tomography (CT)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Ultrasonography (USG)
- Nuclear Medicine Imaging
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- SPECT Imaging
- Interventional Imaging
- Hybrid Imaging
- Comparison of Imaging Modalities
- Advantages and Limitations of Imaging Modalities
Ch-1.3
Anatomical and Radiological Orientation
-
- Anatomical Position
- Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal Plane
- Coronal Plane
- Axial/Transverse Plane
- Oblique Plane
- Radiological Orientation
- Right and Left Orientation
- Superior and Inferior Orientation
- Anterior and Posterior Orientation
- Medial and Lateral Orientation
- Radiographic Positioning Terminology
Ch-1.4
Basic Radiological Procedures
-
- Patient Identification
- Patient History and Clinical Indication
- Imaging Request and Referral
- Patient Preparation
- Positioning of the Patient
- Selection of Imaging Modality
- Selection of Imaging Protocol
- Image Acquisition
- Image Evaluation
- Image Documentation
- Reporting and Communication
- Post-Examination Patient Care
Ch-1.5
Radiology Department and Equipment
-
- Organization of a Radiology Department
- General Radiography Room
- Fluoroscopy Room
- CT Room
- MRI Suite
- Ultrasound Room
- Mammography Room
- Nuclear Medicine Department
- Darkroom and Processing Area
- Control Room
- Equipment and Accessories
- Patient Care Areas
- Radiation Protection Areas
Unit-2. X-Ray Physics and Radiography
Ch-2.1
Fundamentals of Radiation
-
- Definition of Radiation
- Electromagnetic Radiation
- Particle Radiation
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Properties of X-Rays
- Characteristics of X-Rays
- Sources of Radiation
- Natural Background Radiation
- Artificial Radiation Sources
- Ionization
- Excitation
- Radiation Interaction with Matter
Ch-2.2
Production of X-Rays
-
- X-Ray Tube
- Components of X-Ray Tube
- Cathode
- Filament
- Focusing Cup
- Anode
- Target
- Tube Envelope
- Tube Housing
- Rotor and Stator
- Thermionic Emission
- Electron Acceleration
- Bremsstrahlung Radiation
- Characteristic Radiation
- X-Ray Beam Formation
- Heat Production in X-Ray Tube
Ch-2.3
X-Ray Generator
-
- Introduction to X-Ray Generator
- Main Components of X-Ray Generator
- Transformer
- Step-Up Transformer
- Step-Down Transformer
- Rectification
- High-Voltage Circuit
- Filament Circuit
- Exposure Switch
- Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)
- Tube Current
- Tube Voltage
- Exposure Time
- mA
- kVp
- mAs
- Generator Types
Ch-2.4
X-Ray Beam Characteristics
-
- Primary Radiation
- Secondary Radiation
- Scatter Radiation
- Leakage Radiation
- Beam Intensity
- Beam Quality
- Beam Quantity
- Half-Value Layer (HVL)
- Filtration
- Collimation
- Inherent Filtration
- Added Filtration
- Total Filtration
- Effect of kVp on X-Ray Beam
Ch-2.5
X-Ray Interaction with Matter
-
- Introduction to Radiation Interaction
- Coherent Scattering
- Compton Scattering
- Photoelectric Effect
- Pair Production
- Photodisintegration
- Differential Absorption
- Attenuation
- Linear Attenuation Coefficient
- Mass Attenuation Coefficient
- Factors Affecting Attenuation
- Importance of Attenuation in Image Formation
Unit-3. Radiographic Image Formation and Image Quality
Ch-3.1
Principles of Radiographic Image Formation
-
- Production of Radiographic Image
- X-Ray Beam
- Patient/Subject
- Image Receptor
- Differential Absorption
- Remnant Radiation
- Radiographic Image Formation
- Latent Image
- Visible Image
- Digital Image Formation
Ch-3.2
Radiographic Exposure Factors
-
- Kilovoltage Peak (kVp)
- Milliamperage (mA)
- Exposure Time
- Milliampere-Seconds (mAs)
- Source-to-Image Distance (SID)
- Object-to-Image Distance (OID)
- Focal Spot Size
- Focal Film Distance
- Exposure Reciprocity
- Inverse Square Law
- Technique Charts
Ch-3.3
Radiographic Image Quality
-
- Definition of Image Quality
- Image Contrast
- Subject Contrast
- Radiographic Contrast
- Spatial Resolution
- Contrast Resolution
- Distortion
- Magnification
- Sharpness
- Detail
- Noise
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
- Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
Ch-3.4
Radiographic Geometric Factors
-
- Focal Spot
- Effective Focal Spot
- Penumbra
- Magnification
- Shape Distortion
- Size Distortion
- Angulation
- Object Position
- SID and OID Relationship
- Methods for Reducing Magnification
- Methods for Reducing Distortion
Ch-3.5
Radiographic Grids and Scatter Control
-
- Introduction to Scatter Radiation
- Effects of Scatter on Image Quality
- Anti-Scatter Grids
- Grid Construction
- Grid Ratio
- Grid Frequency
- Grid Types
- Focused Grid
- Parallel Grid
- Crossed Grid
- Moving Grid
- Grid Cut-Off
- Air Gap Technique
- Collimation
- Selection of Grid
Unit-4. Digital Radiography and Image Processing
Ch-4.1
Introduction to Digital Imaging
-
- Introduction to Digital Radiography
- Analog and Digital Imaging
- Advantages of Digital Imaging
- Digital Image Formation
- Pixels
- Voxels
- Matrix
- Bit Depth
- Spatial Resolution
- Contrast Resolution
- Digital Image Characteristics
Ch-4.2
Computed Radiography (CR)
-
- Introduction to Computed Radiography
- Imaging Plate
- Photostimulable Phosphor (PSP)
- Cassette
- Image Plate Reader
- Laser Scanning
- Photostimulated Luminescence
- Erasure of Imaging Plate
- CR Image Formation
- Advantages of CR
- Limitations of CR
- CR Artifacts
Ch-4.3
Direct Digital Radiography (DR)
-
- Introduction to Digital Radiography
- Flat Panel Detectors
- Direct Conversion Detectors
- Indirect Conversion Detectors
- Amorphous Selenium
- Amorphous Silicon
- Cesium Iodide
- Detector Performance
- DR Image Acquisition
- Advantages of DR
- Limitations of DR
Ch-4.4
Digital Image Processing
-
- Pre-Processing
- Image Processing
- Post-Processing
- Window Width
- Window Level
- Image Enhancement
- Edge Enhancement
- Noise Reduction
- Image Manipulation
- Magnification
- Image Rotation
- Image Annotation
- Electronic Collimation
- Image Stitching
Ch-4.5
PACS and Medical Image Communication
-
- Introduction to PACS
- Picture Archiving and Communication System
- Digital Image Storage
- Image Retrieval
- Image Transmission
- DICOM
- HL7
- RIS
- HIS
- Teleradiology
- Cloud-Based Imaging
- Data Security
- Patient Confidentiality
Unit-5. Radiation Protection and Biological Effects
Ch-5.1
Radiation Protection
-
- Introduction to Radiation Protection
- Need for Radiation Protection
- Principles of Radiation Protection
- ALARA Principle
- Time
- Distance
- Shielding
- Occupational Exposure
- Public Exposure
- Patient Exposure
- Radiation Protection Devices
- Personal Protective Equipment
Ch-5.2
Radiation Dosimetry
-
- Radiation Dose
- Absorbed Dose
- Equivalent Dose
- Effective Dose
- Exposure
- Air Kerma
- Dose Area Product
- CT Dose Index
- Dose-Length Product
- Personal Dosimeters
- TLD Badge
- OSL Dosimeter
- Pocket Dosimeter
- Dose Monitoring
Ch-5.3
Biological Effects of Radiation
-
- Introduction to Radiation Biology
- Cellular Effects of Radiation
- DNA Damage
- Tissue Effects
- Deterministic Effects
- Stochastic Effects
- Somatic Effects
- Genetic Effects
- Radiation-Induced Cancer
- Radiation Sensitivity
- Radiosensitive Organs
- Effects on Embryo and Fetus
Ch-5.4
Radiation Safety in Special Situations
-
- Radiation Protection During Pregnancy
- Pediatric Radiation Protection
- Protection of Patients
- Protection of Radiation Workers
- Protection of Visitors
- Mobile Radiography Safety
- Fluoroscopy Safety
- CT Radiation Safety
- Interventional Procedure Safety
- Emergency Radiation Procedures
Ch-5.5
Radiation Protection Standards
-
- National Radiation Safety Regulations
- Regulatory Authorities
- AERB
- Radiation Protection Rules
- Personal Monitoring
- Area Monitoring
- Radiation Warning Signs
- Controlled Areas
- Supervised Areas
- Quality Assurance and Radiation Safety
Unit-6. Fluoroscopy, Mammography and Special Radiographic Procedures
Ch-6.1
Fluoroscopy
-
- Introduction to Fluoroscopy
- Principles of Fluoroscopic Imaging
- Fluoroscopic X-Ray Tube
- Image Intensifier
- Flat Panel Fluoroscopy
- Automatic Brightness Control
- Continuous Fluoroscopy
- Pulsed Fluoroscopy
- Digital Fluoroscopy
- Fluoroscopic Image Quality
- Fluoroscopy Dose
- Fluoroscopy Radiation Safety
Ch-6.2
Contrast Fluoroscopy
-
- Introduction to Contrast Studies
- Barium Contrast Media
- Water-Soluble Contrast Media
- Upper Gastrointestinal Study
- Barium Meal
- Barium Follow-Through
- Barium Enema
- Micturating Cystourethrography
- Intravenous Urography
- Hysterosalpingography
- Retrograde Urethrography
- Fistulography
- Basic Principles of Contrast Examination
Ch-6.3
Mammography
-
- Introduction to Mammography
- Breast Anatomy
- Principles of Mammographic Imaging
- Mammography X-Ray Tube
- Mammography Compression
- Image Receptors
- Digital Mammography
- Breast Positioning
- Craniocaudal View
- Mediolateral Oblique View
- Additional Mammographic Views
- Mammographic Image Quality
- Breast Density
- Mammography Radiation Safety
Ch-6.4
Special Radiographic Procedures
-
- Portable Radiography
- Mobile Radiography
- Operating Room Radiography
- Trauma Radiography
- Dental Radiography
- Pediatric Radiography
- Skeletal Survey
- Whole-Spine Radiography
- Long-Length Imaging
- Contrast Radiography
- Special Positioning Techniques
Unit-7. Computed Tomography (CT)
Ch-7.1
Introduction to Computed Tomography
-
- Definition of Computed Tomography
- History of CT
- Development of CT Technology
- Principles of CT Imaging
- Difference Between CT and Conventional Radiography
- Advantages of CT
- Limitations of CT
- Clinical Applications of CT
Ch-7.2
CT Scanner Components
-
- Gantry
- X-Ray Tube
- Detector System
- Data Acquisition System
- Slip Ring
- Patient Table
- Computer System
- Operator Console
- Cooling System
- CT Display System
Ch-7.3
CT Image Formation
-
- X-Ray Attenuation
- Data Acquisition
- Projection Data
- Reconstruction
- Reconstruction Algorithms
- Filtered Back Projection
- Iterative Reconstruction
- Helical CT
- Multislice CT
- Cone Beam CT
Ch-7.4
CT Image Characteristics
-
- Pixel
- Voxel
- CT Matrix
- Field of View
- Slice Thickness
- Spatial Resolution
- Contrast Resolution
- CT Number
- Hounsfield Unit
- Window Width
- Window Level
- Image Noise
- Artifacts
Ch-7.5
CT Protocols and Applications
-
- CT Head
- CT Brain
- CT Sinuses
- CT Neck
- CT Chest
- HRCT Chest
- CT Abdomen
- CT Pelvis
- CT Spine
- CT Angiography
- CT Urography
- CT Colonography
- CT Trauma
- Pediatric CT
Unit-8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Ch-8.1
Fundamentals of MRI
-
- Introduction to MRI
- History of MRI
- Basic Principles of MRI
- Magnetic Field
- Hydrogen Protons
- Nuclear Spin
- Magnetic Moment
- Alignment of Protons
- Precession
- Resonance
- Larmor Frequency
Ch-8.2
MRI Hardware
-
- Main Magnet
- Permanent Magnet
- Resistive Magnet
- Superconducting Magnet
- Gradient Coils
- Radiofrequency Coils
- RF Transmitter
- RF Receiver
- Patient Table
- Computer System
- MRI Shielding
Ch-8.3
MRI Image Formation
-
- RF Pulse
- Excitation
- Relaxation
- T1 Relaxation
- T2 Relaxation
- T2* Relaxation
- Free Induction Decay
- Signal Generation
- Spatial Encoding
- Frequency Encoding
- Phase Encoding
- K-Space
Ch-8.4
MRI Sequences and Image Weighting
-
- Spin Echo
- Fast Spin Echo
- Gradient Echo
- T1-Weighted Imaging
- T2-Weighted Imaging
- Proton Density Imaging
- STIR
- FLAIR
- Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
- ADC Imaging
- MR Angiography
- MRCP
- Functional MRI
Ch-8.5
MRI Safety
-
- MRI Safety Principles
- Static Magnetic Field
- Projectile Effect
- RF Heating
- Acoustic Noise
- Ferromagnetic Objects
- MRI-Compatible Equipment
- MRI Contraindications
- Pacemakers and Implants
- Patient Screening
- MRI Pregnancy Considerations
- MRI Contrast Safety
- Emergency Procedures in MRI
Unit-9. Ultrasonography and Doppler Imaging
Ch-9.1
Fundamentals of Ultrasound
-
- Introduction to Diagnostic Ultrasound
- History of Ultrasound
- Principles of Ultrasound
- Sound Waves
- Mechanical Waves
- Frequency
- Wavelength
- Amplitude
- Velocity
- Intensity
- Acoustic Power
- Acoustic Impedance
Ch-9.2
Ultrasound Transducers
-
- Introduction to Transducers
- Piezoelectric Effect
- Construction of Transducer
- Linear Transducer
- Curvilinear Transducer
- Phased Array Transducer
- Endocavitary Transducer
- High-Frequency Transducers
- Low-Frequency Transducers
- Transducer Selection
Ch-9.3
Ultrasound Image Formation
-
- Pulse-Echo Principle
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Scattering
- Absorption
- Attenuation
- Acoustic Shadowing
- Posterior Enhancement
- Resolution
- Axial Resolution
- Lateral Resolution
- Temporal Resolution
- Image Optimization
Ch-9.4
Ultrasound Modes
-
- A-Mode
- B-Mode
- M-Mode
- Real-Time Imaging
- Harmonic Imaging
- Compound Imaging
- 3D Ultrasound
- 4D Ultrasound
- Elastography
- Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
Ch-9.5
Doppler Ultrasound
-
- Doppler Principle
- Doppler Effect
- Continuous-Wave Doppler
- Pulsed-Wave Doppler
- Color Doppler
- Power Doppler
- Spectral Doppler
- Doppler Angle
- Aliasing
- Resistive Index
- Pulsatility Index
- Doppler Applications
- Vascular Ultrasound
Unit-10. Nuclear Medicine and Hybrid Imaging
Ch-10.1
Introduction to Nuclear Medicine
-
- Definition of Nuclear Medicine
- History of Nuclear Medicine
- Principles of Nuclear Medicine
- Radionuclides
- Radioactive Decay
- Half-Life
- Physical Half-Life
- Biological Half-Life
- Effective Half-Life
- Radioactive Tracers
Ch-10.2
Gamma Camera
-
- Introduction to Gamma Camera
- Collimator
- Scintillation Crystal
- Photomultiplier Tubes
- Positioning Circuitry
- Image Formation
- Planar Imaging
- Static Imaging
- Dynamic Imaging
Ch-10.3
SPECT
-
- Introduction to SPECT
- Principles of SPECT
- SPECT Camera
- Rotating Detector System
- Data Acquisition
- Image Reconstruction
- Clinical Applications
- SPECT Image Artifacts
Ch-10.4
PET
-
- Introduction to PET
- Principles of PET
- Positron Emission
- Annihilation Radiation
- Coincidence Detection
- PET Detector System
- PET Image Formation
- FDG PET
- Clinical Applications of PET
Ch-10.5
Hybrid Imaging
-
- PET/CT
- SPECT/CT
- PET/MRI
- Principles of Hybrid Imaging
- Anatomical and Functional Imaging
- Advantages of Hybrid Imaging
- Clinical Applications
Unit-11. Contrast Media and Contrast Imaging
Ch-11.1
Introduction to Contrast Media
-
- Definition of Contrast Media
- Purpose of Contrast Media
- Types of Contrast Media
- Positive Contrast Media
- Negative Contrast Media
- Water-Soluble Contrast
- Barium Contrast
- Iodinated Contrast Media
- Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media
- Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Ch-11.2
Iodinated Contrast Media
-
- Ionic Contrast Media
- Non-Ionic Contrast Media
- High-Osmolar Contrast
- Low-Osmolar Contrast
- Iso-Osmolar Contrast
- Routes of Administration
- Intravenous Administration
- Intra-Arterial Administration
- Oral Administration
- Rectal Administration
Ch-11.3
Contrast Reactions
-
- Mild Contrast Reactions
- Moderate Contrast Reactions
- Severe Contrast Reactions
- Allergic-Like Reactions
- Physiologic Reactions
- Contrast Extravasation
- Risk Factors
- Patient Screening
- Prevention
- Emergency Management
Ch-11.4
Contrast Studies
-
- Intravenous Urography
- CT Contrast Studies
- CT Angiography
- Barium Meal
- Barium Follow-Through
- Barium Enema
- Hysterosalpingography
- Arthrography
- Myelography
- Fistulography
- Sialography
- Cholangiography
Unit-12. Imaging Artifacts, Quality Assurance and Patient Care
Ch-12.1
Radiographic Artifacts
-
- Definition of Artifacts
- Types of Artifacts
- Patient-Related Artifacts
- Equipment-Related Artifacts
- Exposure-Related Artifacts
- Motion Artifacts
- Processing Artifacts
- Digital Artifacts
- Grid Artifacts
- Detector Artifacts
- Prevention and Correction of Artifacts
Ch-12.2
CT Artifacts
-
- Motion Artifact
- Beam Hardening
- Ring Artifact
- Partial Volume Artifact
- Metal Artifact
- Stair-Step Artifact
- Windmill Artifact
- Photon Starvation
- Aliasing Artifact
- CT Artifact Reduction
Ch-12.3
MRI Artifacts
-
- Motion Artifact
- Flow Artifact
- Chemical Shift
- Susceptibility Artifact
- Aliasing
- Zipper Artifact
- Wrap-Around Artifact
- Magic Angle Artifact
- Partial Volume Artifact
- Truncation Artifact
- MRI Artifact Reduction
Ch-12.4
Ultrasound Artifacts
-
- Acoustic Shadowing
- Posterior Enhancement
- Reverberation
- Mirror Image Artifact
- Refraction Artifact
- Side-Lobe Artifact
- Grating-Lobe Artifact
- Ring-Down Artifact
- Comet-Tail Artifact
- Speckle
- Doppler Aliasing
Ch-12.5
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
-
- Introduction to Quality Assurance
- Quality Control
- Importance of Quality Assurance
- Equipment Performance Testing
- Image Quality Evaluation
- Radiation Output Monitoring
- Detector Performance
- CT Quality Control
- MRI Quality Control
- Ultrasound Quality Control
- Preventive Maintenance
- Documentation of Quality Control
Ch-12.6
Patient Care and Professional Practice
-
- Patient Identification
- Communication with Patients
- Informed Consent
- Patient Privacy
- Confidentiality
- Infection Control
- Hand Hygiene
- Use of Personal Protective Equipment
- Patient Positioning
- Patient Transfer Techniques
- Care of Pediatric Patients
- Care of Geriatric Patients
- Care of Trauma Patients
- Care of Patients with Disabilities
- Emergency Patient Management
- Professional Ethics
- Medical Record Documentation
No comments:
Post a Comment