Wednesday, 2 September 2026

BVRMIT-102 Fundamentals of Radiology and Imaging

BVRMIT-102 - Table of Contents

BVRMIT-102 - Table of Contents

Unit-1. Introduction to Radiology and Medical Imaging
Ch-1.1 Introduction to Radiology -
  • Definition of Radiology
  • History of Radiology
  • Discovery of X-Rays
  • Development of Diagnostic Imaging
  • Role of Radiology in Modern Medicine
  • Branches of Radiology
  • Diagnostic Radiology
  • Interventional Radiology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Role of Radiologist
  • Role of Radiographer/Medical Imaging Technologist
  • Basic Principles of Medical Imaging
Ch-1.2 Medical Imaging Modalities -
  • Introduction to Medical Imaging Modalities
  • Conventional Radiography
  • Fluoroscopy
  • Mammography
  • Computed Tomography (CT)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Ultrasonography (USG)
  • Nuclear Medicine Imaging
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  • SPECT Imaging
  • Interventional Imaging
  • Hybrid Imaging
  • Comparison of Imaging Modalities
  • Advantages and Limitations of Imaging Modalities
Ch-1.3 Anatomical and Radiological Orientation -
  • Anatomical Position
  • Anatomical Planes
  • Sagittal Plane
  • Coronal Plane
  • Axial/Transverse Plane
  • Oblique Plane
  • Radiological Orientation
  • Right and Left Orientation
  • Superior and Inferior Orientation
  • Anterior and Posterior Orientation
  • Medial and Lateral Orientation
  • Radiographic Positioning Terminology
Ch-1.4 Basic Radiological Procedures -
  • Patient Identification
  • Patient History and Clinical Indication
  • Imaging Request and Referral
  • Patient Preparation
  • Positioning of the Patient
  • Selection of Imaging Modality
  • Selection of Imaging Protocol
  • Image Acquisition
  • Image Evaluation
  • Image Documentation
  • Reporting and Communication
  • Post-Examination Patient Care
Ch-1.5 Radiology Department and Equipment -
  • Organization of a Radiology Department
  • General Radiography Room
  • Fluoroscopy Room
  • CT Room
  • MRI Suite
  • Ultrasound Room
  • Mammography Room
  • Nuclear Medicine Department
  • Darkroom and Processing Area
  • Control Room
  • Equipment and Accessories
  • Patient Care Areas
  • Radiation Protection Areas
Unit-2. X-Ray Physics and Radiography
Ch-2.1 Fundamentals of Radiation -
  • Definition of Radiation
  • Electromagnetic Radiation
  • Particle Radiation
  • Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation
  • Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • Properties of X-Rays
  • Characteristics of X-Rays
  • Sources of Radiation
  • Natural Background Radiation
  • Artificial Radiation Sources
  • Ionization
  • Excitation
  • Radiation Interaction with Matter
Ch-2.2 Production of X-Rays -
  • X-Ray Tube
  • Components of X-Ray Tube
  • Cathode
  • Filament
  • Focusing Cup
  • Anode
  • Target
  • Tube Envelope
  • Tube Housing
  • Rotor and Stator
  • Thermionic Emission
  • Electron Acceleration
  • Bremsstrahlung Radiation
  • Characteristic Radiation
  • X-Ray Beam Formation
  • Heat Production in X-Ray Tube
Ch-2.3 X-Ray Generator -
  • Introduction to X-Ray Generator
  • Main Components of X-Ray Generator
  • Transformer
  • Step-Up Transformer
  • Step-Down Transformer
  • Rectification
  • High-Voltage Circuit
  • Filament Circuit
  • Exposure Switch
  • Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)
  • Tube Current
  • Tube Voltage
  • Exposure Time
  • mA
  • kVp
  • mAs
  • Generator Types
Ch-2.4 X-Ray Beam Characteristics -
  • Primary Radiation
  • Secondary Radiation
  • Scatter Radiation
  • Leakage Radiation
  • Beam Intensity
  • Beam Quality
  • Beam Quantity
  • Half-Value Layer (HVL)
  • Filtration
  • Collimation
  • Inherent Filtration
  • Added Filtration
  • Total Filtration
  • Effect of kVp on X-Ray Beam
Ch-2.5 X-Ray Interaction with Matter -
  • Introduction to Radiation Interaction
  • Coherent Scattering
  • Compton Scattering
  • Photoelectric Effect
  • Pair Production
  • Photodisintegration
  • Differential Absorption
  • Attenuation
  • Linear Attenuation Coefficient
  • Mass Attenuation Coefficient
  • Factors Affecting Attenuation
  • Importance of Attenuation in Image Formation
Unit-3. Radiographic Image Formation and Image Quality
Ch-3.1 Principles of Radiographic Image Formation -
  • Production of Radiographic Image
  • X-Ray Beam
  • Patient/Subject
  • Image Receptor
  • Differential Absorption
  • Remnant Radiation
  • Radiographic Image Formation
  • Latent Image
  • Visible Image
  • Digital Image Formation
Ch-3.2 Radiographic Exposure Factors -
  • Kilovoltage Peak (kVp)
  • Milliamperage (mA)
  • Exposure Time
  • Milliampere-Seconds (mAs)
  • Source-to-Image Distance (SID)
  • Object-to-Image Distance (OID)
  • Focal Spot Size
  • Focal Film Distance
  • Exposure Reciprocity
  • Inverse Square Law
  • Technique Charts
Ch-3.3 Radiographic Image Quality -
  • Definition of Image Quality
  • Image Contrast
  • Subject Contrast
  • Radiographic Contrast
  • Spatial Resolution
  • Contrast Resolution
  • Distortion
  • Magnification
  • Sharpness
  • Detail
  • Noise
  • Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
  • Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
Ch-3.4 Radiographic Geometric Factors -
  • Focal Spot
  • Effective Focal Spot
  • Penumbra
  • Magnification
  • Shape Distortion
  • Size Distortion
  • Angulation
  • Object Position
  • SID and OID Relationship
  • Methods for Reducing Magnification
  • Methods for Reducing Distortion
Ch-3.5 Radiographic Grids and Scatter Control -
  • Introduction to Scatter Radiation
  • Effects of Scatter on Image Quality
  • Anti-Scatter Grids
  • Grid Construction
  • Grid Ratio
  • Grid Frequency
  • Grid Types
  • Focused Grid
  • Parallel Grid
  • Crossed Grid
  • Moving Grid
  • Grid Cut-Off
  • Air Gap Technique
  • Collimation
  • Selection of Grid
Unit-4. Digital Radiography and Image Processing
Ch-4.1 Introduction to Digital Imaging -
  • Introduction to Digital Radiography
  • Analog and Digital Imaging
  • Advantages of Digital Imaging
  • Digital Image Formation
  • Pixels
  • Voxels
  • Matrix
  • Bit Depth
  • Spatial Resolution
  • Contrast Resolution
  • Digital Image Characteristics
Ch-4.2 Computed Radiography (CR) -
  • Introduction to Computed Radiography
  • Imaging Plate
  • Photostimulable Phosphor (PSP)
  • Cassette
  • Image Plate Reader
  • Laser Scanning
  • Photostimulated Luminescence
  • Erasure of Imaging Plate
  • CR Image Formation
  • Advantages of CR
  • Limitations of CR
  • CR Artifacts
Ch-4.3 Direct Digital Radiography (DR) -
  • Introduction to Digital Radiography
  • Flat Panel Detectors
  • Direct Conversion Detectors
  • Indirect Conversion Detectors
  • Amorphous Selenium
  • Amorphous Silicon
  • Cesium Iodide
  • Detector Performance
  • DR Image Acquisition
  • Advantages of DR
  • Limitations of DR
Ch-4.4 Digital Image Processing -
  • Pre-Processing
  • Image Processing
  • Post-Processing
  • Window Width
  • Window Level
  • Image Enhancement
  • Edge Enhancement
  • Noise Reduction
  • Image Manipulation
  • Magnification
  • Image Rotation
  • Image Annotation
  • Electronic Collimation
  • Image Stitching
Ch-4.5 PACS and Medical Image Communication -
  • Introduction to PACS
  • Picture Archiving and Communication System
  • Digital Image Storage
  • Image Retrieval
  • Image Transmission
  • DICOM
  • HL7
  • RIS
  • HIS
  • Teleradiology
  • Cloud-Based Imaging
  • Data Security
  • Patient Confidentiality
Unit-5. Radiation Protection and Biological Effects
Ch-5.1 Radiation Protection -
  • Introduction to Radiation Protection
  • Need for Radiation Protection
  • Principles of Radiation Protection
  • ALARA Principle
  • Time
  • Distance
  • Shielding
  • Occupational Exposure
  • Public Exposure
  • Patient Exposure
  • Radiation Protection Devices
  • Personal Protective Equipment
Ch-5.2 Radiation Dosimetry -
  • Radiation Dose
  • Absorbed Dose
  • Equivalent Dose
  • Effective Dose
  • Exposure
  • Air Kerma
  • Dose Area Product
  • CT Dose Index
  • Dose-Length Product
  • Personal Dosimeters
  • TLD Badge
  • OSL Dosimeter
  • Pocket Dosimeter
  • Dose Monitoring
Ch-5.3 Biological Effects of Radiation -
  • Introduction to Radiation Biology
  • Cellular Effects of Radiation
  • DNA Damage
  • Tissue Effects
  • Deterministic Effects
  • Stochastic Effects
  • Somatic Effects
  • Genetic Effects
  • Radiation-Induced Cancer
  • Radiation Sensitivity
  • Radiosensitive Organs
  • Effects on Embryo and Fetus
Ch-5.4 Radiation Safety in Special Situations -
  • Radiation Protection During Pregnancy
  • Pediatric Radiation Protection
  • Protection of Patients
  • Protection of Radiation Workers
  • Protection of Visitors
  • Mobile Radiography Safety
  • Fluoroscopy Safety
  • CT Radiation Safety
  • Interventional Procedure Safety
  • Emergency Radiation Procedures
Ch-5.5 Radiation Protection Standards -
  • National Radiation Safety Regulations
  • Regulatory Authorities
  • AERB
  • Radiation Protection Rules
  • Personal Monitoring
  • Area Monitoring
  • Radiation Warning Signs
  • Controlled Areas
  • Supervised Areas
  • Quality Assurance and Radiation Safety
Unit-6. Fluoroscopy, Mammography and Special Radiographic Procedures
Ch-6.1 Fluoroscopy -
  • Introduction to Fluoroscopy
  • Principles of Fluoroscopic Imaging
  • Fluoroscopic X-Ray Tube
  • Image Intensifier
  • Flat Panel Fluoroscopy
  • Automatic Brightness Control
  • Continuous Fluoroscopy
  • Pulsed Fluoroscopy
  • Digital Fluoroscopy
  • Fluoroscopic Image Quality
  • Fluoroscopy Dose
  • Fluoroscopy Radiation Safety
Ch-6.2 Contrast Fluoroscopy -
  • Introduction to Contrast Studies
  • Barium Contrast Media
  • Water-Soluble Contrast Media
  • Upper Gastrointestinal Study
  • Barium Meal
  • Barium Follow-Through
  • Barium Enema
  • Micturating Cystourethrography
  • Intravenous Urography
  • Hysterosalpingography
  • Retrograde Urethrography
  • Fistulography
  • Basic Principles of Contrast Examination
Ch-6.3 Mammography -
  • Introduction to Mammography
  • Breast Anatomy
  • Principles of Mammographic Imaging
  • Mammography X-Ray Tube
  • Mammography Compression
  • Image Receptors
  • Digital Mammography
  • Breast Positioning
  • Craniocaudal View
  • Mediolateral Oblique View
  • Additional Mammographic Views
  • Mammographic Image Quality
  • Breast Density
  • Mammography Radiation Safety
Ch-6.4 Special Radiographic Procedures -
  • Portable Radiography
  • Mobile Radiography
  • Operating Room Radiography
  • Trauma Radiography
  • Dental Radiography
  • Pediatric Radiography
  • Skeletal Survey
  • Whole-Spine Radiography
  • Long-Length Imaging
  • Contrast Radiography
  • Special Positioning Techniques
Unit-7. Computed Tomography (CT)
Ch-7.1 Introduction to Computed Tomography -
  • Definition of Computed Tomography
  • History of CT
  • Development of CT Technology
  • Principles of CT Imaging
  • Difference Between CT and Conventional Radiography
  • Advantages of CT
  • Limitations of CT
  • Clinical Applications of CT
Ch-7.2 CT Scanner Components -
  • Gantry
  • X-Ray Tube
  • Detector System
  • Data Acquisition System
  • Slip Ring
  • Patient Table
  • Computer System
  • Operator Console
  • Cooling System
  • CT Display System
Ch-7.3 CT Image Formation -
  • X-Ray Attenuation
  • Data Acquisition
  • Projection Data
  • Reconstruction
  • Reconstruction Algorithms
  • Filtered Back Projection
  • Iterative Reconstruction
  • Helical CT
  • Multislice CT
  • Cone Beam CT
Ch-7.4 CT Image Characteristics -
  • Pixel
  • Voxel
  • CT Matrix
  • Field of View
  • Slice Thickness
  • Spatial Resolution
  • Contrast Resolution
  • CT Number
  • Hounsfield Unit
  • Window Width
  • Window Level
  • Image Noise
  • Artifacts
Ch-7.5 CT Protocols and Applications -
  • CT Head
  • CT Brain
  • CT Sinuses
  • CT Neck
  • CT Chest
  • HRCT Chest
  • CT Abdomen
  • CT Pelvis
  • CT Spine
  • CT Angiography
  • CT Urography
  • CT Colonography
  • CT Trauma
  • Pediatric CT
Unit-8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Ch-8.1 Fundamentals of MRI -
  • Introduction to MRI
  • History of MRI
  • Basic Principles of MRI
  • Magnetic Field
  • Hydrogen Protons
  • Nuclear Spin
  • Magnetic Moment
  • Alignment of Protons
  • Precession
  • Resonance
  • Larmor Frequency
Ch-8.2 MRI Hardware -
  • Main Magnet
  • Permanent Magnet
  • Resistive Magnet
  • Superconducting Magnet
  • Gradient Coils
  • Radiofrequency Coils
  • RF Transmitter
  • RF Receiver
  • Patient Table
  • Computer System
  • MRI Shielding
Ch-8.3 MRI Image Formation -
  • RF Pulse
  • Excitation
  • Relaxation
  • T1 Relaxation
  • T2 Relaxation
  • T2* Relaxation
  • Free Induction Decay
  • Signal Generation
  • Spatial Encoding
  • Frequency Encoding
  • Phase Encoding
  • K-Space
Ch-8.4 MRI Sequences and Image Weighting -
  • Spin Echo
  • Fast Spin Echo
  • Gradient Echo
  • T1-Weighted Imaging
  • T2-Weighted Imaging
  • Proton Density Imaging
  • STIR
  • FLAIR
  • Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
  • ADC Imaging
  • MR Angiography
  • MRCP
  • Functional MRI
Ch-8.5 MRI Safety -
  • MRI Safety Principles
  • Static Magnetic Field
  • Projectile Effect
  • RF Heating
  • Acoustic Noise
  • Ferromagnetic Objects
  • MRI-Compatible Equipment
  • MRI Contraindications
  • Pacemakers and Implants
  • Patient Screening
  • MRI Pregnancy Considerations
  • MRI Contrast Safety
  • Emergency Procedures in MRI
Unit-9. Ultrasonography and Doppler Imaging
Ch-9.1 Fundamentals of Ultrasound -
  • Introduction to Diagnostic Ultrasound
  • History of Ultrasound
  • Principles of Ultrasound
  • Sound Waves
  • Mechanical Waves
  • Frequency
  • Wavelength
  • Amplitude
  • Velocity
  • Intensity
  • Acoustic Power
  • Acoustic Impedance
Ch-9.2 Ultrasound Transducers -
  • Introduction to Transducers
  • Piezoelectric Effect
  • Construction of Transducer
  • Linear Transducer
  • Curvilinear Transducer
  • Phased Array Transducer
  • Endocavitary Transducer
  • High-Frequency Transducers
  • Low-Frequency Transducers
  • Transducer Selection
Ch-9.3 Ultrasound Image Formation -
  • Pulse-Echo Principle
  • Reflection
  • Refraction
  • Scattering
  • Absorption
  • Attenuation
  • Acoustic Shadowing
  • Posterior Enhancement
  • Resolution
  • Axial Resolution
  • Lateral Resolution
  • Temporal Resolution
  • Image Optimization
Ch-9.4 Ultrasound Modes -
  • A-Mode
  • B-Mode
  • M-Mode
  • Real-Time Imaging
  • Harmonic Imaging
  • Compound Imaging
  • 3D Ultrasound
  • 4D Ultrasound
  • Elastography
  • Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
Ch-9.5 Doppler Ultrasound -
  • Doppler Principle
  • Doppler Effect
  • Continuous-Wave Doppler
  • Pulsed-Wave Doppler
  • Color Doppler
  • Power Doppler
  • Spectral Doppler
  • Doppler Angle
  • Aliasing
  • Resistive Index
  • Pulsatility Index
  • Doppler Applications
  • Vascular Ultrasound
Unit-10. Nuclear Medicine and Hybrid Imaging
Ch-10.1 Introduction to Nuclear Medicine -
  • Definition of Nuclear Medicine
  • History of Nuclear Medicine
  • Principles of Nuclear Medicine
  • Radionuclides
  • Radioactive Decay
  • Half-Life
  • Physical Half-Life
  • Biological Half-Life
  • Effective Half-Life
  • Radioactive Tracers
Ch-10.2 Gamma Camera -
  • Introduction to Gamma Camera
  • Collimator
  • Scintillation Crystal
  • Photomultiplier Tubes
  • Positioning Circuitry
  • Image Formation
  • Planar Imaging
  • Static Imaging
  • Dynamic Imaging
Ch-10.3 SPECT -
  • Introduction to SPECT
  • Principles of SPECT
  • SPECT Camera
  • Rotating Detector System
  • Data Acquisition
  • Image Reconstruction
  • Clinical Applications
  • SPECT Image Artifacts
Ch-10.4 PET -
  • Introduction to PET
  • Principles of PET
  • Positron Emission
  • Annihilation Radiation
  • Coincidence Detection
  • PET Detector System
  • PET Image Formation
  • FDG PET
  • Clinical Applications of PET
Ch-10.5 Hybrid Imaging -
  • PET/CT
  • SPECT/CT
  • PET/MRI
  • Principles of Hybrid Imaging
  • Anatomical and Functional Imaging
  • Advantages of Hybrid Imaging
  • Clinical Applications
Unit-11. Contrast Media and Contrast Imaging
Ch-11.1 Introduction to Contrast Media -
  • Definition of Contrast Media
  • Purpose of Contrast Media
  • Types of Contrast Media
  • Positive Contrast Media
  • Negative Contrast Media
  • Water-Soluble Contrast
  • Barium Contrast
  • Iodinated Contrast Media
  • Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media
  • Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Ch-11.2 Iodinated Contrast Media -
  • Ionic Contrast Media
  • Non-Ionic Contrast Media
  • High-Osmolar Contrast
  • Low-Osmolar Contrast
  • Iso-Osmolar Contrast
  • Routes of Administration
  • Intravenous Administration
  • Intra-Arterial Administration
  • Oral Administration
  • Rectal Administration
Ch-11.3 Contrast Reactions -
  • Mild Contrast Reactions
  • Moderate Contrast Reactions
  • Severe Contrast Reactions
  • Allergic-Like Reactions
  • Physiologic Reactions
  • Contrast Extravasation
  • Risk Factors
  • Patient Screening
  • Prevention
  • Emergency Management
Ch-11.4 Contrast Studies -
  • Intravenous Urography
  • CT Contrast Studies
  • CT Angiography
  • Barium Meal
  • Barium Follow-Through
  • Barium Enema
  • Hysterosalpingography
  • Arthrography
  • Myelography
  • Fistulography
  • Sialography
  • Cholangiography
Unit-12. Imaging Artifacts, Quality Assurance and Patient Care
Ch-12.1 Radiographic Artifacts -
  • Definition of Artifacts
  • Types of Artifacts
  • Patient-Related Artifacts
  • Equipment-Related Artifacts
  • Exposure-Related Artifacts
  • Motion Artifacts
  • Processing Artifacts
  • Digital Artifacts
  • Grid Artifacts
  • Detector Artifacts
  • Prevention and Correction of Artifacts
Ch-12.2 CT Artifacts -
  • Motion Artifact
  • Beam Hardening
  • Ring Artifact
  • Partial Volume Artifact
  • Metal Artifact
  • Stair-Step Artifact
  • Windmill Artifact
  • Photon Starvation
  • Aliasing Artifact
  • CT Artifact Reduction
Ch-12.3 MRI Artifacts -
  • Motion Artifact
  • Flow Artifact
  • Chemical Shift
  • Susceptibility Artifact
  • Aliasing
  • Zipper Artifact
  • Wrap-Around Artifact
  • Magic Angle Artifact
  • Partial Volume Artifact
  • Truncation Artifact
  • MRI Artifact Reduction
Ch-12.4 Ultrasound Artifacts -
  • Acoustic Shadowing
  • Posterior Enhancement
  • Reverberation
  • Mirror Image Artifact
  • Refraction Artifact
  • Side-Lobe Artifact
  • Grating-Lobe Artifact
  • Ring-Down Artifact
  • Comet-Tail Artifact
  • Speckle
  • Doppler Aliasing
Ch-12.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -
  • Introduction to Quality Assurance
  • Quality Control
  • Importance of Quality Assurance
  • Equipment Performance Testing
  • Image Quality Evaluation
  • Radiation Output Monitoring
  • Detector Performance
  • CT Quality Control
  • MRI Quality Control
  • Ultrasound Quality Control
  • Preventive Maintenance
  • Documentation of Quality Control
Ch-12.6 Patient Care and Professional Practice -
  • Patient Identification
  • Communication with Patients
  • Informed Consent
  • Patient Privacy
  • Confidentiality
  • Infection Control
  • Hand Hygiene
  • Use of Personal Protective Equipment
  • Patient Positioning
  • Patient Transfer Techniques
  • Care of Pediatric Patients
  • Care of Geriatric Patients
  • Care of Trauma Patients
  • Care of Patients with Disabilities
  • Emergency Patient Management
  • Professional Ethics
  • Medical Record Documentation

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