Table of Contents
- π ULTRASOUND
- π Chapter 1: Basic Of Ultrasound 1
- π Chapter 2: Basic Imaging Modes / Modalities 2
- π Chapter 3: General and Specialized scaning Techniques 3
- π ️ Chapter 4: Technical Assessment 4
- π Chapter 5: Practical Classifications 5
- π Chapter 6: Ultrasound Artifacts 6
- π Chapter 7: Common Measurements 7
- ⚕️ Chapter 8: Clinical Sonography 8
- π Chapter 9: Ultrasound Case Study 9
- π© Chapter 10: Ultrasound Signs 10
- π Chapter 11: Educational Integration 11
- π Chapter 12: Reporting Elements 12
- π X-Ray
- π Chapter 13: X-Ray Physics & Radiation Basics 13
- π Chapter 14: X-Ray Imaging Modalities & Techniques 14
- π Chapter 15: Advanced & Specialized Radiography 15
- π ️ Chapter 16: Technical Assessment & Equipment 16
- π Chapter 17: Practical Classifications in X-Ray 17
- π Chapter 18: X-Ray Artifacts & Image Errors 18
- π Chapter 19: Common Measurements & Positioning 19
- ⚕️ Chapter 20: Clinical Radiography 20
- π Chapter 21: X-Ray Case Studies 21
- π© Chapter 22: Radiological Signs 22
- π Chapter 23: Educational Integration & Learning 23
- π Chapter 24: X-Ray Reporting Elements 24
- π MRI
- π Chapter 25: MRI Physics & Magnetic Principles 25
- π Chapter 26: MRI Imaging Sequences & Techniques 26
- π Chapter 27: Advanced & Specialized MRI Techniques 27
- π ️ Chapter 28: MRI Technical Assessment & Equipment 28
- π Chapter 29: Practical Classifications in MRI 29
- π Chapter 30: MRI Artifacts & Image Errors 30
- π Chapter 31: Common Measurements & MRI Protocols 31
- ⚕️ Chapter 32: Clinical MRI Imaging 32
- π Chapter 33: MRI Case Studies 33
- π© Chapter 34: MRI Radiological Signs 34
- π Chapter 35: Educational Integration & MRI Learning 35
- π Chapter 36: MRI Reporting Elements 36
- π ENDOSCOPY
- π Chapter 37: Endoscopy Basics & Instrumentation 37
- π Chapter 38: Endoscopic Imaging Modalities & Techniques 38
- π Chapter 39: Advanced & Specialized Endoscopic Procedures 39
- π ️ Chapter 40: Endoscopy Technical Assessment & Equipment 40
- π Chapter 41: Practical Classifications in Endoscopy 41
- π Chapter 42: Endoscopic Artifacts & Procedural Errors 42
- π Chapter 43: Common Measurements & Endoscopic Protocols 43
- ⚕️ Chapter 44: Clinical Endoscopy 44
- π Chapter 45: Endoscopy Case Studies 45
- π© Chapter 46: Endoscopic Signs & Findings 46
- π Chapter 47: Educational Integration & Endoscopy Learning 47
- π Chapter 48: Endoscopy Reporting Elements 48
- π CT Scan
- π Chapter 49: CT Physics & Radiation Principles 49
- π Chapter 50: CT Imaging Modalities & Techniques 50
- π Chapter 51: Advanced & Specialized CT Techniques 51
- π ️ Chapter 52: CT Technical Assessment & Equipment 52
- π Chapter 53: Practical Classifications in CT Scan 53
- π Chapter 54: CT Artifacts & Image Errors 54
- π Chapter 55: Common Measurements & CT Protocols 55
- ⚕️ Chapter 56: Clinical CT Imaging 56
- π Chapter 57: CT Case Studies 57
- π© Chapter 58: CT Radiological Signs 58
- π Chapter 59: Educational Integration & CT Learning 59
- π Chapter 60: CT Reporting Elements 60
i
Chapter 1: Basic Wave Properties
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Chapter 2: Basic Imaging Modes / Modalities
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Chapter 3: General & Specialized Techniques
Table of Contents
| Section | Topic |
|---|---|
| General Scanning Techniques | |
| 3.1 | USG Abdomen |
| 3.2 | Obstetric & Fetal Sonography |
| 3.3 | Transvaginal Sonography (TVS) |
| 3.4 | Perineal & Groin Ultrasound |
| 3.5 | Scrotal Ultrasound |
| 3.6 | Penile Ultrasound |
| 3.7 | Breast Ultrasound |
| 3.8 | Dorsal Wall Ultrasound |
| 3.9 | Neck Ultrasound |
| 3.10 | Upper Limb Ultrasound |
| 3.11 | Lower Limb Ultrasound |
| 3.12 | Interventional Ultrasound |
| 3.13 | Neonatal & Pediatric Ultrasound |
| 3.14 | Ophthalmic Ultrasound |
| 3.15 | Cheek / Buccal Ultrasound |
| 3.16 | Nasal & Paranasal Sinus Ultrasound |
| 3.17 | Spine Ultrasound |
| 3.18 | Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Study |
| Advanced & Specialized Techniques | |
| 3.19 | Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) |
| 3.20 | Elastography |
| 3.21 | Three-Dimensional (3D) Ultrasound |
| 3.22 | Four-Dimensional (4D) Ultrasound |
| 3.23 | Microvascular Imaging (SMI / MV-Flow) |
| 3.24 | Fusion Imaging |
| 3.25 | High-Frequency Ultrasound (HFUS) |
| 3.26 | Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Ultrasound |
| 3.27 | Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) |
| 3.28 | Interventional Ultrasound Procedures |
| 3.29 | Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) |
| 3.30 | Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) |
| 3.31 | Transcranial Doppler (TCD) |
| 3.32 | Lung/Thorax Ultrasound (LUS) |
| 3.33 | Cardiac Ultrasound (Echocardiography / Echo) |
| 3.34 | Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) |
3.2 Obstetric & Fetal Sonography
| SN | First Trimester Measuring Parameters & Reference Values | View Details |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | GS/MSD | View Details |
| 2 | Yolk Sac (YS) | View Details |
| 3 | CRL | View Details |
| 4 | Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) | View Details |
| 5 | NT | View Details |
| 6 | NB | View Details |
| 7 | DV Doppler | View Details |
| 8 | TV Doppler | View Details |
| 13 | Cervical Length (CL) | View Details |
3.33 Cardiac Ultrasound (Echocardiography / Echo)
| Section | Topic |
|---|---|
| Echocardiography Protocols | |
| 3.33.1 | 2D Echo Routine |
| 3.33.2 | Stress Echo |
| 3.33.3 | Dobutamine Stress Echo |
| 3.33.4 | Transesophageal Echo (TEE) |
| 3.33.5 | Contrast Echo |
| 3.33.6 | Fetal Echo |
| 3.33.7 | 3D Echo |
| 3.33.8 | Strain Echo |
| 3.33.9 | Bubble Study |
| 3.33.10 | Pericardial Assessment |
π 2D Echo Routine
πΆ Scanning Technique
A-Basic Views of B-Mode
3. Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View Main Pulmonary Artery Long-Axis
4. Parasternal Left Ventricular Short-Axis View Mitral Valve Annulus Level
5. Parasternal Left Ventricular Short-Axis View Mitral Valve Level
6. Parasternal Left Ventricular Short-Axis View Mitral Valve Chordae Tendineae Level
7. Parasternal Left Ventricular Short-Axis View Mitral Valve Papillary Muscle Level
8. Left Ventricular Apical Level Short-Axis View
9. Parasternal Four-Chamber View
10. Apical Four-Chamber View
11. Parasternal Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Long-Axis View (1)
12. Apical Left-Heart Two-Chamber View
13. Apical Right-Heart Two-Chamber View
14. Parasternal Descending Aorta Long (Short)-Axis View
15. Coronary Sinus View
16. Long-Axis View of the Left Ventricular Right Anterior-Oblique Position
17. Long-Axis View of the Left Ventricular Apex Parasternal
18. Apical Five-Chamber View
19. Short-Axis View of the Inferior Vena Cava
20. Inferior Vena Cava Long (Short)-Axis View
21. Left Parasternal Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Long-Axis View (2)
22. Left Anterior Oblique Position Left Ventricular Apical Three-Chamber View
23. Subxiphoid Four-Chamber View
24. Subxiphoid Two-Atrium View
25. Subxiphoid Aortic Ventricular View
26. Subxiphoid Inferior Vena Cava Long-Axis View
27. Subxiphoid Ventricular Short-Axis View
28. Suprasternal Aortic Arch Short-Axis View
29. Suprasternal Superior Vena Cava Long-Axis View
30. Suprasternal Aortic Arch Short-Axis View
31. Main Pulmonary Artery Long-Axis View Subxiphoid
32. Transesophageal Two-Atrium View
33. Transesophageal Left Atrial Appendage View
34. Transesophageal Aortic Root Long-Axis View
B-Basic Tracings of M-Mode
1. Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View M-Mode, Echo Pattern of Heart Base (Aortic Root)
2. Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View M-Mode, Echo Pattern of Mitral Valve
3. Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View M-Mode, Echo Pattern of Left Ventricle
4. Great Artery Short-Axis View M-Mode Scan at Pulmonary Valve Level
5. Great Artery Short-Axis View M-Mode Scan at Aortic Valve Level
C-Spectral Doppler and Color Doppler Flow Imaging
1. Spectral Doppler of Mitral Valve Orifice Blood Flow
2. Color Doppler Flow Image of the Mitral Valve Orifice
3. Spectral Doppler of Tricuspid Valve Orifice Blood Flow
4. Tricuspid Valve Orifice Color Doppler Flow Mapping
5. Color Flow Mapping
6. Color Doppler Flow Mapping of the Pulmonary Artery Orifice
D-Pulsed-Wave (PW) Spectral Doppler
1. Apical Four-Chamber View Mitral Valve Inflow
2. Apical Four-Chamber View Tricuspid Valve Inflow
3. Apical Five-Chamber View Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT)
4. Parasternal Short-Axis View Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT)
5. Parasternal Short-Axis View Pulmonary Valve Outflow
6. Apical Five-Chamber View Aortic Valve Flow
7. Apical Four-Chamber View Pulmonary Vein Flow
8. Subcostal View Hepatic Vein Flow
9. Subcostal View Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Flow
10. Suprasternal Notch View Descending Thoracic Aorta Flow
11. Apical Four-Chamber View Left Atrial Appendage Flow
12. Parasternal Long-Axis View Ascending Aortic Flow
E-Continuous-Wave (CW) Spectral Doppler
1. Apical Five-Chamber View Aortic Valve CW Doppler
2. Apical Five-Chamber View Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) CW Doppler
3. Apical Four-Chamber View Mitral Regurgitation CW Doppler
4. Apical Four-Chamber View Tricuspid Regurgitation CW Doppler
5. Parasternal Short-Axis View Pulmonary Valve CW Doppler
6. Parasternal Short-Axis View Pulmonary Regurgitation CW Doppler
7. Apical Three-Chamber View Aortic Regurgitation CW Doppler
8. Apical Five-Chamber View Aortic Stenosis CW Doppler
9. Apical Four-Chamber View Mitral Stenosis CW Doppler
10. Parasternal Short-Axis View Pulmonary Stenosis CW Doppler
F-Power Doppler Imaging (PDI)
1. Power Doppler of Mitral Valve Blood Flow
2. Power Doppler of Tricuspid Valve Blood Flow
3. Power Doppler of Aortic Valve Blood Flow
4. Power Doppler of Pulmonary Valve Blood Flow
5. Power Doppler of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT)
6. Power Doppler of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT)
7. Power Doppler of Pulmonary Vein Flow
8. Power Doppler of Hepatic Vein Flow
9. Power Doppler of Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
10. Power Doppler of Descending Thoracic Aorta
π Stress Echo
...
π Dobutamine Stress Echo
...
π Transesophageal Echo (TEE)
...
π Contrast Echo
...
π Fetal Echo
...
π 3D Echo
...
π Strain Echo
...
π Bubble Study
...
π Pericardial Assessment
...
π
3
Chapter 4: Technical Assessment
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4
Chapter 5: Practical Classifications
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Chapter 6: Ultrasound Artifacts
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Chapter 7: Common Measurements
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7
Chapter 8: Clinical Sonography
| Pathological Findings |
|---|
| 8.1 USG Abdomen |
| 8.2 Obstetric & Fetal Sonography |
| 8.3 Transvaginal Sonography (TVS) |
| 8.4 Perineal & Groin Ultrasound |
| 8.5 Scrotal Ultrasound |
| 8.6 Penile Ultrasound |
| 8.7 Breast Ultrasound |
| 8.8 Dorsal Wall Ultrasound |
| 8.9 Neck Ultrasound |
| 8.10 Upper Limb Ultrasound |
| 8.11 Lower Limb Ultrasound |
| 8.12 Interventional Ultrasound |
| 8.13 Neonatal & Pediatric Ultrasound |
| 8.14 Ophthalmic Ultrasound |
| 8.15 Cheek / Buccal Ultrasound |
| 8.16 Nasal & Paranasal Sinus Ultrasound |
| 8.17 Spine Ultrasound |
| 8.18 Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Study |
| Specialized Findings |
| 8.19 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) |
| 8.20 Elastography |
| 8.21 Three-Dimensional (3D) Ultrasound |
| 8.22 Four-Dimensional (4D) Ultrasound |
| 8.23 Microvascular Imaging (SMI / MV-Flow) |
| 8.24 Fusion Imaging |
| 8.25 High-Frequency Ultrasound (HFUS) |
| 8.26 Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Ultrasound |
| 8.27 Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) |
| 8.28 Interventional Ultrasound Procedures |
| 8.29 Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) |
| 8.30 Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) |
| 8.31 Transcranial Doppler (TCD) |
| 8.32 Lung/Thorax Ultrasound (LUS) |
| 8.33 Cardiac Ultrasound (Echocardiography / Echo) |
| 8.34 Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) |
Topic 1: Abdomen
1
π Liverπ Gall Bladder
π CBD (Common Bile Duct)
π Spleen
π Pancreas
π Kidneys
π Ureter
π Adrenal Glands
π Abdominal Aorta & IVC
π Stomach
π Small Bowel
π Colon
π Appendix
π Peritoneum
π Retroperitoneum
π Abdominal Wall
π CEUS for Renal Masses
π CEUS for Liver Tumors
π Urinary Bladder
π Prostate
π Uterus
π Ovary
π Adnexa
π Sequence of pelvic inflammatory disease
LIVER
ππ NORMAL VARIANT LIVER
4π Focal Fatty Infiltration
5π Accessory Hepatic Lobe
6π Diaphragmatic Slip Impression
7π Prominent Portal Vein Radicles
8π Mild Lobulated Liver Surface
9π Recessed Gallbladder Fossa
10π Agenesis of Left Hepatic Lobe
π CONGENITAL & CHROMOSOMAL LIVER DISORDERS (USG)
1 π Biliary Atresia
2 π Choledochal Cyst
3 π Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis
4 π Caroli Disease
5 π Caroli Syndrome
6 π Polycystic Liver Disease
7 π Congenital Portosystemic Shunt
8 π Abernethy Malformation
9 π Neonatal Hepatitis
10 π Alagille Syndrome
11 π Glycogen Storage Disease
12 π Niemann-Pick Disease
13 π Gaucher Disease
14 π Congenital Hepatic Cyst
15 π Accessory Hepatic Lobe
16 π Agenesis of Hepatic Lobe
17 π Hypoplastic Hepatic Lobe
18 π Down Syndrome with Hepatobiliary Abnormality
19 π Trisomy 18 with Hepatic Abnormality
GALL BLADDER
π
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈10)
1 π Normal gallbladder (thin wall ≤3 mm, anechoic lumen)
2 π Physiologic distension (fasting state)
3 π Contracted gallbladder (post-meal)
4 π Physiologic sludge layering (transient)
5 π Normal variant — Phrygian cap
6 π Normal septate gallbladder
7 π Normal junctional fold
8 π Post-prandial wall thickening (transient)
9 π Posture-dependent bile layering
10 π Physiologic gas or microbubbles (artifact)
π CHOLELITHIASIS AND RELATED (≈20)
1 π Simple gallstones (mobile, shadowing)
2 π Multiple gallstones (gravel)
3 π Impacted neck/cystic duct stone
4 π Giant solitary stone
5 π Floating cholesterol stones
6 π Microcalculi / microlithiasis
7 π Sludge balls (non-shadowing echogenic material)
8 π Layering biliary sludge
9 π Tumefactive sludge (mass-like, no shadow)
10 π Gallstone with bile–sludge complex
11 π Porcelain gallbladder (calcified wall)
12 π Contracted stone-filled gallbladder (WES sign)
13 π Milk-of-calcium bile (echogenic bile with shadow)
14 π Postural change test (stone mobility)
15 π Gallbladder wall echo-shadow complex
16 π Cystic duct stone
17 π Bouveret syndrome (gastric outlet obstruction)
18 π Mirizzi syndrome (extrinsic CBD compression)
19 π Gallstone ileus (ectopic stone in bowel)
20 π Stone impaction with perforation
π INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIVE CHOLECYSTITIS (≈30)
1 π Acute calculous cholecystitis (thick wall, stones, hyperemia)
2 π Acute acalculous cholecystitis (critically ill, sludge, wall thickening)
3 π Chronic cholecystitis (fibrotic, contracted, thick wall)
4 π Gangrenous cholecystitis (irregular wall, intraluminal membranes)
5 π Emphysematous cholecystitis (air foci, dirty shadow)
6 π Suppurative cholecystitis (abscess formation)
7 π Necrotizing cholecystitis
8 π Hemorrhagic cholecystitis
9 π Post-infective chronic cholecystitis
10 π Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC)
11 π Eosinophilic cholecystitis
12 π Follicular cholecystitis
13 π Tuberculous cholecystitis
14 π Typhoid cholecystitis
15 π Parasitic cholecystitis (Ascaris / Clonorchis)
16 π Fungal cholecystitis (Candida, Aspergillus)
17 π Viral cholecystitis (CMV, EBV)
18 π Post-radiation cholecystitis
19 π Chronic adhesive cholecystitis
20 π Post-stent inflammatory reaction
21 π Chemical cholecystitis (post-contrast injury)
22 π Autoimmune cholecystitis (IgG4-related)
23 π Post-trauma wall inflammation
24 π Diabetic cholecystitis (often emphysematous)
25 π Cholecystitis in sickle cell crisis (ischemic)
26 π Cholecystitis in pregnancy (biliary stasis-related)
27 π Post-cholecystostomy infection
28 π Bacterial empyema
29 π Sepsis-related wall thickening
30 π Chronic catarrhal cholecystitis
π COMPLICATIONS OF CHOLECYSTITIS (≈20)
1 π Pericholecystic abscess
2 π Gallbladder perforation — localized (contained)
3 π Gallbladder perforation — generalized (peritonitis)
4 π Intraluminal hemorrhage / clot
5 π Pericholecystic fluid collection
6 π Cholecystohepatic fistula
7 π Cholecystoduodenal fistula
8 π Cholecystocolic fistula
9 π Cholecystocutaneous fistula (abdominal wall tract)
10 π Empyema (pus-filled gallbladder)
11 π Phlegmonous cholecystitis
12 π Sepsis with portal pyaemia
13 π Bile leak / biliary peritonitis
14 π Hepatic abscess secondary to perforation
15 π Subhepatic abscess
16 π Peritoneal abscess from rupture
17 π Septic thrombophlebitis (portal)
18 π Chronic fibrotic adhesion to liver
19 π Post-perforation biloma
20 π Peritoneal pseudocyst from bile leak
π GALLBLADDER POLYPS AND BENIGN TUMOROID LESIONS (≈15)
1 π Cholesterol polyp (<10 mm, echogenic, non-shadowing)
2 π Adenomatous polyp
3 π Inflammatory polyp
4 π Hyperplastic polyp
5 π Fibroepithelial polyp
6 π Multiple small polyps (cholesterolosis)
7 π Sessile broad-based polyp (adenoma)
8 π Polyp with vascular stalk (Doppler flow visible)
9 π Polypoid adenomyomatous nodule
10 π Granulomatous polyp (TB/sarcoid)
11 π Lipomatous polyp (rare)
12 π Pseudopolyp in XGC
13 π Post-inflammatory polyp
14 π Villous adenoma (rare)
15 π Solitary benign polyp (stable on follow-up)
π ADENOMYOMATOSIS AND VARIANTS (≈10)
1 π Segmental adenomyomatosis
2 π Fundal adenomyomatosis
3 π Diffuse adenomyomatosis
4 π Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses (comet-tail artifact)
5 π Cholesterolosis (strawberry gallbladder)
6 π Adenomyoma (localized thickening)
7 π Adenomatous hyperplasia
8 π Xanthogranulomatous focus
9 π Post-inflammatory adenomyomatous change
10 π Adenomyomatosis with stones
π GALLBLADDER NEOPLASIA — BENIGN (≈10)
1 π Adenoma (precursor lesion)
2 π Papilloma (intraluminal echogenic mass)
3 π Myxoma
4 π Leiomyoma
5 π Lipoma
6 π Hemangioma
7 π Fibroma
8 π Granular cell tumor
9 π Lymphangioma
10 π Hamartoma
π GALLBLADDER NEOPLASIA — MALIGNANT (≈25)
1 π Adenocarcinoma (most common primary)
2 π Papillary adenocarcinoma
3 π Mucinous adenocarcinoma
4 π Signet-ring cell carcinoma
5 π Squamous carcinoma
6 π Adenosquamous carcinoma
7 π Undifferentiated carcinoma
8 π Small cell carcinoma (neuroendocrine)
9 π Large cell carcinoma
10 π Sarcomatoid carcinoma
11 π Cholangiocarcinoma invading gallbladder
12 π Mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma
13 π Metastatic carcinoma (melanoma, renal, breast)
14 π Lymphoma involving gallbladder
15 π Metastatic hepatic carcinoma infiltration
16 π Carcinoma in situ (dysplastic mucosa)
17 π Post-chronic cholecystitis carcinoma
18 π Porcelain gallbladder carcinoma
19 π Gallbladder cancer with liver invasion
20 π Gallbladder cancer with bile duct invasion
21 π Gallbladder cancer with duodenal invasion
22 π Gallbladder cancer with hepatic hilum involvement
23 π Gallbladder cancer with peritoneal metastases
24 π Gallbladder cancer with lymphatic spread
25 π Recurrent carcinoma (post-surgery bed)
π CYSTIC AND NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS (≈10)
1 π Simple cyst of gallbladder wall
2 π Intramural cystic degeneration
3 π Cystic adenomyoma
4 π Parasitic cyst (Echinococcus in wall)
5 π Pericholecystic cyst (bile or seroma)
6 π Cystic duct cyst (Type II choledochal cyst)
7 π Gallbladder duplication cyst
8 π Intraluminal cystic mass (retention cyst)
9 π Mucocoele (overdistended mucus-filled gallbladder)
10 π Giant mucocoele with compression effect
π TRAUMATIC, POST-SURGICAL AND IATROGENIC (≈20)
1 π Blunt trauma with wall hematoma
2 π Lacerated gallbladder wall
3 π Intraluminal blood clot
4 π Post-cholecystectomy fluid collection
5 π Post-cholecystectomy stump inflammation
6 π Post-cholecystectomy abscess
7 π Post-drain tract infection
8 π Post-biliary stent migration
9 π Post-T-tube sinus tract
10 π Post-ERCP cholangitis with GB distension
11 π Post-sphincterotomy bile reflux
12 π Post-portal vein embolization ischemic GB
13 π Post-radiofrequency ablation thermal injury
14 π Post-laparoscopy gas artifact
15 π Post-cholecystectomy stump carcinoma
16 π Postoperative adhesive phlegmon
17 π Iatrogenic perforation
18 π Post-mesh inflammatory reaction
19 π Post-surgical fibrosis and scar
20 π Residual cystic duct stone
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL (≈15)
1 π Agenesis of gallbladder
2 π Hypoplasia
3 π Duplication (double gallbladder)
4 π Septate gallbladder
5 π Phrygian cap deformity
6 π Bilobed gallbladder
7 π Floating gallbladder (mesenteric variant)
8 π Left-sided gallbladder
9 π Intrahepatic gallbladder
10 π Ectopic gallbladder (suprahepatic, retrohepatic, retropancreatic)
11 π Accessory gallbladder (rare duplication type)
12 π Cystic duct anomaly (low insertion / multiple ducts)
13 π Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (APBJ)
14 π Choledochal cyst (type I–V involvement)
15 π Gallbladder diverticulum
π VASCULAR, ISCHEMIC AND HEMORRHAGIC (≈10)
1 π Ischemic cholecystitis (arterial occlusion)
2 π Venous congestion (portal hypertension)
3 π Cystic artery thrombosis
4 π Wall infarction (necrosis)
5 π Portal pyaemia (secondary infection)
6 π Post-embolization ischemia
7 π Wall varices (portal hypertension)
8 π Hemorrhagic wall necrosis
9 π Subserosal hematoma
10 π Arteriovenous malformation (rare)
π SYSTEMIC, SECONDARY AND EXTRA-CORPOREAL (≈20)
1 π Ascites-related wall thickening
2 π Cirrhotic edema of GB wall
3 π CHF-related gallbladder wall edema
4 π Renal failure with hypoalbuminemic wall edema
5 π Sepsis-related diffuse wall thickening
6 π Hypoproteinemia-related distension
7 π Portal hypertension with pericholecystic varices
8 π Hepatitis-associated wall edema
9 π Pancreatitis causing secondary cholecystitis
10 π Pericholecystic abscess secondary to hepatic abscess
11 π Duodenal ulcer perforation affecting GB wall
12 π Colon carcinoma invading gallbladder fossa
13 π Hepatocellular carcinoma invading gallbladder
14 π Cholangiocarcinoma spreading to gallbladder
15 π Ovarian carcinoma invading via peritoneum
16 π Pancreatic carcinoma compressing cystic duct
17 π Metastatic peritoneal implants near GB
18 π GB wall thickening from adjacent hepatic abscess
19 π Post-radiation cholecystopathy
20 π Peritoneal carcinomatosis involving GB surface
π RARE AND MISCELLANEOUS (≈10)
1 π GB torsion (floating GB with absent flow)
2 π GB volvulus (rotation of cystic duct/artery)
3 π GB herniation into diaphragm
4 π Post-infarct GB rupture
5 π Cholecystoenteric fistula without stones
6 π GB distension from prolonged fasting
7 π GB pseudomass (artifact)
8 π Subserosal edema (systemic)
9 π GB wall calcinosis (porcelain variant)
10 π GB cholesterol polyposis
CBD (COMMON BILE DUCT)
π
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈8)
1 π Normal CBD (diameter within age-specific limits; <7 mm adult, allowance post-cholecystectomy)
2 π Physiologic respiratory caliber change of CBD
3 π Post-prandial transient dilation (physiologic)
4 π Age-related mild CBD dilation (elderly)
5 π Post-cholecystectomy compensated dilation (expected)
6 π CBD with normal periductal fat / no wall thickening
7 π Patent distal bile duct with normal flow on Doppler (no color filling defect)
8 π Refluxing sludge into CBD (transient, physiologic in some)
π CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS AND INTRADUCTAL SLUDGE (≈20)
1 π Single mobile CBD stone (shadowing, mobility)
2 π Multiple CBD stones (stacked / conglomerate)
3 π Impacted stone at distal CBD / ampulla (non-mobile, obstructive)
4 π Mirizzi-type pattern with cystic duct stone compressing CBD
5 π Sludge in CBD (non-shadowing, layering)
6 π Tumefactive sludge (mass-like intraductal echogenicity)
7 π Sludge ball causing intermittent obstruction (ball-valve)
8 π Pigment stones (small, mobile, variable shadowing)
9 π Cholesterol stones in CBD (usually small)
10 π Migrated gallstone from gallbladder into CBD
11 π Residual post-ERCP stone
12 π Retained post-op stone (post-cholecystectomy)
13 π Choledocholithiasis with upstream biliary dilation
14 π Parallel channel calculus (intra- and extrahepatic mixed)
15 π Stone with acoustic shadow masked by surrounding gases (difficult)
16 π Stone in common hepatic duct (proximal CBD extension)
17 π Intra-CBD microlithiasis (high-res/HDUS detectable)
18 π Sludge-related cholestasis (obstructive function)
19 π Impacted periampullary stone (may mimic ampullary mass)
20 π Floating stone attached to mucosal plaque
π EXTRINSIC COMPRESSION AND OBSTRUCTION (≈18)
1 π External compression from pancreatic head carcinoma
2 π Compression by ampullary carcinoma (distal obstruction)
3 π Periportal lymph node compression (metastatic or inflammatory)
4 π Mirizzi syndrome — cystic duct/gallbladder neck stone compressing CBD
5 π Choledochal cyst causing mass effect on distal CBD (adjacent type)
6 π Duodenal mass/ulcer with secondary compression of CBD
7 π Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm compressing proximal duct
8 π Portal vein cavernoma with biliary compression (portal biliopathy)
9 π Gallbladder carcinoma invading the hepatocystic triangle and compressing CBD
10 π Pancreatic pseudocyst with pressure on distal CBD
11 π Metastatic deposit at porta hepatis compressing CBD
12 π Periampullary duodenal diverticulum (Lemmel’s syndrome) compressing CBD
13 π Post-inflammatory periductal fibrosis encasing CBD
14 π Omental / omental-cake mass pressing on extrahepatic duct
15 π Adhesional band / scar tissue at porta compressing duct
16 π Hepatic hydatid cyst at porta compressing CBD
17 π Retroperitoneal mass (e.g., lymphoma) compressing distal CBD
18 π Cystic lesion of porta hepatis causing extrinsic narrowing
π INTRINSIC STRICTURES AND FIBROSIS (≈16)
1 π Benign biliary stricture — post-cholecystectomy (anastomotic)
2 π Benign biliary stricture — post-ERCP / instrumentation
3 π Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) — extrahepatic dominant strictures
4 π Secondary sclerosing cholangitis (ischemic, infective, autoimmune)
5 π Ischemic biliary stricture (post-transplant ischemia)
6 π Post-radiation biliary stricture
7 π IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (autoimmune)
8 π Chronic pancreatitis–related fibrotic distal stricture
9 π Traumatic transection with resultant stricture
10 π Recurrent cholangitis leading to scarring and stricture
11 π Post-biliary surgery anastomotic stricture
12 π Periductal scarring from tuberculosis (fibrotic stricture)
13 π Post-ERCP papillotomy stenosis with CBD narrowing
14 π Chemical injury induced stricture (caustic injury)
15 π Biliary-enteric surgical anastomosis narrowing (hepaticojejunostomy stricture)
16 π Congenital ductal ring / stenosis (rare pediatric intrinsic narrowing)
π CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA AND INTRADUCTAL MALIGNANCY (≈18)
1 π Distal extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (distal Klatskin type)
2 π Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumour — proximal obstruction)
3 π Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (type I–IV variants)
4 π Intraductal papillary neoplasm of bile duct (IPNB) — intraductal mass with mucin
5 π Intraductal cholangiocarcinoma (papillary/intraductal growth)
6 π Adenocarcinoma arising in choledochal cyst
7 π Metastatic tumor to CBD (rare direct invasion)
8 π Primary squamous or adenosquamous carcinoma of CBD (rare)
9 π Neuroendocrine tumor involving distal CBD (rare)
10 π Carcinoma invading ampulla with upstream CBD dilation
11 π Cholangiocarcinoma with hilar lymph node bulk compressing ducts
12 π Malignant infiltrative periductal thickening (sonographic mural thickening)
13 π Mucin-secreting malignant intraductal tumor (mucin plugs, dilation)
14 π Recurrent cholangiocarcinoma (post-resection bed)
15 π Cystic intraductal neoplasm presenting as focal CBD mass
16 π Adenosarcoma / sarcomatous transformation in biliary tree (rare)
17 π Periductal tumor causing eccentric luminal narrowing
18 π Extensive intraductal tumor with upstream intrahepatic dilation
π AMPULLARY AND PERIAMPULLARY LESIONS (≈12)
1 π Ampullary carcinoma (causing distal CBD obstruction)
2 π Ampullary adenoma with malignant potential
3 π Ampullary papilloma / polyp
4 π Ampullary hyperplasia / inflammation (benign)
5 π Ampullary duplication cyst / diverticulum causing obstructive symptoms
6 π Pancreatic head tumor at ampulla compressing CBD
7 π Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) with secondary biliary obstruction
8 π Ampullary adenocarcinoma invading CBD lumen
9 π Ampullary carcinoid (neuroendocrine)
10 π Chronic periampullary scarring (post-ERCP / ulcer)
11 π Periampullary duodenal diverticulum with inflamed mucosa
12 π Post-sphincterotomy scar with functional obstruction
π CHOLANGITIS AND INFECTIVE CONDITIONS (≈16)
1 π Acute ascending cholangitis (ductal dilation, intraductal debris)
2 π Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC) / Oriental cholangiohepatitis (intraductal stones & strictures)
3 π Suppurative cholangitis with pus in CBD (complex echoes)
4 π Acalculous cholangitis (infection without stones)
5 π Chronic cholangitis with biliary wall thickening (PSC/secondary)
6 π Pyogenic infection with intraductal gas (pneumobilia with infection)
7 π Emphysematous cholangitis (gas in biliary tree with sepsis)
8 π Fungal cholangitis (Candida in immunocompromised)
9 π Tuberculous cholangitis (fibrotic strictures)
10 π Parasitic cholangitis (Clonorchis, Opisthorchis)
11 π Post-ERCP cholangitis (iatrogenic infection)
12 π Cholangitis in biliary-enteric anastomosis (ascending infection)
13 π Infantile neonatal cholangitis (congenital biliary anomalies)
14 π Post-operative ascending cholangitis (after biliary surgery)
15 π Cholangitis with portal pyaemia (septic thrombosis)
16 π Immunosuppression-related cholangitis (post-transplant)
π PARASITIC AND INFESTATIONS (≈10)
1 π Clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis) with CBD filling defects and ductal dilation
2 π Opisthorchiasis (similar distal/extrahepatic involvement)
3 π Fascioliasis (rare, ductal wall inflammation / debris)
4 π Ascariasis (tubular echogenic linear structures in CBD)
5 π Echinococcal daughter cysts in extrahepatic ducts (rare)
6 π Parasitic sludge / balls causing intermittent obstruction
7 π Liver fluke–induced cholangitis and strictures
8 π Parasitic granulomatous periductal reaction (chronic)
9 π Migrating helminth causing transient CBD obstruction
10 π Mixed parasitic-bacterial secondary infection of CBD
π IATROGENIC AND POST-PROCEDURAL (≈16)
1 π Post-ERCP retained debris / stone — causing obstruction
2 π Post-ERCP perforation / leak causing periductal collection
3 π Post-sphincterotomy stenosis or scarring (CBD narrowing)
4 π Post-operative biliary leak with biloma tracking along CBD
5 π Biliary stent migration into or through CBD (intraductal tubular echogenicity)
6 π Stent occlusion with sludge within CBD stent
7 π Post-transplant ischemic cholangiopathy (intra/extrahepatic)
8 π Post-cholecystectomy clip-related obstruction at cystic duct remnant
9 π Biliary-enteric anastomotic stricture (hepaticojejunostomy narrowing)
10 π Iatrogenic transection with biloma and stricture formation
11 π Thermal injury (ablation) causing CBD wall necrosis / stricture
12 π Post-ERCP sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (functional CBD dilation)
13 π Post-drainage inflammatory mass around CBD
14 π Port-related hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm compressing duct (after interventions)
15 π Post-stent cholangitis (infection of stented duct)
16 π Retained surgical gauze / foreign body compressing CBD
π TRAUMATIC AND HEMORRHAGIC (≈8)
1 π Traumatic CBD transection (blunt / penetrating trauma)
2 π Post-traumatic CBD hematoma causing luminal narrowing
3 π Hemobilia (blood in biliary tree with echogenic intraductal material)
4 π Post-blunt trauma bile leak with periductal fluid
5 π Iatrogenic bleeding into CBD after ERCP causing echogenic casts
6 π CBD pseudoaneurysm eroding into duct (rare)
7 π Biliary fistula formation secondary to trauma
8 π CBD compression by hematoma in porta hepatis
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL (≈14)
1 π Choledochal cyst — Type I (fusiform CBD dilation)
2 π Choledochal cyst — Type II (diverticulum of CBD)
3 π Choledochal cyst — Type III (choledochocele, intraduodenal)
4 π Choledochal cyst — Type IV (multiple intra + extrahepatic cysts)
5 π Choledochal cyst — Type V (Caroli disease primarily intrahepatic)
6 π Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (APBJ) with long common channel
7 π Congenital CBD duplication (rare)
8 π Congenital biliary atresia variants involving extrahepatic duct
9 π Congenital stenosis of CBD (rare)
10 π Ectopic drainage of CBD (anomalies into stomach/duodenum)
11 π Wandering / floating CBD (positional variant)
12 π Accessory bile duct receptors communicating with CBD (ducts of Luschka variants)
13 π Congenital hypoplasia of distal CBD
14 π Neonatal choledocholithiasis (rare sonographically detectable)
π VASCULAR AND ISCHEMIC (≈8)
1 π Periductal ischemia causing stricture (post-transplant ischemic cholangiopathy)
2 π Portal biliopathy — portal cavernoma compressing/encasing CBD with periductal collaterals
3 π Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm compressing distal CBD (rare)
4 π Hemobilia from hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm with intraductal echoes
5 π Post-embolization ischemic biliary injury (after hepatic artery embolization)
6 π Biliary varices (periductal collaterals) causing filling defects or extrinsic compression
7 π Venous thrombosis of periductal venous plexus with secondary edema
8 π Periductal hyperemia (inflammatory vascularity on Doppler)
π SYSTEMIC, SECONDARY AND EXTRA-CORPOREAL (≈8)
1 π Secondary malignant invasion of CBD from adjacent organs (pancreas, gallbladder, stomach)
2 π Lymphoma encasing porta hepatis and compressing CBD
3 π Metastatic lymph nodes with extrinsic compression (gastric, colon, breast)
4 π Retroperitoneal fibrosis extending to porta causing CBD narrowing
5 π Sarcoidosis with granulomatous periductal disease
6 π Tuberculous periportal lymphadenopathy compressing CBD
7 π Amyloid deposition in biliary wall (rare)
8 π Systemic vasculitis causing ischemic biliary strictures
π RARE AND ACADEMIC ENTITIES (≈8)
1 π Intraductal papillary neoplasm (IPNB) with extensive mucin hypersecretion manifested as CBD mucin plugs
2 π Biliary hamartoma prolapsing into extrahepatic duct (rare)
3 π Eosinophilic cholangitis with prominent periductal eosinophilic infiltrate and wall thickening
4 π Plasma cell (IgG4) cholangiopathy predominantly involving extrahepatic duct (isolated IgG4-SC variant)
5 π Mesenchymal tumor of CBD (very rare sarcoma)
6 π Lymphangioleiomyomatosis-like lesion of porta (very rare)
7 π Primary retroperitoneal mucinous tumor invading CBD (case reports)
8 π Benign biliary epithelial proliferation (reactive) mimicking mass
SPLEEN
π
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈10)
1 π Normal spleen (homogeneous, length <12 cm, crescent shape)
2 π Physiologic mild enlargement in tall individuals
3 π Transient hyperemia (post-meal / exercise)
4 π Accessory spleen (splenunculus, near hilum)
5 π Splenosis (post-trauma ectopic splenic nodules)
6 π Wandering spleen (ptotic, mobile spleen)
7 π Normal hilar vessels (radiating pattern on Doppler)
8 π Transient contraction / expansion (volume variation)
9 π Postural change of splenic position
10 π Mild splenic border scalloping (normal variant)
π SPLENOMEGALY (≈15)
1 π Mild to moderate splenomegaly (non-specific)
2 π Massive splenomegaly (>20 cm, diffuse disease)
3 π Congestive splenomegaly (portal hypertension, CHF)
4 π Infective splenomegaly (malaria, typhoid, EBV, HIV)
5 π Hematologic splenomegaly (leukemia, lymphoma)
6 π Infiltrative splenomegaly (amyloidosis, Gaucher’s)
7 π Chronic liver disease–related congestive spleen
8 π Tropical splenomegaly syndrome
9 π Autoimmune splenomegaly (SLE, rheumatoid)
10 π Post-transfusion splenomegaly
11 π Post-splenectomy regrowth (splenosis hyperplasia)
12 π Hypersplenism with cytopenia
13 π Sarcoid splenomegaly
14 π Secondary to myelofibrosis
15 π Idiopathic splenomegaly (non-specific)
π SPLENIC CYSTIC LESIONS (≈20)
1 π Simple cyst (epithelial, congenital)
2 π Post-traumatic pseudocyst (no epithelial lining)
3 π Hydatid cyst (Echinococcus granulosus)
4 π Multiloculated hydatid cyst (daughter cysts)
5 π Calcified cyst (inactive hydatid)
6 π Epidermoid cyst (true congenital)
7 π Parasitic cyst (other parasites, rare)
8 π Lymphangioma (multicystic, septated)
9 π Hemangiomatous cyst
10 π Pancreatic pseudocyst extension into spleen
11 π Abscess with liquefaction (pseudocyst appearance)
12 π Post-infarct cystic degeneration
13 π Cystic metastasis (ovary, melanoma, rare)
14 π Post-hematoma cystic evolution
15 π Post-splenectomy fluid collection (residual cavity)
16 π Congenital dermoid cyst (rare)
17 π Cystic hamartoma
18 π Cystic necrosis in lymphoma
19 π Subcapsular cystic lesion (hematoma sequela)
20 π Echinococcal rupture with peritoneal spill
π SPLENIC ABSCESSES AND INFECTIVE LESIONS (≈25)
1 π Pyogenic abscess (echogenic debris, gas echoes)
2 π Multiple small microabscesses (bacterial/fungal)
3 π Tuberculous abscess (hypoechoic, necrotic nodes)
4 π Fungal abscess (Candida “bull’s-eye” lesions)
5 π Typhoid abscess
6 π Brucella abscess (rare, multiple small lesions)
7 π Parasitic abscess (amoebic / hydatid rupture)
8 π Septic embolic abscess (endocarditis source)
9 π Post-traumatic infected hematoma
10 π Post-splenectomy stump abscess
11 π Post-surgery collection (localized)
12 π HIV-related microabscesses (Mycobacterium avium)
13 π Melioidosis abscess (multiple, target sign)
14 π Salmonella splenic abscess
15 π Tubercular granulomas (hypoechoic nodules)
16 π Syphilitic gummatous lesions (rare)
17 π Typhus-related abscess (rare)
18 π Actinomycotic abscess
19 π Septic pylephlebitis with secondary abscess
20 π Fungal granuloma with calcifications
21 π Post-sepsis splenic microabscesses
22 π Cryptococcal abscess (immunosuppressed)
23 π Post-catheter-related seeding abscess
24 π Splenic abscess secondary to pancreatitis
25 π Post-endocarditis septic emboli
π SPLENIC TRAUMA (≈20)
1 π Subcapsular hematoma
2 π Intraparenchymal hematoma
3 π Splenic rupture (capsular breach, free fluid)
4 π Splenic laceration (linear hypoechoic defect)
5 π Splenic fracture (fragmented parenchyma)
6 π Active bleeding (Doppler jet into peritoneum)
7 π Pseudoaneurysm (post-trauma vascular lesion)
8 π Post-traumatic abscess
9 π Post-traumatic infarction
10 π Post-trauma pseudocyst formation
11 π Post-embolization infarct
12 π Delayed rupture (capsule disruption later)
13 π Perisplenic fluid (localized hemoperitoneum)
14 π Hemoperitoneum from splenic rupture
15 π Post-procedure puncture injury
16 π Iatrogenic trauma (biopsy-related)
17 π Post-drain catheter tract injury
18 π Rib fracture–related splenic laceration
19 π Blunt trauma partial tear
20 π Post-traumatic scarring / fibrosis
π SPLENIC INFARCTION AND ISCHEMIA (≈15)
1 π Segmental infarction (wedge-shaped hypoechoic area)
2 π Global splenic infarction (no flow on Doppler)
3 π Multiple small infarcts (embolic)
4 π Post-traumatic infarction
5 π Sickle cell–related infarction
6 π Post-embolization infarction
7 π Post-surgery ischemic necrosis
8 π Vasculitic infarction (SLE, PAN)
9 π Portal vein thrombosis with splenic ischemia
10 π Splenic artery thrombosis
11 π Splenic vein thrombosis (backflow stasis)
12 π Splenic torsion (wandering spleen infarct)
13 π Transplant-related infarction
14 π Post-radiation infarction
15 π Post-chemotherapy avascular necrosis
π SPLENIC VASCULAR LESIONS (≈20)
1 π Hemangioma (most common benign tumor)
2 π Cavernous hemangioma (heterogeneous echotexture)
3 π Capillary hemangioma (small, echogenic)
4 π Hamartoma (isoechoic, increased Doppler flow)
5 π Littoral cell angioma (multiple small nodules)
6 π Lymphangioma (multicystic lesion)
7 π Angiosarcoma (malignant vascular tumor)
8 π Hemangiopericytoma
9 π Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
10 π Splenic vein aneurysm
11 π Splenic artery aneurysm
12 π Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm (post-trauma/pancreatitis)
13 π Thrombosed aneurysm
14 π Peliosis lienis (blood-filled spaces)
15 π Splenic varices (portal hypertension)
16 π Splenic congestion (venous stasis)
17 π Splenic steal phenomenon
18 π Post-transplant vascular occlusion
19 π Portal hypertensive splenopathy (collaterals)
20 π Splenic infarct with reperfusion flow
π SPLENIC TUMORS — BENIGN (≈15)
1 π Hemangioma (see vascular section)
2 π Hamartoma (splenoma)
3 π Lymphangioma
4 π Lipoma
5 π Fibroma
6 π Myelolipoma
7 π Leiomyoma
8 π Schwannoma
9 π Teratoma (rare)
10 π Hemangiopericytoma (benign type)
11 π Granulomatous pseudotumor (TB/sarcoid)
12 π Focal nodular hyperplasia (ectopic type)
13 π Inflammatory pseudotumor
14 π Calcified benign nodule (old granuloma)
15 π Splenic regenerative nodule (post-infarct)
π SPLENIC TUMORS — MALIGNANT (≈25)
1 π Primary lymphoma (focal/multifocal/diffuse)
2 π Secondary lymphoma (most common malignant)
3 π Splenic metastasis (melanoma, lung, breast, ovary, colon)
4 π Angiosarcoma (primary malignant vascular tumor)
5 π Hemangioendothelioma (intermediate malignant)
6 π Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
7 π Fibrosarcoma
8 π Leiomyosarcoma
9 π Osteogenic sarcoma metastasis
10 π Adenocarcinoma metastasis
11 π Choriocarcinoma metastasis
12 π Carcinoid metastasis
13 π Melanoma metastasis (commonest)
14 π Post-chemotherapy recurrent lymphoma
15 π Splenic leukemia infiltration (CML/CLL)
16 π Histiocytic sarcoma
17 π Kaposi sarcoma (HIV-related)
18 π Myeloid sarcoma (chloroma)
19 π Malignant lymphoma with necrotic center
20 π Multiple metastatic nodules (cannonball pattern)
21 π Secondary invasion from left kidney/adrenal/pancreas
22 π Splenic plasmacytoma
23 π Post-radiation sarcoma
24 π Metastatic carcinosarcoma
25 π Splenic carcinoma-like mass (rare)
π INFILTRATIVE, STORAGE AND SYSTEMIC (≈20)
1 π Amyloidosis (increased echogenicity, granular)
2 π Gaucher’s disease (coarse echotexture, splenomegaly)
3 π Niemann–Pick disease (hyperechoic)
4 π Myelofibrosis (massive spleen, inhomogeneous)
5 π Leukemic infiltration (diffuse hypo- or hyperechoic)
6 π Lymphoproliferative disorder (homogeneous enlargement)
7 π Sarcoidosis (multiple hypoechoic nodules)
8 π Histiocytosis X
9 π Extramedullary hematopoiesis (hypoechoic foci)
10 π Metabolic storage disorder (glycogen / lipid)
11 π Amyloid nodules with calcifications
12 π Post-chemotherapy fibrotic replacement
13 π Storage disease–related infarction
14 π Post-bone marrow transplant infiltration
15 π Sickle cell disease (autosplenectomy phase)
16 π Portal hypertension–related congestion
17 π Mononucleosis (diffuse enlargement)
18 π AIDS-related splenic disease
19 π Splenic peliosis (blood-filled cavities)
20 π Splenic hemosiderosis (increased echogenicity)
π POST-SURGICAL AND IATROGENIC (≈10)
1 π Post-splenectomy residual splenic tissue (splenosis)
2 π Post-splenectomy abscess at bed
3 π Post-embolization infarct
4 π Post-biopsy hematoma
5 π Post-drain infection
6 π Post-transplant vascular occlusion
7 π Post-surgical seroma
8 π Post-trauma residual cavity
9 π Post-radiofrequency ablation scar
10 π Post-chemotherapy atrophic spleen
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL (≈10)
1 π Accessory spleen (splenunculus)
2 π Polysplenia (multiple small spleens)
3 π Asplenia (congenital absence)
4 π Splenic cleft (notch variant)
5 π Wandering spleen (long pedicle)
6 π Ectopic spleen (pelvic, thoracic)
7 π Congenital cyst
8 π Congenital splenic hypoplasia
9 π Double spleen (bilobed)
10 π Situs anomalies (asplenia/polysplenia syndromes)
π SYSTEMIC AND SECONDARY (≈15)
1 π Portal hypertension (congestive splenomegaly)
2 π Cirrhosis-related hypersplenism
3 π CHF causing splenic congestion
4 π Renal failure–related splenic edema
5 π Endocarditis (embolic abscesses)
6 π Sepsis (microabscesses)
7 π SLE (vasculitic infarcts)
8 π PAN (multiple infarcts)
9 π Amyloidosis (granular echotexture)
10 π Sarcoidosis (nodular hypoechoic foci)
11 π Malaria (diffuse enlargement, coarse texture)
12 π Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis)
13 π HIV-related splenomegaly
14 π Hematologic malignancy (diffuse infiltration)
15 π Portal pyaemia with infarcts
π RARE AND MISCELLANEOUS (≈10)
1 π Peliosis lienis (blood-filled cavities)
2 π Splenic torsion (wandering spleen twisted pedicle)
3 π Splenic abscess from pancreatic tail fistula
4 π Splenic metastasis from thyroid (reported)
5 π Splenic rupture during pregnancy (pathologic)
6 π Drug-induced hypersplenism (phenytoin, etc.)
7 π Splenic calcification (old granuloma, healed abscess)
8 π Splenic cyst with daughter cyst (ruptured hydatid)
9 π Splenic involvement in sickle crisis (acute sequestration)
10 π Post-infective splenic fibrosis
PANCREAS
π
π NORMAL AND VARIANTS (≈10)
1 π Normal pancreas (homogeneous, normal echogenicity)
2 π Small/atrophic pancreas (age-related)
3 π Fatty (lipomatous) infiltration of pancreas (increased echogenicity)
4 π Hyperplastic pancreatic head (normal variant)
5 π Pancreas divisum (ductal variant — suspect on indirect signs)
6 π Annular pancreas (circumferential pancreatic tissue around duodenum)
7 π Accessory pancreatic tissue (ectopic)
8 π Short bulky pancreas (morphologic variant)
9 π Focal lobulation (developmental contour)
10 π Prominent pancreatic uncinate process (variant)
π ACUTE PANCREATITIS AND EARLY CHANGES (≈30)
1 π Early interstitial edematous pancreatitis (enlarged hypoechoic gland)
2 π Acute necrotizing pancreatitis (non-enhancing / complex areas)
3 π Peripancreatic fat stranding (echogenic fat)
4 π Peripancreatic fluid collections (simple)
5 π Acute peripancreatic phlegmon (ill-defined hypoechoic mass)
6 π Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (echogenic foci, heterogeneous)
7 π Acute-on-chronic pancreatitis flare
8 π Edematous tail predominant pancreatitis
9 π Focal pancreatitis (mimics mass)
10 π Mild interstitial pancreatitis (subtle wall thickening, minimal fluid)
11 π Reactive gallbladder wall thickening with pancreatitis
12 π Reactive biliary dilation (transient)
13 π Portal/mesenteric venous thrombosis as complication
14 π Splenic vein thrombosis secondary to pancreatitis
15 π MRCP/US-visible dilated main pancreatic duct in acute setting
16 π Peripancreatic vascular erosion (early)
17 π Acute sterile peripancreatic collection (APC)
18 π Acute infected collection (suspicion on gas/debris)
19 π Early walled-off necrosis formation (sonographic precursor)
20 π Peritoneal fluid / hemoperitoneum in severe pancreatitis
21 π Pancreatic ascites (duct leak)
22 π Pseudocyst formation (early)
23 π Biliary pancreatitis (gallstone-related changes)
24 π Alcohol-related acute pancreatitis pattern
25 π Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis appearance (often similar to other causes)
26 π Iatrogenic acute pancreatitis (post-ERCP)
27 π Traumatic acute pancreatitis (blunt abdominal injury)
28 π Pediatric acute pancreatitis variants
29 π Edematous periportal cuffing (inflammatory spread)
30 π Reactive duodenal wall thickening
π COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS (≈25)
1 π Pancreatic pseudocyst (simple / complex)
2 π Walled-off necrosis (WON) — complex heterogeneous collection
3 π Acute necrotic collection (ANC) — non-liquid components
4 π Infected pancreatic necrosis (gas, septations, debris)
5 π Hemorrhagic necrosis / intralesional hemorrhage
6 π Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) — indirect signs
7 π Pancreatic fistula (pancreatic-cutaneous / internal fistula)
8 π Pancreatic ascites from ductal disruption
9 π Biliary-enteric / pancreatico-enteric fistula
10 π Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm secondary to necrosis
11 π Pseudoaneurysm rupture leading to hemobilia / hemoperitoneum
12 π Portal vein thrombosis from inflammation
13 π Arterial erosion with active bleeding (visible flow)
14 π Compression of adjacent bowel / gastric outlet obstruction
15 π Cholangitis secondary to biliary obstruction from edema
16 π Subphrenic / perihepatic abscess from rupture
17 π Retroperitoneal abscess tracking from collections
18 π External pancreatic fistula after drainage
19 π Sequestration of necrotic debris (walled cavities)
20 π Post-necrosis scarring and calcification
21 π Chronic fluid cavity with epithelialized wall (matures pseudocyst)
22 π Pancreatic duct hemorrhage (hematoma within duct)
23 π Bacterial superinfection of collections
24 π Ischemic bowel from inflammatory thrombosis
25 π Esophageal/gastric variceal formation from splenic vein thrombosis
π CHRONIC PANCREATITIS AND LATE CHANGES (≈30)
1 π Chronic calcific pancreatitis (parenchymal echogenic foci with shadowing)
2 π Chronic atrophic pancreas (reduced size, echogenic fibrotic gland)
3 π Dilated main pancreatic duct (MPD) with irregularity / stones
4 π Intraductal calculi (echogenic with shadow)
5 π Branch duct ectasia / irregular side branches
6 π Parenchymal calcifications (punctate → coarse)
7 π Honeycomb / lobulated fibrotic architecture
8 π Pseudotumoral focal chronic pancreatitis (mimics mass)
9 π Autoimmune pancreatitis (diffuse enlargement, hypoechoic, sausage-shaped)
10 π Pancreatic duct strictures (fibrotic)
11 π Multiple pseudocysts from chronic disease
12 π Pancreatic ductal irregularity with upstream atrophy
13 π Chronic inflammatory mass in head (inflammatory mass)
14 π Fibrotic bands and parenchymal heterogeneity
15 π Secondary biliary obstruction (from fibrosis)
16 π Fistulae from chronic inflammation
17 π Steatopancreatitis (fat-related chronic change)
18 π Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency associated changes
19 π Chronic pancreatitis with portal hypertension features
20 π Parenchymal cystic degeneration (chronic)
21 π Pancreaticopleural fistula (pleural effusion with enzyme cause)
22 π Calcified pancreatic ducts (visible on US in late disease)
23 π Chronic pain syndrome with sonographic scarring
24 π Post-lavage/resolution scarring pattern
25 π Chronic operative changes (post-resection fibrotic bed)
26 π Ductal calcifications with shadowing
27 π Diffuse heterogeneous echotexture from chronic injury
28 π Multiple small pseudocysts in chronic setting
29 π Atrophic fibrotic tail with calcified ducts
π PANCREATIC DUCTAL AND OBSTRUCTIVE (≈20)
1 π Main pancreatic duct (MPD) dilation (obstructive sign)
2 π Pancreatic duct stones (echogenic intraductal shadows)
3 π Stricture of MPD (benign vs malignant suspicion)
4 π Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (functional with intermittent dilation)
5 π Mucinous ductal obstruction (IPMN-related mucin)
6 π Ampullary stenosis causing upstream dilation
7 π Double duct sign (concurrent CBD + MPD dilation) — indirect US finding
8 π Branch duct ectasia (side-branch IPMN suspicion)
9 π Obstructive pancreatitis around ductal obstruction
10 π Pancreatolithiasis with upstream parenchymal changes
11 π External compression of MPD by mass / node
12 π Pancreas divisum with dominant dorsal duct dilation indicators
13 π Pancreaticojejunal anastomosis stenosis (post-op)
14 π Intraductal papillary tumor causing filling defects / mucus casts
15 π Choledocho-pancreatic duct anomalies causing recurrent obstruction
16 π Duct leak visualized as peripancreatic fluid from MPD disruption
17 π Pancreatic ductal hypertension with cyst formation
18 π Chronic ductal stricturing with upstream atrophy
19 π Microlithiasis within duct (high-res detection)
20 π False lumen/false passage after instrumentation
π PANCREATIC CYSTIC LESIONS (≈30)
1 π Simple retention cyst (anechoic, thin wall)
2 π Pseudocyst (post-inflammatory)
3 π Serous cystadenoma (microcystic / honeycomb)
4 π Mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) (macrocystic, septated)
5 π Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) — main/branch duct variants
6 π Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) with cystic degeneration (young females)
7 π Cystic neuroendocrine tumor (rare)
8 π Cystic metastasis (ovary, etc.)
9 π Lymphoepithelial cyst (rare)
10 π Echinococcal (hydatid) cyst in pancreas (rare)
11 π Cystic lymphangioma of pancreas
12 π Post-traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst (mature)
13 π Hemorrhagic cyst / hematoma cavity
14 π Cystic degeneration in adenocarcinoma (necrotic center)
15 π Mucin plug with ductal dilatation (IPMN sign)
16 π Multiloculated congenital cyst (rare)
17 π Dermoid / teratomatous cystic lesion (rare)
18 π Cystadenofibroma (benign mixed lesion)
19 π Mucinous cyst with mural nodule (suspicious)
20 π Cystic lesion with calcified wall (chronic / parasitic)
21 π Cyst with internal septations and debris (complex cyst)
22 π Branch-duct IPMN cluster of side-branch cysts
23 π Cystic neoplasm with enhancing solid component
24 π Small simple cysts in elderly pancreas
25 π Congenital multilocular cystic lesion
26 π Cystic lymphangiomatous change
27 π Pancreatic pseudocyst with internal debris
28 π Complex cystic mass suspicious for malignancy
29 π Hydatid cyst with daughter cysts in pancreas
π EXOCRINE PANCREATIC TUMORS (≈25)
1 π Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) — hypoechoic irregular mass
2 π Pancreatic head carcinoma with double-duct sign
3 π Body carcinoma causing upstream atrophy
4 π Tail carcinoma (often late presentation)
5 π Acinar cell carcinoma
6 π Adenosquamous carcinoma
7 π Undifferentiated carcinoma
8 π Colloid (mucinous non-cystic) carcinoma
9 π Intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma
10 π Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
11 π Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (low-grade malignant)
12 π Pancreatoblastoma (pediatric malignant tumor)
13 π Metastatic lesion to pancreas
14 π Recurrent pancreatic carcinoma post-surgery
15 π Locally invasive carcinoma into duodenum
16 π Carcinoma invading portal vein
17 π Carcinoma invading splenic vein
18 π Carcinoma with liver metastases
19 π Carcinoma with peritoneal spread
20 π Carcinoma causing biliary obstruction
21 π Multifocal pancreatic carcinoma
22 π Diffuse infiltrative carcinoma
23 π Necrotic pancreatic malignancy
24 π Cystic degeneration within carcinoma
25 π Advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer
π PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS (≈15)
1 π Insulinoma (small hypervascular lesion)
2 π Gastrinoma (Zollinger–Ellison syndrome)
3 π Glucagonoma
4 π VIPoma
5 π Somatostatinoma
6 π Non-functioning neuroendocrine tumor
7 π Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN-1) associated NETs
8 π Cystic neuroendocrine tumor
9 π Large metastatic NET
10 π Neuroendocrine carcinoma (high grade)
11 π Multifocal pancreatic NETs
12 π Calcified neuroendocrine tumor
13 π Hypervascular tail NET
14 π Neuroendocrine tumor with liver metastases
15 π Recurrent NET after surgery
π VASCULAR, HEMORRHAGIC AND ISCHEMIC LESIONS (≈15)
1 π Hemorrhagic pancreatitis
2 π Intrapancreatic hematoma
3 π Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm
4 π Gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm
5 π Pancreatic arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
6 π Portal vein thrombosis secondary to pancreatitis
7 π Splenic vein thrombosis
8 π Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis
9 π Pancreatic infarction (ischemic necrosis)
10 π Post-embolization pancreatic ischemia
11 π Venous congestion of pancreas
12 π Hemobilia from vascular erosion
13 π Active arterial bleeding into pseudocyst
14 π Hemosuccus pancreaticus (bleeding via pancreatic duct)
15 π Post-traumatic vascular injury of pancreas
π INFECTIVE AND INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS (≈15)
1 π Pyogenic pancreatic abscess
2 π Infected pancreatic necrosis
3 π Tuberculous pancreatitis
4 π Fungal pancreatitis (Candida, Aspergillus)
5 π Viral pancreatitis (Mumps, CMV, EBV)
6 π HIV-associated pancreatic disease
7 π Parasitic pancreatitis (Ascaris migration)
8 π Autoimmune pancreatitis (IgG4-related)
9 π Granulomatous pancreatitis
10 π Xanthogranulomatous pancreatitis
11 π Post-septic pancreatic inflammation
12 π Recurrent infective pancreatitis
13 π Pancreatic phlegmon
14 π Pancreatic microabscesses
15 π Chronic infective inflammatory mass
π IATROGENIC AND POST-SURGICAL (≈15)
1 π Post-ERCP pancreatitis
2 π Post-pancreatic surgery fluid collection
3 π Post-Whipple procedure changes
4 π Pancreaticojejunostomy anastomotic stricture
5 π Post-operative pancreatic fistula
6 π Post-drainage cavity
7 π Stent-related pancreatic duct obstruction
8 π Stent migration within pancreatic duct
9 π Post-ablation pancreatic injury
10 π Post-biopsy hematoma
11 π Post-transplant pancreatic complications
12 π Post-surgical scar tissue mass
13 π Recurrent collection after surgery
14 π Post-operative biliary obstruction
15 π Iatrogenic duct disruption
π TRAUMATIC PANCREATIC LESIONS (≈15)
1 π Blunt pancreatic trauma
2 π Pancreatic laceration
3 π Pancreatic transection
4 π Intrapancreatic hematoma
5 π Traumatic pancreatitis
6 π Post-traumatic pseudocyst
7 π Ductal disruption after trauma
8 π Peripancreatic fluid from injury
9 π Traumatic pancreatic necrosis
10 π Penetrating pancreatic injury
11 π Pancreatic contusion
12 π Delayed traumatic pseudocyst formation
13 π Post-traumatic hemorrhage
14 π Traumatic arteriovenous fistula
15 π Post-traumatic fibrosis and scarring
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES (≈15)
1 π Pancreas divisum (failure of ductal fusion)
2 π Annular pancreas (encircling duodenum)
3 π Dorsal pancreatic agenesis
4 π Ventral pancreatic agenesis (extremely rare)
5 π Hypoplastic pancreas
6 π Ectopic pancreatic tissue (heterotopic pancreas)
7 π Accessory pancreatic lobe
8 π Congenital pancreatic cyst
9 π Congenital ductal anomaly
10 π Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (APBJ)
11 π Choledochopancreatic malunion
12 π Bifid pancreatic duct
13 π Congenital pancreatic lipomatosis
14 π Neonatal pancreatic enlargement syndrome
15 π Developmental lobulation anomaly
π SYSTEMIC, METABOLIC AND SECONDARY CONDITIONS (≈15)
1 π Diabetes mellitus–associated pancreatic atrophy
2 π Cystic fibrosis pancreas (fatty replacement)
3 π Hemochromatosis involving pancreas
4 π Amyloidosis of pancreas
5 π Obesity-related fatty pancreas
6 π Hyperlipidemia-associated pancreatitis
7 π Hyperparathyroidism-related pancreatitis
8 π Renal failure–associated pancreatic changes
9 π Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pancreatitis
10 π Polyarteritis nodosa involving pancreas
11 π Sarcoidosis of pancreas
12 π Post-chemotherapy pancreatic injury
13 π Drug-induced pancreatitis
14 π HIV-associated pancreatic disease
15 π Secondary pancreatic involvement by systemic disease
π PERIPANCREATIC EXTENSION AND ADJACENT ORGAN INVOLVEMENT (≈15)
1 π Duodenal invasion by pancreatic carcinoma
2 π Gastric invasion from pancreatic mass
3 π Common bile duct compression by pancreatic head lesion
4 π Portal vein encasement by pancreatic carcinoma
5 π Superior mesenteric artery involvement
6 π Splenic vein invasion or thrombosis
7 π Liver metastases from pancreatic malignancy
8 π Peritoneal carcinomatosis secondary to pancreatic cancer
9 π Retroperitoneal extension of pancreatitis
10 π Peripancreatic lymphadenopathy
11 π Splenic hilum invasion
12 π Adrenal gland invasion
13 π Transverse colon invasion
14 π Omental spread from pancreatic malignancy
15 π Multi-organ extension of advanced pancreatic disease
KIDNEYS
π
π NORMAL & VARIANTS (≈15)
1 π Normal kidney (smooth outline, corticomedullary differentiation)
2 π Prominent column of Bertin (normal variant)
3 π Dromedary hump (splenic impression on left kidney)
4 π Junctional parenchymal defect (embryologic cleft)
5 π Fetal lobulation (persistent lobar pattern)
6 π Duplex collecting system (partial or complete duplication)
7 π Extrarenal pelvis (normal variant)
8 π Hypertrophied column of Bertin mimicking mass
9 π Prominent renal sinus fat (elderly, obesity)
10 π Cortical thinning (age-related)
11 π Mild pelviectasis (hydration/physiologic)
12 π Normal asymmetry (right slightly lower)
13 π Pseudomass from renal sinus lipomatosis
14 π Anisotrophic artifact mimicking mass
15 π Malrotated kidney (axis variation)
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL (≈25)
1 π Renal agenesis (unilateral/bilateral)
2 π Renal hypoplasia (small but otherwise normal)
3 π Segmental hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark kidney)
4 π Supernumerary kidney (rare)
5 π Crossed fused renal ectopia
6 π Horseshoe kidney (fusion at lower poles)
7 π Pancake / disc kidney (fused in pelvis)
8 π Pelvic kidney (ectopic location)
9 π Thoracic kidney (rare ectopia)
10 π Simple ectopic kidney (malrotated)
11 π Duplicated collecting system (complete/incomplete)
12 π Duplex ureter with ureterocele
13 π Congenital megacalicosis
14 π Congenital megapelvis
15 π Calyceal diverticulum (cystic outpouching)
16 π Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction (congenital type)
17 π Congenital renal dysplasia
18 π Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)
19 π Renal cortical cysts in neonate (simple dysplasia)
20 π Renal agenesis with contralateral hypertrophy
21 π Infantile polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)
22 π Adult polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
23 π Medullary sponge kidney (tubular ectasia)
24 π Nephronophthisis (tubulointerstitial fibrosis)
25 π Cystic dysplasia associated with VUR
π CYSTIC RENAL LESIONS (≈25)
1 π Simple cortical cyst (anechoic, thin wall)
2 π Parapelvic cyst (adjacent to renal sinus)
3 π Multiloculated cyst
4 π Hemorrhagic cyst (internal echoes, fluid–fluid level)
5 π Infected cyst (thick wall, debris)
6 π Calcified cyst wall
7 π Septated cyst
8 π Bosniak I cyst (simple)
9 π Bosniak II cyst (thin septa, no enhancement)
10 π Bosniak IIF cyst (complex, requires follow-up)
11 π Bosniak III (indeterminate, possible malignancy)
12 π Bosniak IV (cystic renal carcinoma)
13 π Post-traumatic cyst
14 π Parasitic (hydatid) cyst
15 π Post-surgical cystic change
16 π Cystic nephroma
17 π Cystic RCC
18 π Mixed solid–cystic renal tumor
19 π Lymphocele (post-transplant)
20 π Pseudocyst / urinoma (extrarenal)
21 π Collecting system diverticular cyst
22 π Peripelvic cyst
23 π Cystic sinus lipomatosis variant
24 π Cystic abscess
25 π Cystic renal sinus lesion (anechoic near hilum)
π OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY (≈25)
1 π Hydronephrosis (graded I–IV)
2 π Hydroureteronephrosis (proximal or complete)
3 π UPJ obstruction (intrinsic or extrinsic)
4 π UVJ obstruction (distal ureteral level)
5 π Vesicoureteral reflux (reflux-related hydronephrosis)
6 π Ureteral stone obstruction
7 π PUJ obstruction by crossing vessel
8 π Pregnancy-related hydronephrosis (physiologic)
9 π Postoperative hydronephrosis
10 π Congenital UPJ obstruction in child
11 π Pelvic mass compression causing hydronephrosis
12 π Retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureteric obstruction
13 π Bladder outlet obstruction causing bilateral dilation
14 π Benign prostatic hyperplasia (secondary obstruction)
15 π Neurogenic bladder with upper tract dilation
16 π External ureteric compression (lymph nodes, tumor)
17 π Retrocaval ureter (obstructive course)
18 π Bilateral hydronephrosis from pelvic malignancy
19 π Post-lithotripsy transient obstruction
20 π Post-surgical stricture
21 π Iatrogenic ureteric injury causing obstruction
22 π Ureteral kink or adhesions
23 π Post-inflammatory stricture
24 π Fibrotic ureteric stenosis (TB or radiation)
25 π Ureterocele-induced obstruction
π CALCULOUS DISEASES (≈20)
1 π Nephrolithiasis (renal stones, echogenic with shadow)
2 π Multiple renal calculi
3 π Staghorn calculus
4 π Calyceal microlithiasis
5 π Lower pole stone (dependent)
6 π Pelvic stone (in renal pelvis)
7 π Ureteric stone (proximal, mid, distal)
8 π Mobile vs impacted calculus
9 π Obstructive calculus with hydronephrosis
10 π Non-shadowing small calculus (twinkle artifact on Doppler)
11 π Post-lithotripsy residual stone fragments
12 π Milk of calcium cyst
13 π Nephrocalcinosis (cortical)
14 π Medullary nephrocalcinosis (common in hyperparathyroidism)
15 π Randall’s plaque (subtle echogenic focus)
16 π Post-stent encrustation mimicking stones
17 π Post-surgical calculus recurrence
18 π Infective (struvite) calculi
19 π Cystine stone (smooth echogenic)
20 π Calcium oxalate vs uric acid (sonographic differences)
π INFECTIONS & INFLAMMATORY (≈30)
1 π Acute pyelonephritis (enlarged, hypoechoic parenchyma)
2 π Focal pyelonephritis (lobar nephronia)
3 π Acute bacterial nephritis
4 π Chronic pyelonephritis (shrunken, scarring, irregular outline)
5 π Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP)
6 π Emphysematous pyelonephritis (gas echoes, dirty shadowing)
7 π Pyonephrosis (hydronephrosis with internal echoes)
8 π Perinephric abscess
9 π Intrarenal abscess (focal hypoechoic with debris)
10 π Tuberculous pyelonephritis (calcification, cavitation)
11 π Fungal bezoar (echogenic mass, no shadow)
12 π Viral nephritis (diffuse hypoechoic kidney)
13 π HIV-associated nephropathy (echogenic, enlarged kidneys)
14 π Pyelitis (pelvic wall thickening)
15 π Urosepsis with cortical hypoperfusion
16 π Post-obstructive infection (hydronephrotic pus)
17 π Renal carbuncle (focal abscess)
18 π Candidiasis (fungal balls in pelvis)
19 π Schistosomiasis (bladder + renal involvement)
20 π Echinococcosis (hydatid cyst)
21 π Chronic interstitial nephritis
22 π Analgesic nephropathy
23 π Reflux nephropathy
24 π Post-transplant pyelonephritis
25 π Perinephric phlegmon
26 π Radiation nephritis
27 π Sarcoid granulomatous nephritis
28 π Lymphocytic interstitial nephritis
29 π Post-chemotherapy nephritis
π VASCULAR DISORDERS (≈25)
1 π Renal artery stenosis (RAS — Doppler PSV >180 cm/s)
2 π Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis
3 π Fibromuscular dysplasia (string-of-beads appearance)
4 π Renal artery thrombosis
5 π Renal artery embolism
6 π Renal infarction (wedge-shaped hypoechoic area)
7 π Global renal infarction (absent perfusion)
8 π Renal vein thrombosis
9 π Renal artery aneurysm
10 π Renal artery pseudoaneurysm
11 π Arteriovenous fistula (AVF)
12 π Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
13 π Cortical necrosis (severe ischemia)
14 π Renal vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa)
15 π Lupus nephritis with vascular involvement
16 π Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
17 π Cholesterol embolic disease
18 π Post-transplant vascular stenosis
19 π Post-biopsy AV fistula
20 π Renal congestion from heart failure
21 π Nutcracker syndrome (left renal vein compression)
22 π Page kidney (subcapsular hematoma compression)
23 π Segmental arterial mediolysis
24 π Ischemic nephropathy
25 π Reperfusion injury after revascularization
π BENIGN RENAL TUMORS (≈20)
1 π Angiomyolipoma (AML)
2 π Lipid-poor angiomyolipoma
3 π Oncocytoma (central scar may be present)
4 π Metanephric adenoma
5 π Renomedullary interstitial cell tumor
6 π Juxtaglomerular cell tumor (reninoma)
7 π Leiomyoma
8 π Hemangioma
9 π Lymphangioma
10 π Fibroma
11 π Hamartoma
12 π Adenoma of renal cortex
13 π Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor (MEST)
14 π Benign cystic nephroma
15 π Inflammatory pseudotumor
16 π Xanthogranulomatous mass lesion
17 π Calcified benign renal nodule
18 π Post-traumatic pseudomass
19 π Focal compensatory hypertrophy
20 π Hypertrophied column of Bertin (tumor mimic)
π MALIGNANT RENAL TUMORS (≈30)
1 π Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
2 π Papillary RCC
3 π Chromophobe RCC
4 π Collecting duct carcinoma
5 π Medullary carcinoma
6 π Multilocular cystic RCC
7 π Sarcomatoid RCC
8 π Unclassified RCC
9 π Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
10 π Renal lymphoma (primary)
11 π Secondary renal lymphoma
12 π Transitional cell carcinoma (renal pelvis)
13 π Squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis
14 π Metastatic renal tumor
15 π Neuroblastoma invading kidney
16 π Renal sarcoma
17 π Leiomyosarcoma
18 π Angiosarcoma
19 π Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)
20 π Malignant rhabdoid tumor
21 π RCC with renal vein invasion
22 π RCC with IVC thrombus
23 π Bilateral RCC
24 π Multifocal RCC
25 π Cystic malignant renal neoplasm
26 π Necrotic renal malignancy
27 π Recurrent RCC after nephrectomy
28 π Metastatic RCC to liver/lung
29 π Advanced unresectable renal cancer
30 π Renal tumor with perinephric extension
π TRAUMATIC, POST-SURGICAL AND IATROGENIC (≈20)
1 π Renal contusion (focal hypoechoic injury)
2 π Subcapsular hematoma
3 π Perinephric hematoma
4 π Renal laceration (linear parenchymal defect)
5 π Renal
6 π Renal fracture (deep parenchymal disruption)
7 π Collecting system injury with urinary extravasation
8 π Urinoma (perirenal urine collection)
9 π Renal artery injury
10 π Renal vein injury
11 π Traumatic arteriovenous fistula
12 π Post-biopsy hematoma
13 π Post-biopsy AV fistula
14 π Post-PCNL residual tract changes
15 π Post-nephrostomy complications
16 π Post-lithotripsy renal injury
17 π Post-partial nephrectomy scar
18 π Post-radical nephrectomy renal fossa recurrence
19 π Iatrogenic ureteric injury
20 π Delayed traumatic renal scarring
π TRANSPLANT KIDNEY PATHOLOGIES (≈20)
1 π Normal renal transplant appearance
2 π Acute rejection (enlarged hypoechoic graft)
3 π Chronic rejection (small echogenic graft)
4 π Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
5 π Transplant renal artery stenosis
6 π Transplant renal vein thrombosis
7 π Segmental infarction in graft
8 π Perigraft fluid collection
9 π Lymphocele
10 π Urinoma
11 π Hematoma around transplant
12 π Abscess around transplant kidney
13 π BK virus nephropathy
14 π CMV-related transplant nephropathy
15 π Obstructive uropathy in graft
16 π Ureteric stenosis in transplant
17 π Transplant pyelonephritis
18 π Drug toxicity nephropathy
19 π Recurrent native kidney disease in graft
20 π Failed transplant kidney
π SYSTEMIC AND SECONDARY RENAL DISEASES (≈25)
1 π Diabetic nephropathy
2 π Hypertensive nephropathy
3 π Lupus nephritis
4 π Amyloidosis
5 π Multiple myeloma kidney
6 π Light-chain deposition disease
7 π Sickle cell nephropathy
8 π Vasculitic nephropathy
9 π Goodpasture syndrome
10 π Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
11 π Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
12 π Sarcoid nephropathy
13 π HIV-associated nephropathy
14 π Hepatorenal syndrome
15 π Cardiorenal syndrome
16 π Pregnancy-related nephropathy
17 π Pre-eclampsia renal changes
18 π Drug-induced nephropathy
19 π Contrast-induced nephropathy
20 π Chemotherapy-related nephrotoxicity
21 π Radiation nephropathy
22 π Gouty nephropathy
23 π Oxalate nephropathy
24 π Chronic systemic inflammatory disease nephropathy
25 π Secondary renal involvement by malignancy
π MISCELLANEOUS AND RARE CONDITIONS (≈20)
1 π Page kidney (subcapsular compression causing hypertension)
2 π Renal sinus lipomatosis
3 π Replacement lipomatosis of kidney
4 π Malakoplakia
5 π Renal peliosis
6 π Erdheim–Chester disease involving kidneys
7 π Castleman disease with renal involvement
8 π Retroperitoneal fibrosis affecting renal drainage
9 π Nephroptosis (floating kidney)
10 π Renal endometriosis (rare)
11 π Renal tuberculosis scarred kidney
12 π Bilateral small contracted kidneys
13 π Giant hydronephrosis
14 π Calcified non-functioning kidney
15 π Renal fungal ball obstruction
16 π Cholesterol embolic nephropathy
17 π Radiation-induced renal atrophy
18 π Post-infectious renal scarring
19 π Unilateral enlarged echogenic kidney
20 π Rare idiopathic renal mass lesion
π END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) PATTERNS (≈15)
1 π Bilateral small echogenic kidneys (classic ESRD)
2 π Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD)
3 π Loss of corticomedullary differentiation
4 π Cortical thinning with increased echogenicity
5 π End-stage diabetic nephropathy
6 π End-stage hypertensive nephropathy
7 π ESRD secondary to chronic pyelonephritis
8 π ESRD due to reflux nephropathy
9 π ESRD with acquired cystic kidney disease
10 π Dialysis-associated renal cystic disease
11 π ESRD with secondary hyperparathyroidism
12 π Shrunken scarred kidneys from chronic glomerulonephritis
13 π End-stage polycystic kidney disease
14 π Chronic ischemic nephropathy with renal atrophy
15 π Terminal renal fibrosis with loss of function
URETER
π
π NORMAL AND VARIANTS (≈10)
1 π Normal ureter (non-dilated, thin wall)
2 π Physiological ureteric peristalsis
3 π Mild physiological pelvi-ureteric prominence
4 π Duplicated ureter (partial duplication)
5 π Complete duplex ureter
6 π Retrocaval ureter
7 π Circumcaval ureter
8 π Ectopic ureter
9 π Congenital megaureter
10 π Ureteric kinking (anatomical variant)
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL (≈15)
1 π Primary obstructive megaureter
2 π Primary refluxing megaureter
3 π Congenital ureteral stenosis
4 π Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ)
5 π Ureterovesical junction obstruction (UVJ)
6 π Ureterocele
7 π Ectopic ureteric insertion
8 π Duplex collecting system with ureterocele
9 π Retrocaval ureter causing obstruction
10 π Congenital ureteral diverticulum
11 π Blind-ending bifid ureter
12 π Congenital ureteric valve
13 π Congenital hydroureter
14 π Segmental ureteric dysplasia
15 π Congenital ureteral atresia
π OBSTRUCTIVE URETERIC DISORDERS (≈25)
1 π Hydroureter
2 π Hydroureteronephrosis
3 π Distal ureteric obstruction
4 π Mid-ureteric obstruction
5 π Proximal ureteric obstruction
6 π Obstructing ureteric calculus
7 π Impacted ureteric stone
8 π Bilateral ureteric obstruction
9 π Extrinsic compression by pelvic mass
10 π Retroperitoneal fibrosis
11 π Pregnancy-related ureteric compression
12 π Ureteric stricture
13 π Post-surgical ureteric narrowing
14 π Radiation-induced ureteric stenosis
15 π Tuberculous ureteric stricture
16 π Ureteric clot obstruction
17 π Fungal ball obstruction
18 π Ureteric tumor causing obstruction
19 π Pelvic lymph node compression
20 π Endometriosis causing ureteric obstruction
21 π Cross-vessel ureteric compression
22 π Neurogenic functional obstruction
23 π Post-lithotripsy edema obstruction
24 π Ureteric kinking with obstruction
25 π Complete ureteric occlusion
ADRENAL GLANDS
π
π NORMAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈10)
1 π Normal adult adrenal (thin limb, V-shape)
2 π Normal neonatal/infant adrenal (large, easily visualized)
3 π Physiologic size asymmetry (R>L common)
4 π Age-related cortical thinning
5 π Transient stress-related hypertrophy (neonate/critical illness)
6 π Physiologic postpartum uterine displacement revealing adrenals
7 π Normal peri-adrenal fat echo pattern
8 π Normal adrenal vein/artery flow on Doppler
9 π Respiratory motion artifact mimicking mass (pitfall)
10 π Normal adrenal seen through hepatic “window” (right) or splenic (left)
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL (≈20)
1 π Adrenal agenesis (rare)
2 π Unilateral hypoplastic adrenal
3 π Accessory ectopic adrenal rests (peri-renal, spermatic cord, ovary)
4 π Adrenal cortical rests in kidney/liver capsule (ectopia)
5 π Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) — diffuse enlargement
6 π CAH — nodular hyperplasia
7 π Adrenal cortical dysplasia
8 π Congenital cyst (epithelial/mesothelial)
9 π Fetal adrenal calcification (healed hemorrhage)
10 π Persistent fetal cortex prominence (neonate)
11 π Adrenohepatic fusion (right side variant)
12 π Horseshoe/adherent bilateral adrenals (rare)
13 π Aberrant adrenal vein course (Doppler variant)
14 π Neonatal adrenal insufficiency with small glands
15 π Persistent urogenital sinus with ectopic adrenal rest
16 π Ectopic adrenal tissue in celiac/retrocrural area
17 π Adrenal medullary dysgenesis (rare)
18 π Mitochondrial/adrenoleukodystrophy pattern (small echogenic glands)
19 π Beckwith–Wiedemann–related adrenal enlargement
20 π IMAGe syndrome–related adrenal hypoplasia
π ENDOCRINE FUNCTION SYNDROMES (US-ASSOCIATED) (≈15)
1 π ACTH-dependent Cushing phenotype (adrenal hyperplasia)
2 π ACTH-independent Cushing (adenoma/adenomatous hyperplasia)
3 π Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn) — unilateral adenoma
4 π Bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (nodular hyperplasia)
5 π Subclinical Cushing (incidentaloma with subtle hypercortisolism)
6 π Androgen-secreting cortical adenoma (virilization)
7 π Estrogen-secreting cortical tumor (feminization in males)
8 π Pheochromocytoma with catecholamine excess
9 π Paraganglioma with catecholamine excess (extra-adrenal)
10 π Nonfunctioning incidentaloma (stable <4 cm typical adenoma)
11 π Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison) — small/atrophic or enlarged in autoimmune phase
12 π Secondary/tertiary adrenal insufficiency (pituitary/hypothalamic) — small glands
13 π Hyperreninemic states with secondary hyperplasia
14 π MEN1/MEN2 endocrine association with adrenal lesions
15 π VHL/NF1/Tuberous sclerosis associations (multifocal lesions)
π ADRENAL CYSTS AND FLUID LESIONS (≈15)
1 π Simple adrenal cyst (anechoic, thin wall)
2 π Endothelial cyst (lymphangiomatous type)
3 π Epithelial adrenal cyst
4 π Pseudocyst (post-hemorrhagic)
5 π Hemorrhagic adrenal cyst
6 π Calcified adrenal cyst
7 π Hydatid cyst of adrenal gland
8 π Multiloculated adrenal cyst
9 π Infected adrenal cyst
10 π Neonatal cystic adrenal hemorrhage
11 π Cystic degeneration within adenoma
12 π Cystic pheochromocytoma
13 π Cystic adrenal metastasis
14 π Post-traumatic adrenal fluid collection
15 π Periadrenal seroma / postoperative collection
π ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, HYPERTROPHY AND ATROPHY (≈20)
1 π Diffuse adrenal hyperplasia
2 π Bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia
3 π Macronodular adrenal hyperplasia
4 π Micronodular adrenal hyperplasia
5 π ACTH-dependent bilateral enlargement
6 π Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
7 π Stress-induced adrenal hypertrophy
8 π Compensatory hypertrophy after contralateral adrenalectomy
9 π Hyperplasia associated with primary hyperaldosteronism
10 π Nodular cortical hyperplasia
11 π Adrenal enlargement in severe illness
12 π Adrenal atrophy due to chronic steroid therapy
13 π Autoimmune adrenal atrophy
14 π Secondary adrenal insufficiency with small glands
15 π Post-radiation adrenal atrophy
16 π Age-related cortical thinning
17 π Adrenal involution after treatment
18 π Bilateral adrenal atrophy
19 π Adrenocortical dysplasia with enlargement
20 π Mixed hyperplastic–atrophic adrenal pattern
π ADRENAL HEMORRHAGE AND TRAUMA (≈20)
1 π Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage
2 π Birth-trauma adrenal hemorrhage
3 π Acute adrenal hemorrhage (echogenic mass)
4 π Subacute adrenal hemorrhage (mixed echogenicity)
5 π Chronic adrenal hematoma
6 π Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage
7 π Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
8 π Anticoagulant-related adrenal hemorrhage
9 π Trauma-related adrenal hematoma
10 π Blunt abdominal trauma with adrenal injury
11 π Adrenal rupture
12 π Periadrenal hematoma
13 π Hemorrhage into adrenal adenoma
14 π Hemorrhage into pheochromocytoma
15 π Postoperative adrenal hemorrhage
16 π Adrenal infarction with hemorrhagic change
17 π Septic adrenal hemorrhage
18 π Adrenal hematoma with calcification
19 π Resolving adrenal hemorrhage
20 π Chronic post-traumatic adrenal scar
π BENIGN ADRENAL TUMORS (≈20)
1 π Adrenal cortical adenoma (most common incidentaloma)
2 π Lipid-rich adenoma
3 π Lipid-poor adenoma
4 π Functioning cortisol-secreting adenoma
5 π Aldosterone-producing adenoma (Conn adenoma)
6 π Androgen-secreting adenoma
7 π Myelolipoma (fat-containing benign tumor)
8 π Adrenal ganglioneuroma
9 π Adrenal schwannoma
10 π Adrenal hemangioma
11 π Adrenal lymphangioma
12 π Adrenal leiomyoma
13 π Benign composite adrenal tumor
14 π Nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma
15 π Adrenal cortical nodular adenoma
16 π Bilateral adrenal adenomas
17 π Calcified benign adrenal tumor
18 π Cystic adrenal adenoma
19 π Hemorrhagic adenoma
20 π Stable benign adrenal mass on follow-up
π PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA & NEUROGENIC TUMORS (≈15)
1 π Pheochromocytoma (classic catecholamine-secreting tumor)
2 π Large heterogeneous pheochromocytoma
3 π Cystic pheochromocytoma
4 π Hemorrhagic pheochromocytoma
5 π Bilateral pheochromocytomas
6 π Familial pheochromocytoma (MEN2, VHL, NF1)
7 π Extra-adrenal paraganglioma
8 π Retroperitoneal paraganglioma
9 π Ganglioneuroma
10 π Ganglioneuroblastoma
11 π Neuroblastoma (adrenal origin)
12 π Composite pheochromocytoma–ganglioneuroma
13 π Multifocal neurogenic adrenal tumors
14 π Recurrent pheochromocytoma after surgery
15 π Metastatic pheochromocytoma
π MALIGNANT ADRENAL TUMORS & METASTASES (≈25)
1 π Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC)
2 π Functional adrenocortical carcinoma
3 π Nonfunctioning adrenocortical carcinoma
4 π Large necrotic adrenal carcinoma
5 π Invasive adrenal cortical carcinoma
6 π Adrenal sarcoma
7 π Angiosarcoma of adrenal gland
8 π Primary adrenal lymphoma
9 π Secondary adrenal lymphoma
10 π Malignant pheochromocytoma
11 π Metastatic lung carcinoma to adrenal
12 π Metastatic breast carcinoma to adrenal
13 π Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to adrenal
14 π Metastatic melanoma to adrenal
15 π Metastatic colorectal carcinoma to adrenal
16 π Bilateral adrenal metastases
17 π Necrotic adrenal metastasis
18 π Hemorrhagic adrenal metastasis
19 π Adrenal metastasis causing insufficiency
20 π Recurrent adrenal malignancy after surgery
21 π Locally invasive adrenal carcinoma
22 π Adrenal tumor invading kidney
23 π Adrenal tumor invading IVC
24 π Multifocal metastatic adrenal disease
25 π Advanced unresectable adrenal malignancy
π INFECTIVE, INFLAMMATORY & INFILTRATIVE (≈20)
1 π Adrenal tuberculosis (most common infectious adrenal disease)
2 π Bilateral tuberculous adrenal enlargement
3 π Calcified adrenal tuberculosis (healed stage)
4 π Adrenal histoplasmosis
5 π Disseminated fungal adrenal infection
6 π Adrenal cryptococcosis
7 π Cytomegalovirus adrenalitis
8 π HIV-associated adrenal disease
9 π Bacterial adrenal abscess
10 π Septic adrenal inflammation
11 π Sarcoidosis involving adrenal glands
12 π Amyloid infiltration of adrenal glands
13 π Hemochromatosis involving adrenal tissue
14 π Autoimmune adrenalitis (Addison disease)
15 π Granulomatous adrenalitis
16 π Xanthogranulomatous adrenal inflammation
17 π Adrenal infiltration by leukemia
18 π Adrenal infiltration by lymphoma
19 π Chronic inflammatory adrenal enlargement
20 π Fibrotic end-stage adrenal destruction
π VASCULAR, ISCHEMIC & HEMORRHAGIC (≈15)
1 π Adrenal infarction
2 π Bilateral adrenal infarction
3 π Pregnancy-related adrenal infarction
4 π Adrenal vein thrombosis
5 π Adrenal arterial thrombosis
6 π Ischemic adrenal necrosis
7 π Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
8 π Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) adrenal hemorrhage
9 π Antiphospholipid syndrome with adrenal thrombosis
10 π Vasculitic adrenal ischemia
11 π Hemorrhagic adrenal infarction
12 π Adrenal vascular malformation
13 π Adrenal venous congestion
14 π Postoperative adrenal ischemia
15 π Chronic vascular adrenal atrophy
π SYSTEMIC, SECONDARY & MISCELLANEOUS (≈20)
1 π Adrenal incidentaloma
2 π Bilateral adrenal incidentalomas
3 π Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)–associated adrenal lesions
4 π Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) syndrome adrenal lesions
5 π Neurofibromatosis-associated adrenal tumors
6 π Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome adrenal enlargement
7 π Li-Fraumeni syndrome adrenal carcinoma predisposition
8 π Adrenoleukodystrophy
9 π Wolman disease (adrenal calcification)
10 π Niemann–Pick disease adrenal involvement
11 π Gaucher disease adrenal infiltration
12 π Secondary adrenal insufficiency
13 π Tertiary adrenal insufficiency
14 π Drug-induced adrenal suppression
15 π Post-radiotherapy adrenal changes
16 π Post-adrenalectomy compensatory hypertrophy
17 π Recurrent adrenal lesion after treatment
18 π Bilateral adrenal enlargement of unknown etiology
19 π Idiopathic adrenal mass lesion
20 π End-stage adrenal fibrosis and calcification
π POST-SURGICAL, IATROGENIC & FOLLOW-UP CONDITIONS (≈15)
1 π Post-adrenalectomy surgical bed changes
2 π Residual adrenal tissue after partial adrenalectomy
3 π Recurrent adrenal adenoma
4 π Recurrent pheochromocytoma after surgery
5 π Recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma
6 π Postoperative adrenal hematoma
7 π Postoperative seroma
8 π Postoperative abscess in adrenal bed
9 π Post-radiotherapy adrenal fibrosis
10 π Post-ablation adrenal scar
11 π Drug-induced adrenal suppression
12 π Steroid withdrawal adrenal atrophy
13 π Follow-up stable adrenal incidentaloma
14 π Post-treatment calcified adrenal lesion
15 π Long-term surveillance of adrenal mass
π RARE, PEDIATRIC & END-STAGE ADRENAL CONDITIONS (≈20)
1 π Neuroblastoma (most common pediatric adrenal malignancy)
2 π Ganglioneuroblastoma
3 π Congenital neuroblastoma
4 π Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage mimicking tumor
5 π Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome adrenal lesion
6 π Wolman disease (bilateral adrenal calcification)
7 π Adrenoleukodystrophy
8 π IMAGe syndrome adrenal hypoplasia
9 π Familial glucocorticoid deficiency
10 π Triple-A syndrome (Allgrove syndrome)
11 π Adrenal calcification from healed hemorrhage
12 π Adrenal calcification from healed infection
13 π End-stage autoimmune adrenal destruction
14 π End-stage tuberculous adrenal disease
15 π Bilateral adrenal atrophy with Addison disease
16 π Fibrotic calcified adrenal remnant
17 π End-stage adrenal insufficiency
18 π Bilateral shrunken adrenal glands
19 π Idiopathic adrenal fibrosis
20 π Advanced destructive adrenal pathology
ABDOMINAL AORTA & IVC
π
π NORMAL & ANATOMIC VARIANTS (≈12)
1 π Normal abdominal aorta (caliber, pulsatility, triphasic flow in branches)
2 π Normal IVC (collapsible with respiration, anteroposterior diameter variation)
3 π Normal aortic tapering (proximal → distal)
4 π Normal aortic bifurcation anatomy (common iliacs)
5 π Normal IVC confluence and hepatic vein inflow pattern
6 π IVC respiratory variation (collapsibility index) — physiologic
7 π Aortic kinking (tortuosity without pathology, elderly)
8 π Duplicate IVC / persistent left IVC (anatomic variant)
9 π Retroaortic left renal vein (variant affecting IVC imaging)
10 π Aortic ectasia (mild age-related dilation not aneurysmal)
11 π Aortoiliac length/angulation variants (clinical relevance for EVAR)
12 π Prominent venous collaterals (physiologic in some individuals)
π AORTIC DILATION & ANEURYSMS (≈30)
1 π Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) — infrarenal classic type
2 π Juxtarenal aortic aneurysm
3 π Pararenal / suprarenal aortic aneurysm
4 π Thoracoabdominal aneurysm extension visualized infradiaphragmatically
5 π Saccular aortic aneurysm
6 π Fusiform aortic aneurysm
7 π Mycotic (infected) aneurysm of aorta (aneurysm with periaortic fluid/gas)
8 π Dissected aneurysm with contained rupture
9 π Inflammatory aortic aneurysm (periaortic fibrotic rind / hypoechoic mantle)
10 π Aneurysm with intraluminal thrombus (mural thrombus layering)
11 π Aneurysm with focal wall calcification / plaque burden
12 π Aneurysm with endoleak post-EVAR (type I–III presentations on duplex)
13 π Giant aneurysm (>10 cm) with mass effect
14 π Rapidly expanding aneurysm (serial growth on surveillance)
15 π Aneurysm with contained retroperitoneal rupture (periaortic hematoma)
16 π Aneurysm with free rupture into peritoneum (massive hemoperitoneum)
17 π Aorto-caval fistula secondary to ruptured AAA (continuous flow, venous turbulence)
18 π Aneurysm compressing adjacent structures (duodenum, IVC, ureter)
19 π Intra-aneurysmal flow patterns (laminar vs turbulent on Doppler)
20 π Penetrating aortic ulcer evolving into saccular aneurysm
21 π Island/false aneurysm (pseudoaneurysm) adjacent to aortic graft or branch
22 π Aortic neck thrombus (relevance for EVAR fixation)
23 π Iliac artery aneurysm (common/extending from aorta)
24 π Isolated iliac aneurysm with aortic sparing
25 π Aortic ectasia after cardiopulmonary disease (diffuse)
26 π Aneurysm with peripheral embolic sequelae (distal hypoechoic thrombus)
27 π Aneurysm with mural calcified plaque producing acoustic shadow
28 π Aneurysm with branch involvement/embolization
29 π End-organ ischemic sequelae from aneurysm thrombus
π AORTIC DISSECTION, INTIMAL TEAR & PENETRATING LESIONS (≈18)
1 π Classic aortic dissection with true and false lumen (intimal flap)
2 π Infrarenal aortic dissection (limited to abdominal aorta)
3 π Retrograde dissection extension from thoracic aorta into abdomen
4 π Chronic dissection with thrombosed false lumen
5 π Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU) visualized as focal wall defect
6 π Intramural hematoma (crescentic hypoechoic wall thickening)
7 π Dissection causing branch vessel compromise (renal/mesenteric ischemia clues)
8 π Intimal flap oscillation and Doppler differences between lumina
9 π Dissection with secondary aneurysmal dilation of false lumen
10 π Complicated dissection with rupture (peri-aortic fluid/hematoma)
11 π Iatrogenic aortic dissection after endovascular manipulation
12 π Flap-associated thrombus (risk of embolization)
13 π Delayed chronic dissection with aortic remodeling
14 π Dissecting aneurysm communication to IVC (rare aorto-caval fistula)
15 π Mobile intimal flap producing intermittent obstruction (dynamic Doppler effect)
16 π Imaging pitfalls: reverberation/artifact mimicking flap — need color/angle interrogation
17 π Dissection-related pseudoaneurysm at branch origin
18 π Aortic intimal tears with adjacent perivascular hematoma
π AORTIC OCCLUSIVE & ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE (≈25)
1 π Aortic atherosclerosis (diffuse plaque disease)
2 π Calcified aortic plaque with acoustic shadowing
3 π Non-calcified aortic plaque
4 π Ulcerated aortic plaque
5 π Mobile aortic thrombus
6 π Mural aortic thrombus
7 π Distal aortic occlusion
8 π Chronic aortoiliac occlusive disease
9 π Leriche syndrome (aortoiliac occlusion)
10 π Acute aortic thrombosis
11 π Embolic aortic occlusion
12 π Aortic stenosis due to plaque burden
13 π Renal artery origin stenosis from aortic plaque
14 π Mesenteric artery origin disease
15 π Aortic bifurcation stenosis
16 π Aortic saddle embolus
17 π Recanalized aortic thrombus
18 π Chronic mural thrombus with calcification
19 π Aortic plaque with distal embolization
20 π Blue toe syndrome source lesion
21 π Diffuse aortoiliac atherosclerotic disease
22 π Near-total aortic lumen occlusion
23 π Chronic ischemic aortic disease
24 π Aortic plaque rupture with thrombosis
25 π End-stage calcific aortic occlusive disease
π AORTITIS, VASCULITIS & INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS (≈20)
1 π Takayasu arteritis involving abdominal aorta
2 π Giant cell arteritis with aortic involvement
3 π Inflammatory aortitis
4 π Idiopathic chronic periaortitis
5 π Retroperitoneal fibrosis around aorta
6 π IgG4-related aortitis
7 π BehΓ§et disease with aortic involvement
8 π Polyarteritis nodosa affecting major vessels
9 π Lupus-associated aortitis
10 π Rheumatoid vasculitis with aortic changes
11 π Syphilitic aortitis
12 π Tuberculous aortitis
13 π Granulomatous aortic inflammation
14 π Periaortic inflammatory rind
15 π Chronic fibrosing aortitis
16 π Vasculitic aneurysm formation
17 π Aortic wall thickening due to inflammation
18 π Active inflammatory aortic disease
19 π Healed aortitis with calcification
20 π End-stage fibrotic aortic inflammation
π INFECTIVE AORTIC & IVC CONDITIONS (≈20)
1 π Mycotic aortic aneurysm
2 π Bacterial aortitis
3 π Salmonella aortitis
4 π Staphylococcal aortic infection
5 π Tuberculous aortic infection
6 π Syphilitic aortic disease
7 π Fungal aortitis
8 π Infected aortic graft
9 π Perigraft abscess
10 π Septic pseudoaneurysm
11 π Gas-forming perigraft infection
12 π Aortoenteric fistula (secondary)
13 π Primary aortoenteric fistula
14 π Septic IVC thrombosis
15 π IVC infection with thrombus formation
16 π Catheter-related IVC infection
17 π Infected caval filter
18 π Chronic infectious aortitis
19 π Healing infected aneurysm
20 π Post-treatment infectious vascular scar
π AORTIC & IVC TRAUMA (≈20)
1 π Blunt abdominal aortic injury
2 π Penetrating aortic trauma
3 π Aortic wall contusion
4 π Traumatic aortic pseudoaneurysm
5 π Aortic rupture with retroperitoneal hematoma
6 π Partial aortic transection
7 π Intimal tear after trauma
8 π Traumatic aortic thrombosis
9 π IVC contusion
10 π IVC laceration
11 π Traumatic IVC thrombosis
12 π Pericaval hematoma
13 π Retroperitoneal hemorrhage from vascular injury
14 π Post-traumatic arteriovenous fistula
15 π Aortocaval fistula after trauma
16 π Catheter-induced aortic injury
17 π Catheter-induced caval injury
18 π Postoperative vascular trauma
19 π Chronic post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm
20 π Healed vascular injury with fibrosis
π EVAR, GRAFTS & POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS (≈25)
1 π Normal EVAR appearance
2 π Type I endoleak
3 π Type II endoleak
4 π Type III endoleak
5 π Type IV endoleak
6 π Type V endoleak (endotension)
7 π Graft migration
8 π Graft limb thrombosis
9 π Graft kinking
10 π Graft stenosis
11 π Graft occlusion
12 π Perigraft hematoma
13 π Perigraft seroma
14 π Graft infection
15 π Perigraft abscess
16 π Anastomotic pseudoaneurysm
17 π Aortoenteric fistula after graft surgery
18 π Persistent aneurysm sac enlargement
19 π Sac shrinkage after successful EVAR
20 π Reintervention after EVAR
21 π Open surgical graft surveillance
22 π Patch aneurysm formation
23 π Postoperative aortic stenosis
24 π Chronic graft-related thrombus
25 π Failed aortic graft
π IVC THROMBOSIS & OBSTRUCTIVE VENOUS DISEASE (≈25)
1 π Acute IVC thrombosis
2 π Chronic IVC thrombosis
3 π Partial IVC thrombosis
4 π Complete IVC occlusion
5 π Bland thrombus within IVC
6 π Tumor thrombus extending into IVC
7 π Renal cell carcinoma with IVC extension
8 π Hepatocellular carcinoma invading IVC
9 π Septic IVC thrombosis
10 π Catheter-associated IVC thrombosis
11 π IVC filter-associated thrombosis
12 π Chronic post-thrombotic IVC changes
13 π Recanalized IVC thrombus
14 π Caval web causing obstruction
15 π Membranous IVC obstruction
16 π Budd–Chiari syndrome involving IVC
17 π Hepatic vein–IVC junction obstruction
18 π Extrinsic compression of IVC by mass
19 π Pregnancy-related IVC compression
20 π Retroperitoneal fibrosis causing caval narrowing
21 π Collateral venous channel formation
22 π Severe caval stenosis with turbulent flow
23 π Chronic venous hypertension due to IVC obstruction
24 π End-stage fibrotic caval occlusion
25 π Long-segment IVC obstruction
π VENOUS HEMODYNAMICS & HEPATIC–CAVAL DISORDERS (≈20)
1 π Normal hepatic vein–IVC junction flow
2 π Increased IVC pulsatility from right heart failure
3 π Elevated central venous pressure (dilated non-collapsible IVC)
4 π Hepatic venous congestion
5 π Congestive hepatopathy
6 π Budd–Chiari syndrome (hepatic venous outflow obstruction)
7 π IVC-related Budd–Chiari syndrome
8 π Membranous obstruction of hepatic IVC
9 π Chronic hepatic venous thrombosis
10 π Recanalized hepatic venous obstruction
11 π Portal hypertension with caval collateralization
12 π Venovenous collateral channels
13 π Caval flow reversal pattern
14 π Severe tricuspid regurgitation affecting IVC waveform
15 π Constrictive pericarditis with dilated IVC
16 π Restrictive cardiomyopathy venous congestion pattern
17 π Chronic caval hypertension
18 π Hepatic vein stenosis
19 π IVC stenosis near right atrium
20 π End-stage hepatic–caval outflow obstruction
π COMPRESSION SYNDROMES & EXTRINSIC MASS EFFECTS (≈18)
1 π Nutcracker syndrome (left renal vein compression)
2 π Posterior nutcracker syndrome
3 π May–Thurner syndrome (associated venous obstruction)
4 π Retroperitoneal fibrosis compressing IVC
5 π Retroperitoneal fibrosis compressing aorta and branches
6 π Lymphadenopathy compressing IVC
7 π Pancreatic mass causing IVC compression
8 π Hepatic mass compressing IVC
9 π Renal mass causing caval narrowing
10 π Large abdominal aortic aneurysm compressing IVC
11 π Gravid uterus causing IVC compression
12 π Retroperitoneal tumor encasing aorta
13 π Desmoplastic reaction around major vessels
14 π Postoperative scar tissue causing vascular compression
15 π Extrinsic aortic stenosis
16 π Extrinsic caval stenosis
17 π Chronic compression with collateral formation
18 π Multi-organ retroperitoneal compression syndrome
π CONGENITAL, DEVELOPMENTAL & PEDIATRIC AORTA/IVC CONDITIONS (≈20)
1 π Double inferior vena cava
2 π Persistent left-sided IVC
3 π Interrupted IVC with azygos continuation
4 π Absent infrarenal IVC
5 π Congenital IVC web
6 π Membranous IVC obstruction
7 π Congenital aortic hypoplasia
8 π Mid-aortic syndrome
9 π Coarctation-related abdominal collateral circulation
10 π Congenital abdominal aortic stenosis
11 π Pediatric abdominal aortic aneurysm
12 π Connective tissue disorder–related aortic dilation
13 π Marfan syndrome aortic involvement
14 π Loeys–Dietz syndrome vascular abnormalities
15 π Ehlers–Danlos syndrome vascular lesions
16 π Neonatal IVC thrombosis
17 π Umbilical catheter–related caval injury
18 π Congenital venous malformation involving IVC
19 π Pediatric vasculopathy affecting abdominal aorta
20 π Complex congenital aortocaval anomaly
π NEOPLASTIC INVASION & TUMOR-RELATED VASCULAR DISEASE (≈20)
1 π Renal cell carcinoma invading IVC
2 π Renal cell carcinoma with supradiaphragmatic IVC extension
3 π Hepatocellular carcinoma invading IVC
4 π Adrenocortical carcinoma extending into IVC
5 π Wilms tumor with caval thrombus
6 π Retroperitoneal sarcoma encasing abdominal aorta
7 π Lymphoma surrounding aorta (“floating aorta” appearance)
8 π Metastatic lymphadenopathy compressing IVC
9 π Pancreatic carcinoma invading major vessels
10 π Cholangiocarcinoma causing caval compression
11 π Retroperitoneal metastatic mass encasing aorta
12 π Tumor thrombus within IVC
13 π Bland thrombus associated with malignancy
14 π Leiomyosarcoma of the IVC
15 π Primary vascular sarcoma of aorta
16 π Secondary invasion of aortic wall by malignancy
17 π Malignant aortocaval fistula
18 π Post-treatment residual tumor thrombus
19 π Recurrent vascular invasion after oncologic surgery
20 π Advanced malignant vascular encasement syndrome
π RARE, MISCELLANEOUS & END-STAGE VASCULAR CONDITIONS (≈20)
1 π Aortocaval fistula secondary to ruptured aneurysm
2 π Congenital aortocaval fistula
3 π Idiopathic aortic ectasia
4 π Middle aortic syndrome
5 π Segmental arterial mediolysis
6 π Fibromuscular dysplasia involving abdominal vessels
7 π Erdheim–Chester disease with periaortic coating
8 π Chronic periaortitis
9 π Calcified chronic aortic thrombus
10 π Porcelain aorta (extensive calcification)
11 π Chronic organized IVC thrombus
12 π Recanalized chronic caval occlusion
13 π Massive collateral venous circulation
14 π End-stage aortoiliac occlusive disease
15 π End-stage caval hypertension syndrome
16 π Diffuse vascular fibrosis
17 π Healed aortitis with calcified wall
18 π Chronic post-surgical aortic remodeling
19 π End-stage post-EVAR aneurysm sac fibrosis
20 π Advanced complex aortocaval pathology
STOMACH
ππ NORMAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL STOMACH
1π Normal Gastric Wall
2π Physiological Gastric Distension
3π Normal Gastric Rugae
4π Mild Postprandial Gastric Contents
5π Normal Gastric Peristalsis
6π Air-Fluid Level in Stomach
7π Physiological Antral Contractions
8π Normal Gastroesophageal Junction
9π Normal Pylorus
10π Age-related Gastric Wall Changes
π GASTRITIS & INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
1π Acute Gastritis
2π Chronic Gastritis
3π Erosive Gastritis
4π Hypertrophic Gastritis
5π H. pylori Gastritis
6π Autoimmune Gastritis
7π Gastric Edema
8π Gastric Wall Hyperemia
9π Phlegmonous Gastritis
10π Eosinophilic Gastritis
π PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
1π Gastric Ulcer
2π Healing Gastric Ulcer
3π Giant Gastric Ulcer
4π Penetrating Gastric Ulcer
5π Perforated Gastric Ulcer
6π Bleeding Gastric Ulcer
7π Chronic Ulcer Scar
8π Prepyloric Ulcer
9π Antral Ulcer
10π Multiple Gastric Ulcers
π GASTRIC OUTLET & PYLORIC DISORDERS
1π Gastric Outlet Obstruction
2π Pyloric Stenosis
3π Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
4π Pyloric Edema
5π Pyloric Mass
6π Delayed Gastric Emptying
7π Functional Gastric Stasis
8π Post-ulcer Pyloric Narrowing
9π Antral Narrowing
10π Gastric Retention
π BENIGN GASTRIC MASSES & POLYPS
1π Gastric Polyp
2π Hyperplastic Polyp
3π Fundic Gland Polyp
4π Gastric Adenoma
5π Gastric Lipoma
6π Leiomyoma
7π Schwannoma
8π Ectopic Pancreas
9π Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
10π Gastric Hamartoma
π MALIGNANT GASTRIC TUMORS
1π Gastric Adenocarcinoma
2π Diffuse Gastric Cancer
3π Linitis Plastica
4π Gastric Lymphoma
5π Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
6π Metastatic Gastric Tumor
7π Ulcerated Gastric Carcinoma
8π Antral Carcinoma
9π Fundal Carcinoma
10π Recurrent Gastric Malignancy
π TRAUMATIC & HEMORRHAGIC CONDITIONS
1π Gastric Wall Hematoma
2π Intramural Hemorrhage
3π Traumatic Gastric Injury
4π Gastric Perforation
5π Post-biopsy Hemorrhage
6π Anticoagulant-related Hemorrhage
7π Gastric Contusion
8π Penetrating Gastric Injury
9π Gastric Wall Defect
10π Organizing Intramural Hematoma
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
1π Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
2π Gastric Duplication Cyst
3π Gastric Diverticulum
4π Congenital Gastric Outlet Obstruction
5π Microgastria
6π Gastric Heterotopia
7π Developmental Gastric Cyst
8π Congenital Antral Web
9π Gastric Malrotation
10π Developmental Gastric Anomaly
SMALL INTESTINE
ππ NORMAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL SMALL INTESTINE
1π Normal Small Bowel Wall
2π Normal Jejunum
3π Normal Ileum
4π Physiological Peristalsis
5π Normal Valvulae Conniventes
6π Mild Physiologic Fluid-Filled Loops
7π Normal Mesenteric Vascularity
8π Postprandial Increased Peristalsis
9π Physiological Gas within Loops
10π Age-related Bowel Wall Changes
π INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIOUS DISORDERS
1π Crohn Disease
2π Terminal Ileitis
3π Infectious Enteritis
4π Tuberculous Enteritis
5π Eosinophilic Enteritis
6π Radiation Enteritis
7π Neutropenic Enteritis
8π Isolated Jejunitis
9π Ileal Wall Hyperemia
10π Phlegmonous Enteritis
π OBSTRUCTION & MOTILITY DISORDERS
1π Small Bowel Obstruction
2π Partial Small Bowel Obstruction
3π Closed Loop Obstruction
4π Adhesive Obstruction
5π Internal Hernia
6π Volvulus of Small Bowel
7π Paralytic Ileus
8π Functional Ileus
9π Pseudo-obstruction
10π Atonic Small Bowel Loops
π VASCULAR & ISCHEMIC DISORDERS
1π Mesenteric Ischemia
2π Acute Bowel Ischemia
3π Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
4π Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis
5π Bowel Wall Infarction
6π Reperfusion Enteritis
7π Ischemic Ileitis
8π Hemorrhagic Ischemia
9π Mesenteric Arterial Occlusion
10π Venous Congestion of Bowel
π BENIGN TUMORS & POLYPS
1π Small Bowel Lipoma
2π Hamartomatous Polyp
3π Adenoma
4π Leiomyoma
5π Schwannoma
6π Lymphangioma
7π Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
8π Peutz-Jeghers Polyp
9π Brunner Gland Hamartoma
10π Benign Submucosal Tumor
π MALIGNANT TUMORS
1π Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma
2π Small Bowel Lymphoma
3π Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
4π Neuroendocrine Tumor
5π Metastatic Small Bowel Tumor
6π Leiomyosarcoma
7π Carcinoid Tumor
8π Diffuse Lymphomatous Infiltration
9π Recurrent Small Bowel Malignancy
10π Multifocal Small Bowel Cancer
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
1π Meckel Diverticulum
2π Intestinal Malrotation
3π Duplication Cyst
4π Congenital Jejunal Atresia
5π Congenital Ileal Atresia
6π Vitelline Duct Remnant
7π Congenital Bands
8π Midgut Volvulus
9π Congenital Short Bowel
10π Developmental Small Bowel Anomaly
π TRAUMATIC & HEMORRHAGIC CONDITIONS
1π Small Bowel Trauma
2π Intramural Hematoma
3π Bowel Wall Contusion
4π Traumatic Perforation
5π Mesenteric Injury
6π Post-biopsy Hemorrhage
7π Anticoagulant-related Hemorrhage
8π Penetrating Bowel Injury
9π Organizing Hematoma
10π Delayed Traumatic Stricture
COLON
ππ NORMAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL COLON
1π Normal Colonic Wall
2π Normal Haustral Pattern
3π Physiological Colonic Gas
4π Normal Cecum
5π Normal Ascending Colon
6π Normal Transverse Colon
7π Normal Descending Colon
8π Normal Sigmoid Colon
9π Mild Physiological Fecal Content
10π Age-related Colonic Changes
π INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIOUS COLITIS
1π Acute Colitis
2π Chronic Colitis
3π Ulcerative Colitis
4π Infectious Colitis
5π Pseudomembranous Colitis
6π Tuberculous Colitis
7π Amoebic Colitis
8π Neutropenic Colitis
9π Radiation Colitis
10π Eosinophilic Colitis
π DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
1π Colonic Diverticulosis
2π Acute Diverticulitis
3π Complicated Diverticulitis
4π Diverticular Abscess
5π Perforated Diverticulitis
6π Chronic Diverticular Disease
7π Sigmoid Diverticulitis
8π Right-sided Diverticulitis
9π Diverticular Phlegmon
10π Recurrent Diverticulitis
π OBSTRUCTION & MOTILITY DISORDERS
1π Large Bowel Obstruction
2π Colonic Ileus
3π Colonic Pseudo-obstruction
4π Fecal Impaction
5π Sigmoid Volvulus
6π Cecal Volvulus
7π Colonic Stricture
8π Post-inflammatory Narrowing
9π Functional Constipation
10π Megacolon
π VASCULAR & ISCHEMIC DISORDERS
1π Ischemic Colitis
2π Acute Colonic Ischemia
3π Chronic Ischemic Colitis
4π Mesenteric Venous Congestion
5π Colonic Infarction
6π Hemorrhagic Colitis
7π Reperfusion Injury
8π Venous Thrombosis Related Colitis
9π Ischemic Stricture
10π Segmental Colonic Ischemia
π BENIGN TUMORS & POLYPS
1π Hyperplastic Polyp
2π Adenomatous Polyp
3π Villous Adenoma
4π Tubulovillous Adenoma
5π Colonic Lipoma
6π Leiomyoma
7π Hamartomatous Polyp
8π Juvenile Polyp
9π Inflammatory Polyp
10π Benign Submucosal Tumor
π MALIGNANT COLONIC TUMORS
1π Colorectal Carcinoma
2π Cecal Carcinoma
3π Ascending Colon Carcinoma
4π Transverse Colon Carcinoma
5π Descending Colon Carcinoma
6π Sigmoid Colon Carcinoma
7π Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
8π Colonic Lymphoma
9π Metastatic Colonic Tumor
10π Recurrent Colon Cancer
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
1π Hirschsprung Disease
2π Congenital Megacolon
3π Colonic Duplication Cyst
4π Colonic Atresia
5π Developmental Colonic Stenosis
6π Persistent Cloacal Anomaly
7π Congenital Colonic Malrotation
8π Developmental Colonic Dilatation
9π Segmental Colonic Agenesis
10π Congenital Colonic Anomaly
APPENDIX
ππ ACUTE & CHRONIC APPENDICITIS
1π Acute Appendicitis
2π Early Appendicitis
3π Suppurative Appendicitis
4π Gangrenous Appendicitis
5π Chronic Appendicitis
6π Recurrent Appendicitis
7π Focal Appendicitis
8π Retrocecal Appendicitis
9π Pelvic Appendicitis
10π Subhepatic Appendicitis
π COMPLICATED APPENDICITIS
1π Perforated Appendicitis
2π Appendicular Abscess
3π Appendicular Phlegmon
4π Ruptured Appendix
5π Appendiceal Necrosis
6π Periappendiceal Collection
7π Periappendiceal Fluid
8π Appendicitis with Peritonitis
9π Walled-off Appendiceal Abscess
10π Septic Appendiceal Collection
π APPENDICEAL OBSTRUCTION & LUMINAL LESIONS
1π Appendicolith
2π Obstructed Appendix
3π Fecalith-related Appendicitis
4π Appendiceal Mucocele
5π Retention Mucocele
6π Mucinous Appendiceal Dilatation
7π Impacted Appendicolith
8π Appendiceal Luminal Distension
9π Mucosal Hyperplasia
10π Appendiceal Cystic Dilatation
π INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIOUS CONDITIONS
1π Granulomatous Appendicitis
2π Tuberculous Appendicitis
3π Crohn-related Appendicitis
4π Parasitic Appendicitis
5π Actinomycotic Appendicitis
6π Eosinophilic Appendicitis
7π Xanthogranulomatous Appendicitis
8π Fungal Appendicitis
9π Chronic Inflammatory Appendix
10π Appendiceal Wall Hyperemia
π BENIGN APPENDICEAL TUMORS
1π Appendiceal Adenoma
2π Serrated Appendiceal Lesion
3π Villous Adenoma
4π Tubular Adenoma
5π Benign Mucocele
6π Mucinous Cystadenoma
7π Appendiceal Lipoma
8π Leiomyoma
9π Schwannoma
10π Benign Appendiceal Polyp
π MALIGNANT APPENDICEAL TUMORS
1π Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma
2π Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
3π Neuroendocrine Tumor (Carcinoid)
4π Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma
5π Appendiceal Lymphoma
6π Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
7π Metastatic Appendiceal Tumor
8π Malignant Mucocele
9π Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
10π Recurrent Appendiceal Malignancy
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
1π Appendiceal Duplication
2π Congenital Appendiceal Agenesis
3π Giant Appendix
4π Malpositioned Appendix
5π Mobile Cecum with Appendix
6π Developmental Appendiceal Anomaly
7π Congenital Appendiceal Cyst
8π Appendiceal Diverticulum
9π Appendiceal Atresia
10π Appendiceal Stenosis
π TRAUMATIC & POSTOPERATIVE CONDITIONS
1π Appendiceal Trauma
2π Appendiceal Hematoma
3π Post-traumatic Appendiceal Inflammation
4π Stump Appendicitis
5π Post-appendectomy Collection
6π Postoperative Abscess
7π Residual Appendicolith
8π Appendiceal Stump Leak
9π Surgical Site Infection
10π Recurrent Right Iliac Fossa Collection
PERITONEUM
ππ NORMAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL PERITONEUM
1π Normal peritoneal lining (no free fluid)
2π Physiologic small dependent peritoneal fluid
3π Minimal physiologic omental fat lobulation
4π Physiologic peritoneal reflections
5π Normal peritoneal recesses
6π Normal peritoneal ligaments
7π Transient postprandial mesenteric vascularity
8π Temporary peritoneal fat echoes
9π Postural redistribution of small ascites
10π Age-related increase in echogenic omental fat
π FREE FLUID & FLUID COLLECTIONS
1π Simple Ascites
2π Complex Ascites
3π Loculated Ascites
4π Hemoperitoneum
5π Chylous Ascites
6π Urinoperitoneum
7π Biloma
8π Peritoneal Abscess
9π Subphrenic Abscess
10π Morison Pouch Collection
11π Pelvic Loculated Collection
12π Perisplenic Collection
13π Paracolic Gutter Loculation
14π Post-operative Seroma
15π Peritoneal Pseudocyst
16π Encysted Postoperative Collection
17π Septated Tubercular Ascites
18π Organized Hematoma
19π Post-traumatic Intraperitoneal Collection
20π Peritoneal Urinoma
21π Lymphocele
22π Eosinophilic Ascites
23π Post-procedure Encapsulated Fluid
24π Loculated Fluid with Gas
25π Transudative Ascites Pockets
π INFECTIOUS & INFLAMMATORY PERITONEAL DISEASES
1π Diffuse Bacterial Peritonitis
2π Secondary Peritonitis
3π Tuberculous Peritonitis
4π Fungal Peritonitis
5π Parasitic Peritonitis
6π Peritoneal Phlegmon
7π Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
8π Peritoneal Granulomas
9π Peritoneal Actinomycosis
10π Meconium Peritonitis
11π Chemical Peritonitis
12π Postoperative Peritoneal Inflammation
13π Adhesional Reaction with Localized Fluid
14π Peritoneal Exudate with Septations
15π Peritoneal Abscess with Hyperemia
π PERITONEAL & OMENTAL CYSTIC LESIONS
1π Mesenteric Cyst
2π Omental Cyst
3π Enteric Duplication Cyst
4π Mesothelial / Mesenteric Cyst
5π Lymphangioma of Mesentery / Omentum
6π Pancreatic Pseudocyst
7π Urachal Cyst with Peritoneal Extension
8π Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst
9π Peritoneal Urinoma Pseudocyst
10π Epidermoid / Dermoid Cyst
11π Cystic Mesothelioma
12π Ruptured Hydatid Cyst
13π Cystic Lymph Node Conglomerate
14π Peritoneal Duplication Cyst
15π Omental Pseudocyst
16π Peritoneal Serous Cystadenoma
17π Multiloculated Mesothelial Cyst
18π Encysted Peritoneal Lymphocele
19π Gossypiboma
20π Peritoneal Cystic Teratoma
π OMENTUM & MESENTERY — BENIGN LESIONS
1π Omental Lipoma / Lipomatosis
2π Omental Infarct
3π Omental Torsion
4π Epiploic Appendagitis
5π Mesenteric Panniculitis
6π Sclerosing Mesenteritis
7π Omental Heterotopia
8π Omental Cystic Lymphangioma
9π Omental Calcified Plaque
10π Omental Abscess
11π Postoperative Omental Adhesion Mass
12π Omental Band / Adhesion
13π Omental Desmoid
14π Mesenteric Cystic Lymphangioma
15π Mesenteric Lipodystrophy
16π Mesothelial Hyperplasia
17π Omental Granuloma
18π Reactive Omental Nodule
19π Omental Hematoma
20π Peritoneal Foreign Body Granuloma
21π Omental Pseudotumor
22π Mesenteric Fibroma
23π Post-embolic Omental Necrosis
24π Omental Cystic Degeneration
π PERITONEAL & OMENTAL MALIGNANCY
1π Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
2π Primary Peritoneal Serous Carcinoma
3π Peritoneal Mesothelioma
4π Omental Cake
5π Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
6π Peritoneal Metastatic Nodules
7π Calcified Peritoneal Metastases
8π Peritoneal Sarcomatosis
9π Metastatic Lymphangitic Spread
10π Peritoneal Lymphomatosis
11π Diffuse Malignant Mesothelioma
12π Mixed MΓΌllerian Tumor Metastasis
13π Endometrial Carcinoma Implants
14π Breast Carcinoma Peritoneal Deposits
15π Gastric Carcinoma Peritoneal Spread
16π Colorectal Carcinoma Implants
17π Necrotic Peritoneal Metastases
18π Metastatic Melanoma Implants
19π Recurrent Peritoneal Malignancy
20π Ovarian Carcinoma Peritoneal Involvement
21π Malignant Omental Tumors
22π Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
23π Peritoneal GIST Involvement
24π Neuroendocrine Tumor Implants
25π Peritoneal Leiomyosarcoma Spread
26π Malignant Implant with Ascites
27π Carcinomatosis with Bowel Tethering
28π Tumor Deposits with Bowel Obstruction
29π Post-chemotherapy Necrotic Nodules
30π Calcified Treated Tumor Implants
31π Peritoneal Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis
32π Mixed Histology Metastasis
33π Extensive Omental Metastatic Mass
π ADHESIONS, TETHERING & MOBILITY ABNORMALITIES
1π Peritoneal Adhesions
2π Dense Fibrotic Adhesions
3π Adhesional Bowel Tethering
4π Omental Adhesion Mass
5π Parietal Peritoneal Tethering
6π Fixed Bowel Loops
7π Adhesional Small Bowel Obstruction
8π Pelvic Adhesion Complex
9π Loculated Ascites due to Adhesions
10π Adhesion to Anterior Abdominal Wall
11π Adhesional Encapsulation (Abdominal Cocoon)
12π Peritoneal Band Causing Internal Hernia
13π Epiploic Adhesions
14π Adhesive Closed Loop Obstruction
15π Post-inflammatory Peritoneal Fibrosis
16π Liver-Diaphragm Adhesion
17π Pelvic Floor Fixation
18π Vascularized Adhesions
19π Adhesion with Fixed Tenderness
20π Peritoneal Septations Restricting Fluid Mobility
π HERNIA & PERITONEAL DEFECTS
1π Peritoneal Sac in Inguinal Hernia
2π Reducible Hernial Sac with Bowel
3π Sliding Hernia
4π Richter’s Hernia
5π Umbilical Hernia
6π Incisional Hernia
7π Spigelian Hernia
8π Parastomal Hernia
9π Femoral Hernia
10π Obturator Hernia
11π Internal Hernia with Peritoneal Defect
12π Omental Hernia Content
13π Incarcerated Hernia with Inflammatory Mass
14π Littre’s / Richter’s Hernia Recess
15π Strangulated Hernia
16π Recurrent Hernia with Adhesions
17π Hernial Sac with Tumor Implant
18π Hernia with Trapped Ascites
19π Sliding Bladder Hernia
20π Peritoneal Defect with Secondary Volvulus
π TRAUMATIC & HEMORRHAGIC CONDITIONS
1π Hemoperitoneum (FAST Positive)
2π Intraperitoneal Hematoma
3π Penetrating Trauma with Peritoneal Breach
4π Mesenteric Tear with Hemorrhage
5π Post-biopsy Peritoneal Bleeding
6π Ruptured Liver / Spleen with Contamination
7π Traumatic Peritoneal Air
8π Organizing Hemoperitoneum
9π Traumatic Peritoneal Pseudoaneurysm
10π Traumatic Omental Infarct
11π Traumatic Bowel Perforation
12π Post-traumatic Peritoneal Adhesions
13π Traumatic Urinoperitoneum
14π Shrapnel-related Peritoneal Changes
15π Peritoneal Compartment Syndrome
π VASCULAR, LYMPHATIC & PERFUSION DISORDERS
1π Peritoneal Varices
2π Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis
3π Omental Arteriovenous Malformation
4π Peritoneal Capillary Leak Syndrome
5π Chylous Ascites due to Lymphatic Obstruction
6π Peritoneal Lymphangiectasia
7π Peritoneal Vascular Tumor
8π Mesenteric Arterial Thrombosis
9π Peritoneal Ischemia
10π Portal Pyaemia with Peritoneal Congestion
11π Peritoneal Venous Thrombosis
12π Hyperemic Peritoneal Microabscesses
13π Post-embolization Peritoneal Ischemia
14π Postoperative Lymphatic Leak
15π Tumor-related Peritoneal Vascular Invasion
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL PERITONEAL DISORDERS
1π Congenital Peritoneal Band (Ladd's Band)
2π Congenital Omental / Mesenteric Lymphangioma
3π Midgut Malrotation with Ladd's Bands
4π Meconium Peritonitis
5π Congenital Peritoneal Diverticulum
6π Mesenteric Duplication Cyst
7π Persistent Vitelline Duct
8π Congenital Omental Hernia
9π Congenital Peritoneal Adhesions
10π Peritoneal Surface Hamartoma
11π Congenital Peritoneal Inclusion Around Ovary
12π Neonatal Ascites
13π Peritoneal Vitelline Cyst
14π Congenital Peritoneal Serous Cystadenoma
15π Urachal Sinus Communicating with Peritoneum
π SYSTEMIC & SECONDARY PERITONEAL DISORDERS
1π Cirrhotic Ascites with Peritoneal Nodularity
2π Cardiac Failure Related Ascites
3π Nephrotic Syndrome Ascites
4π Hypoalbuminemia Related Peritoneal Edema
5π Peritoneal Sarcoidosis
6π Disseminated Tuberculosis with Peritoneal Involvement
7π Peritoneal Amyloidosis
8π Systemic Malignancy Related Peritoneal Implants
9π Lupus Peritonitis
10π Post-chemotherapy Peritoneal Changes
11π Radiation-induced Peritoneal Fibrosis
12π Peritoneal Involvement in Pancreatitis
13π Systemic Fungal Disease with Peritoneal Involvement
14π Peritonitis Secondary to Bowel Ischemia
15π Endocrine Tumor Related Peritoneal Metastasis
16π Hematologic Malignancy with Peritoneal Involvement
17π Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
18π Peritoneal Histiocytosis
19π Immune Checkpoint Therapy Related Peritoneal Changes
20π Secondary Peritoneal Infection in Immunosuppressed Patient
π SYSTEMIC, SECONDARY AND EXTRA-CORPOREAL (≈15)
1 π Mesenteric ischemia (secondary to cardiac failure)
2 π Portal hypertension (bowel wall edema)
3 π Hypoalbuminemia-related bowel edema
4 π Congestive heart failure (submucosal edema)
5 π Renal failure with uremic enteropathy
6 π SLE vasculitis with small bowel thickening
7 π Systemic amyloidosis (rigid bowel wall)
8 π Sarcoidosis involving small bowel
9 π Celiac disease secondary to immune disorders
10 π Graft-versus-host enteritis
11 π Diabetic enteropathy
12 π Chemotherapy-induced mucositis
13 π Post-hematologic malignancy infiltration
14 π Immunosuppressed enteritis (HIV, post-transplant)
15 π Systemic sclerosis (atonic loops, pseudo-obstruction)
π HEMORRHAGIC AND VASCULAR LESIONS (≈10)
1 π Small bowel hemorrhage (intraluminal echoes)
2 π AV malformation (focal color flow hotspot)
3 π Hemangioma (vascular submucosal lesion)
4 π Dieulafoy’s lesion (rare, upper jejunal)
5 π Post-NSAID ulcer bleeding
6 π Post-radiation telangiectasia
7 π Angiodysplasia of jejunum / ileum
8 π Post-trauma intramural hematoma
9 π Anticoagulant-related hemorrhage
10 π Post-embolization bowel bleed
π OTHER AND RARE ENTITIES (≈15)
1 π Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (gas cysts in wall)
2 π Lymphangiectasia (hypoechoic mucosal band)
3 π Protein-losing enteropathy (thick mucosa)
4 π Amyloid enteropathy (rigid, hyperechoic wall)
5 π Scleroderma bowel (dilated, atonic loops)
6 π Radiation-induced enteropathy
7 π Sarcoid enteritis
8 π Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (multi-segmental)
9 π MALT lymphoma (thickened, preserved layers)
10 π Graft-versus-host disease (segmental edema)
11 π Celiac crisis (massive luminal dilatation)
12 π Short bowel syndrome (post-resection)
13 π Blind loop syndrome (stagnation)
14 π Post-obstructive bacterial overgrowth
15 π Inflammatory pseudotumor of small bowel
RETROPERITONEUM
ππ NORMAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL RETROPERITONEUM
1π Normal retroperitoneal fat planes
2π Normal para-aortic region
3π Normal psoas muscles
4π Normal iliac vessels
5π Normal retrocrural space
6π Normal perirenal fat
7π Physiologic retroperitoneal lymph nodes
8π Normal fascial planes
9π Symmetric psoas echotexture
10π Age-related retroperitoneal fat prominence
π FLUID COLLECTIONS & HEMORRHAGE
1π Retroperitoneal Hematoma
2π Psoas Hematoma
3π Retroperitoneal Abscess
4π Iliopsoas Abscess
5π Urinoma
6π Lymphocele
7π Postoperative Seroma
8π Perirenal Fluid Collection
9π Retroperitoneal Biloma
10π Infected Fluid Collection
π INFECTIOUS & INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
1π Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
2π Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
3π IgG4-related Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
4π Retroperitoneal Cellulitis
5π Tuberculous Retroperitoneal Disease
6π Fungal Infection
7π Actinomycosis
8π Inflammatory Fat Stranding
9π Xanthogranulomatous Inflammation
10π Chronic Fibrosing Inflammation
π BENIGN RETROPERITONEAL MASSES
1π Lipoma
2π Schwannoma
3π Neurofibroma
4π Ganglioneuroma
5π Fibroma
6π Leiomyoma
7π Mature Teratoma
8π Lymphangioma
9π Mesenteric / Retroperitoneal Cyst
10π Paraganglioma
π MALIGNANT RETROPERITONEAL TUMORS
1π Liposarcoma
2π Leiomyosarcoma
3π Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
4π Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
5π Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
6π Retroperitoneal Lymphoma
7π Metastatic Retroperitoneal Disease
8π Germ Cell Tumor
9π Recurrent Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
10π Invasive Retroperitoneal Malignancy
π LYMPH NODES & LYMPHATIC DISORDERS
1π Reactive Retroperitoneal Nodes
2π Tuberculous Lymphadenopathy
3π Lymphoma Nodes
4π Metastatic Para-aortic Nodes
5π Necrotic Lymph Nodes
6π Calcified Lymph Nodes
7π Lymphatic Malformation
8π Chylous Leak
9π Retroperitoneal Lymphocele
10π Diffuse Nodal Conglomerate
π VASCULAR DISORDERS
1π Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
2π Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm
3π Aortic Dissection
4π Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis
5π Retroperitoneal Varices
6π Iliac Artery Aneurysm
7π Pseudoaneurysm
8π Arteriovenous Malformation
9π Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage from Anticoagulation
10π Vascular Tumor Invasion
π TRAUMATIC CONDITIONS
1π Retroperitoneal Trauma
2π Blunt Abdominal Trauma
3π Penetrating Retroperitoneal Injury
4π Psoas Muscle Tear
5π Traumatic Hematoma
6π Post-biopsy Hemorrhage
7π Retroperitoneal Active Bleeding
8π Pelvic Retroperitoneal Injury
9π Organ-related Retroperitoneal Contusion
10π Chronic Organizing Hematoma
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
1π Congenital Retroperitoneal Cyst
2π Retroperitoneal Teratoma
3π Lymphatic Malformation
4π Congenital Lymphangioma
5π Developmental Mesenchymal Tumor
6π Embryonal Rest Tumor
7π Congenital Neurogenic Tumor
8π Developmental Fibrous Mass
9π Congenital Chylous Cyst
10π Complex Developmental Retroperitoneal Lesion
ABDOMINAL WALL
π
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈10)
1 π Normal anterior abdominal wall (intact fascial planes)
2 π Normal rectus abdominis and oblique muscles
3 π Normal linea alba (echogenic midline)
4 π Normal umbilical region (no defect)
5 π Post-exercise muscle thickening (physiologic)
6 π Subcutaneous tissue with normal echogenicity
7 π Physiologic post-meal wall distension
8 π Postpartum laxity (no fascial defect)
9 π Normal scar (post-surgical, fibrotic)
10 π Normal vascular pattern (epigastric vessels visible on Doppler)
π INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIVE (≈25)
1 π Cellulitis (diffuse subcutaneous thickening)
2 π Abscess (localized fluid collection with debris)
3 π Phlegmon (ill-defined echogenic inflammatory mass)
4 π Necrotizing fasciitis
5 π Infected sebaceous cyst
6 π Infected lipoma (abscess formation)
7 π Subcutaneous carbuncle / furuncle
8 π Post-injection abscess
9 π Post-traumatic abscess
10 π Post-surgical abscess (wound infection)
11 π Stitch abscess
12 π Umbilical abscess (omphalitis)
13 π Fungal wall infection (rare)
14 π Tubercular abscess of abdominal wall
15 π Sinus tract (post-surgical or tubercular)
16 π Enterocutaneous fistula
17 π Colocutaneous fistula
18 π Urinocutaneous fistula
19 π Biliary-cutaneous fistula
20 π Pyogenic granuloma (reactive)
21 π Subfascial abscess (deep wall infection)
22 π Periumbilical abscess (infected urachal remnant)
23 π Actinomycosis of wall (rare)
24 π Foreign body granuloma (infected type)
25 π Laparostomy wound sepsis
π TRAUMATIC (≈20)
1 π Hematoma (subcutaneous)
2 π Hematoma (rectus sheath)
3 π Hematoma (intramuscular oblique)
4 π Hematoma (preperitoneal)
5 π Post-blunt trauma muscular tear
6 π Muscle contusion (hypoechoic band)
7 π Muscle rupture (discontinuity with hematoma)
8 π Fascial defect post-trauma
9 π Post-surgical hematoma
10 π Port-site hematoma (laparoscopic)
11 π Subfascial seroma
12 π Post-traumatic seroma
13 π Abdominal wall edema (post-injury)
14 π Morel-LavallΓ©e lesion
15 π Crush injury hematoma
16 π Gunshot wound tract
17 π Penetrating wound with retained foreign body
18 π Post-aspiration puncture hematoma
19 π Post-biopsy abdominal wall injury
20 π Chronic calcified hematoma
π POST-SURGICAL AND IATROGENIC (≈25)
1 π Post-laparotomy scar
2 π Post-laparoscopic port-site hernia
3 π Post-C-section wound dehiscence
4 π Post-surgery seroma
5 π Post-surgery abscess
6 π Wound infection with fistula
7 π Post-mesh infection
8 π Meshoma (folded surgical mesh mass)
9 π Post-mesh fibrosis / granuloma
10 π Suture granuloma
11 π Post-drain tract sinus
12 π Post-stoma hernia
13 π Post-operative adhesion
14 π Post-surgery fat necrosis
15 π Post-surgery fibrosis band
16 π Post-abdominal wall flap seroma
17 π Post-biopsy tract hematoma
18 π Post-drain site infection
19 π Post-repair scar hypertrophy
20 π Post-radiation fibrosis
21 π Post-radiation necrosis
22 π Post-embolization injection site abscess
23 π Post-abdominoplasty wall fluid
24 π Post-catheter tract infection
25 π Port-site metastasis (malignant seeding)
π HERNIAL AND DEFECTIVE CONDITIONS (≈30)
1 π Umbilical hernia
2 π Paraumbilical hernia
3 π Epigastric hernia
4 π Hypogastric hernia
5 π Spigelian hernia (lateral ventral)
6 π Incisional hernia (post-operative)
7 π Parastomal hernia
8 π Lumbar hernia (Grynfelt/Petit)
9 π Obturator hernia (rare, deep)
10 π Inguinal hernia – indirect
11 π Inguinal hernia – direct
12 π Femoral hernia
13 π Oblique hernia (interparietal)
14 π Sliding hernia (colon involvement)
15 π Incarcerated hernia (non-reducible)
16 π Strangulated hernia (ischemic)
17 π Inflamed hernia sac (abscess)
18 π Hernia with bowel obstruction
19 π Hernia with omental infarction
20 π Hernia with ascitic fluid
21 π Hernia with bladder component
22 π Hernia containing appendix (Amyand’s)
23 π Hernia containing Meckel’s diverticulum (Littre’s)
24 π Hernia containing ovary or fallopian tube
25 π Richter’s hernia (partial bowel wall)
26 π Port-site hernia
27 π Recurrent incisional hernia
28 π Epigastric preperitoneal fat hernia
29 π Small trocar-site hernia
30 π Hernia mesh failure
π NEOPLASTIC — BENIGN (≈25)
1 π Lipoma (most common benign mass)
2 π Fibroma
3 π Desmoid tumor (fibromatosis)
4 π Leiomyoma (smooth muscle)
5 π Hemangioma
6 π Lymphangioma
7 π Neurofibroma
8 π Schwannoma
9 π Glomus tumor (rare superficial)
10 π Myxoma (fibromyxoid tumor)
11 π Angiomyolipoma (soft tissue variant)
12 π Dermatofibroma
13 π Elastofibroma
14 π Foreign body granuloma
15 π Fibrolipoma
16 π Adenomatoid tumor (rare)
17 π Hemangiopericytoma (benign)
18 π Chondroma (calcified mass)
19 π Ossified fibroma
20 π Post-traumatic pseudotumor
21 π Reactive fibrous nodule
22 π Scar tissue mimicking tumor
23 π Suture granuloma (mass-like)
24 π Post-radiation benign fibroma
25 π Hypertrophic scar nodule
π NEOPLASTIC — MALIGNANT (≈25)
1 π Liposarcoma
2 π Fibrosarcoma
3 π Leiomyosarcoma
4 π Rhabdomyosarcoma
5 π Angiosarcoma
6 π Lymphangiosarcoma
7 π Synovial sarcoma
8 π Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (MFH)
9 π Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
10 π Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
11 π Metastasis to abdominal wall (cutaneous/subcutaneous)
12 π Metastasis from colon carcinoma
13 π Metastasis from ovarian carcinoma
14 π Metastasis from pancreatic carcinoma
15 π Metastasis from gallbladder carcinoma
16 π Metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma
17 π Metastasis from renal cell carcinoma
18 π Malignant desmoid (aggressive fibromatosis)
19 π Post-radiation sarcoma
20 π Post-surgical recurrent sarcoma
21 π Lymphoma involving wall
22 π Leukemic infiltration
23 π Cutaneous melanoma metastasis
24 π Kaposi’s sarcoma (HIV-related)
25 π Angiolipoleiomyosarcoma (rare variant)
π VASCULAR LESIONS (≈15)
1 π Superficial varices (epigastric veins)
2 π Inferior epigastric artery pseudoaneurysm
3 π Superior epigastric artery pseudoaneurysm
4 π Post-catheter pseudoaneurysm (femoral/abdominal)
5 π Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
6 π Venous thrombosis (superficial epigastric vein)
7 π Capillary hemangioma
8 π Cavernous hemangioma
9 π Lymphangioma (cystic vascular lesion)
10 π Angiomyolipoma (vascular variant)
11 π Venous malformation (congenital)
12 π Hematoma with active extravasation
13 π Post-embolization necrosis
14 π Vascular steal from collateral shunts
15 π Post-radiation vascular sclerosis
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL (≈15)
1 π Urachal remnant (fibrous tract)
2 π Urachal cyst
3 π Urachal sinus
4 π Patent urachus
5 π Congenital umbilical hernia
6 π Abdominal wall hypoplasia (Prune-belly syndrome)
7 π Gastroschisis
8 π Omphalocele
9 π Congenital diastasis recti
10 π Congenital muscle aplasia (rectus absence)
11 π Congenital vascular malformation
12 π Ectopic umbilical vessel remnant
13 π Persistent vitelline ligament tract
14 π Umbilical granuloma (neonatal)
15 π Congenital subcutaneous cyst (epidermoid)
π SYSTEMIC, METABOLIC AND SECONDARY (≈15)
1 π Edema (cardiac or renal failure-related)
2 π Hypoproteinemia-related wall edema
3 π Myxedema (hypothyroidism)
4 π Anasarca (systemic)
5 π Cirrhotic abdominal wall varices (caput medusae)
6 π Portal hypertension–related collaterals
7 π Parietal wall venous shunts post-TIPS
8 π Chronic renal failure (calcified vessels)
9 π Diabetes-related abscess
10 π Immunosuppressed abscess (HIV)
11 π Amyloidosis of abdominal wall
12 π SLE panniculitis
13 π Rheumatoid nodules (subcutaneous)
14 π Sarcoid granuloma
15 π Metabolic calcification (soft-tissue deposits)
π EXTRA-PARIETAL AND SECONDARY CAUSES (≈10)
1 π Intra-abdominal abscess tracking to wall
2 π Peritoneal carcinomatosis invading wall
3 π Colon carcinoma extending to wall
4 π Pancreatic carcinoma infiltrating wall
5 π Gallbladder carcinoma invading wall
6 π Appendiceal abscess tracking to wall
7 π Urachal carcinoma extending to wall
8 π Hepatic metastasis breaching peritoneum
9 π Post-radiation pelvic fibrosis extending anteriorly
10 π Ascitic fluid loculated against wall (pseudo-mass)
CEUS FOR RENAL MASSES
π
π PATHOLOGY
1 π Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)
2 π Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC)
3 π Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
4 π Multilocular cystic renal neoplasm
5 π Oncocytoma
6 π Angiomyolipoma (AML)
7 π Lipid-poor angiomyolipoma
8 π Renal adenoma
9 π Complex renal cyst (Bosniak IIF)
10 π Complex renal cyst (Bosniak III)
11 π Complex renal cyst (Bosniak IV)
12 π Hemorrhagic renal cyst
13 π Infected renal cyst
14 π Renal abscess
15 π Focal pyelonephritis
16 π Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
17 π Renal infarction
18 π Cortical necrosis
19 π Renal lymphoma
20 π Renal metastasis
21 π Transitional cell carcinoma (renal pelvis)
22 π Wilms tumor
23 π Post-ablation renal lesion
24 π Pseudotumor (hypertrophied column of Bertin)
25 π Renal scar / focal fibrosis
π CEUS CHARACTERIZATION PATTERNS
26 π Hyperenhancing renal mass
27 π Isoenhancing renal mass
28 π Hypoenhancing renal mass
29 π Rapid wash-in pattern
30 π Delayed wash-in pattern
31 π Rapid washout pattern
32 π Delayed washout pattern
33 π Homogeneous enhancement
34 π Heterogeneous enhancement
35 π Rim enhancement
36 π Septal enhancement in cystic lesion
37 π Mural nodule enhancement
38 π Non-enhancing necrotic component
39 π Non-enhancing hemorrhagic cyst
40 π Pseudocapsule enhancement
41 π Tumor vascularity on CEUS
42 π Internal septal vascularity
43 π Microvascular perfusion defect
44 π Wedge-shaped perfusion defect (infarction)
45 π Avascular lesion
CEUS FOR LIVER TUMORS
π
π PATHOLOGY
1 π Hemangioma
2 π Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)
3 π Hepatocellular adenoma
4 π Focal fatty sparing
5 π Focal fatty infiltration
6 π Regenerative nodule
7 π Dysplastic nodule
8 π Simple hepatic cyst
9 π Hemorrhagic hepatic cyst
10 π Biliary cystadenoma
11 π Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
12 π Early hepatocellular carcinoma
13 π Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
14 π Combined HCC–cholangiocarcinoma
15 π Liver metastasis – colorectal primary
16 π Liver metastasis – pancreatic primary
17 π Liver metastasis – gastric primary
18 π Liver metastasis – breast primary
19 π Liver metastasis – lung primary
20 π Neuroendocrine liver metastasis
21 π Liver abscess (pyogenic)
22 π Amoebic liver abscess
23 π Echinococcal cyst (hydatid disease)
24 π Confluent hepatic fibrosis
25 π Hepatic lymphoma
26 π Inflammatory pseudotumor
27 π Hepatic angiomyolipoma
28 π Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
29 π Hepatic angiosarcoma
30 π Post-treatment residual/recurrent tumor
URINARY BLADDER
π
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
1 π Normal distended urinary bladder
2 π Partially filled urinary bladder
3 π Normal bladder wall (<3 mm when distended)
4 π Normal trigone
5 π Bilateral ureteric jets present
6 π Normal post-void residual volume
7 π Physiological bladder folding when underfilled
8 π Normal bladder neck
9 π Normal intravesical prostate impression
10 π Normal pediatric urinary bladder
11 π Mild transient post-void wall thickening
12 π Normal bladder vascularity
13 π Normal bladder capacity
14 π Symmetric bladder contour
15 π Normal bladder dome
πCatheter Assessment
3 π Catheter Malposition is Suspected
π INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIVE
1 π Acute cystitis
2 π Chronic cystitis
3 π Hemorrhagic cystitis
4 π Radiation cystitis
5 π Eosinophilic cystitis
6 π Interstitial cystitis
7 π Tuberculous cystitis
8 π Fungal cystitis
9 π Emphysematous cystitis
10 π Schistosomiasis of bladder
11 π Catheter-associated cystitis
12 π Post-operative cystitis
13 π Bladder wall abscess
14 π Infected bladder diverticulum
15 π Urachal infection
16 π Cystitis glandularis
17 π Cystitis cystica
18 π Malakoplakia
19 π Recurrent urinary tract infection changes
20 π Neurogenic bladder with infection
21 π Post-instrumentation inflammation
22 π Granulomatous cystitis
23 π Chemical cystitis
24 π BK virus cystitis
25 π Bladder wall edema
π CALCULI AND FOREIGN BODIES (≈15)
1 π Bladder calculus (single)
2 π Multiple bladder calculi
3 π Giant vesical calculus
4 π Mobile bladder stone
5 π Impacted bladder stone
6 π Ureterocele with calculus
7 π Catheter encrustation
8 π Retained catheter fragment
9 π Intravesical foreign body
10 π Migrated surgical clip
11 π Migrated mesh into bladder
12 π Calcified blood clot
13 π Bladder bezoar
14 π Calcified tumor
15 π Calcified schistosomal bladder wall
π OBSTRUCTIVE AND FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS (≈20)
1 π Bladder outlet obstruction
2 π Neurogenic bladder
3 π Atonic bladder
4 π Trabeculated bladder
5 π Thick-walled bladder
6 π Large post-void residual urine
7 π Acute urinary retention
8 π Chronic urinary retention
9 π Detrusor hypertrophy
10 π Detrusor failure
11 π Bladder diverticulum
12 π Multiple diverticula
13 π Hutch diverticulum
14 π Vesicoureteral reflux
15 π Posterior urethral valve changes
16 π Bladder neck obstruction
17 π Dysfunctional voiding
18 π Spinal cord injury bladder
19 π Diabetic neurogenic bladder
20 π Post-surgical bladder dysfunction
π NEOPLASTIC — BENIGN AND MALIGNANT (≈30)
1 π Urothelial papilloma
2 π Inverted papilloma
3 π Leiomyoma
4 π Hemangioma
5 π Neurofibroma
6 π Paraganglioma
7 π Urothelial carcinoma (papillary)
8 π Urothelial carcinoma (sessile)
9 π Muscle-invasive bladder cancer
10 π Carcinoma in situ
11 π Squamous cell carcinoma
12 π Adenocarcinoma
13 π Urachal carcinoma
14 π Small-cell carcinoma
15 π Sarcomatoid carcinoma
16 π Leiomyosarcoma
17 π Rhabdomyosarcoma
18 π Lymphoma
19 π Metastasis to bladder
20 π Recurrent bladder tumor
PROSTATE
π
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈15)
1 π Normal prostate gland
2 π Normal peripheral zone
3 π Normal transition zone
4 π Normal central zone
5 π Normal ejaculatory ducts
6 π Normal seminal vesicles
7 π Symmetric prostate contour
8 π Normal prostate vascularity
9 π Mild age-related enlargement
10 π Normal post-void appearance
11 π Homogeneous echotexture
12 π Normal capsule
13 π Normal apex
14 π Normal base
15 π Normal median lobe
π BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (≈20)
1 π Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
2 π Nodular BPH
3 π Glandular hyperplasia
4 π Stromal hyperplasia
5 π Mixed hyperplasia
6 π Enlarged transition zone
7 π Median lobe enlargement
8 π Intravesical prostatic protrusion
9 π Bladder outlet obstruction
10 π Post-void residual urine
11 π Trabeculated bladder secondary to BPH
12 π Large-volume prostate
13 π Giant BPH
14 π BPH with calcification
15 π BPH with cystic degeneration
16 π BPH with urinary retention
17 π BPH with hydronephrosis
18 π Recurrent BPH after treatment
19 π Residual adenoma after surgery
20 π Post-TURP prostate
π INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIVE (≈20)
1 π Acute bacterial prostatitis
2 π Chronic bacterial prostatitis
3 π Chronic prostatitis
4 π Chronic pelvic pain syndrome
5 π Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis
6 π Prostatic abscess
7 π Tuberculous prostatitis
8 π Granulomatous prostatitis
9 π Fungal prostatitis
10 π Viral prostatitis
11 π Xanthogranulomatous prostatitis
12 π Post-biopsy prostatitis
13 π Post-instrumentation infection
14 π BCG-related granulomatous prostatitis
15 π Recurrent prostatitis
16 π Prostatic edema
17 π Prostatic fibrosis
18 π Infected prostatic cyst
19 π Seminal vesiculitis
20 π Ejaculatory duct inflammation
π CYSTS, CALCIFICATIONS AND CONGENITAL LESIONS (≈20)
1 π Prostatic retention cyst
2 π MΓΌllerian duct cyst
3 π Prostatic utricle cyst
4 π Ejaculatory duct cyst
5 π Seminal vesicle cyst
6 π Midline prostatic cyst
7 π Multiple prostatic cysts
8 π Hemorrhagic cyst
9 π Prostatic calcification
10 π Corpora amylacea calcification
11 π Calcified prostatitis
12 π Congenital prostate hypoplasia
13 π Prostate agenesis (rare)
14 π Zinner syndrome
15 π Congenital ejaculatory duct obstruction
16 π Seminal vesicle dilatation
17 π Congenital seminal vesicle cyst
18 π Cowper duct cyst (syringocele)
19 π Calcified cyst wall
20 π Complex prostatic cyst
π NEOPLASTIC — BENIGN AND MALIGNANT (≈25)
1 π Prostatic adenocarcinoma
2 π Clinically significant prostate cancer
3 π High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN)
4 π Ductal adenocarcinoma
5 π Small-cell carcinoma
6 π Neuroendocrine carcinoma
7 π Mucinous adenocarcinoma
8 π Sarcomatoid carcinoma
9 π Prostatic stromal tumor
10 π Leiomyoma
11 π Leiomyosarcoma
12 π Rhabdomyosarcoma
13 π Lymphoma of prostate
14 π Metastatic involvement of prostate
15 π Recurrent prostate cancer
16 π Post-treatment residual tumor
17 π Locally advanced prostate cancer
18 π Seminal vesicle invasion
19 π Extracapsular extension
20 π Bladder neck invasion
21 π Urethral invasion
22 π Pelvic nodal metastasis
23 π Bone metastatic prostate cancer
24 π Castration-resistant prostate cancer
25 π Treated prostate cancer (post-radiotherapy)
UTERUS
π
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈10)
1 π Normal Uterus
2 π Normal Myometrium
3 π Normal Endometrium (Cyclical Variations)
4 π Secretory Phase Endometrium
5 π Proliferative Phase Endometrium
6 π Postmenopausal Uterus
7 π Postpartum Involutional Uterus
8 π Retroverted Uterus
9 π Anteverted Uterus
10 π Post-Hysterectomy Residual Cervical Stump
π DIFFUSE MYOMETRIAL DISEASES (≈20)
1 π Diffuse Uterine Enlargement
2 π Diffuse Adenomyosis
3 π Focal Adenomyosis (Adenomyoma)
4 π Cystic Adenomyosis
5 π Endometriosis with Myometrial Involvement
6 π Myometrial Hypertrophy
7 π Fibromyomatous Change
8 π Fibrosis Post-Infection
9 π Chronic Nonspecific Myometritis
10 π Postpartum Myometrial Edema
11 π Myometrial Calcification
12 π Myometrial Fatty Change
13 π Radiation-Induced Myometrial Fibrosis
14 π Autoimmune Myometritis
15 π Metastatic Infiltration of Myometrium
16 π Infiltrative Trophoblastic Disease
17 π Vascular Congestion (Pelvic Venous Insufficiency)
18 π Post-Surgical Diffuse Myometrial Scarring
19 π Endocrine-Related Myometrial Thickening
20 π Diabetic Myometrial Changes
π FOCAL BENIGN MYOMETRIAL LESIONS (≈25)
1 π Leiomyoma (Fibroid) – Intramural
2 π Leiomyoma – Submucosal
3 π Leiomyoma – Subserosal
4 π Pedunculated Fibroid
5 π Calcified Fibroid
6 π Cystic Degenerated Fibroid
7 π Red (Carneous) Degenerated Fibroid
8 π Hyaline Degeneration in Fibroid
9 π Myxoid Degeneration in Fibroid
10 π Fibroid with Cystic Changes
11 π Fibroid with Necrosis
12 π Lipoleiomyoma
13 π Adenomyoma
14 π Parasitic Fibroid
15 π Post-Embolization Fibroid Necrosis
16 π Residual Fibroid Post-Myomectomy
17 π Cervical Fibroid
18 π Broad Ligament Fibroid
19 π Focal Adenomyotic Nodule
20 π Endometrial Polyp with Myometrial Extension
21 π Focal Hematoma Mimicking Fibroid
22 π Infarcted Fibroid
23 π Intraligamentary Fibroid
24 π Fibroid with Sarcomatous Degeneration
25 π Fibroid with Torsion
π ENDOMETRIAL PATHOLOGIES (≈35)
1 π Endometrial Hyperplasia – Simple
2 π Endometrial Hyperplasia – Complex
3 π Endometrial Polyp
4 π Endometrial Cystic Change
5 π Endometrial Calcification
6 π Endometrial Synechiae (Asherman's Syndrome)
7 π Endometrial Atrophy
8 π Endometrial Stromal Edema
9 π Endometrial Cystic Atrophy
10 π Endometrial Hematoma
11 π Endometrial Abscess
12 π Endometrial Tuberculosis
13 π Endometrial Fibrosis (Post D&C)
14 π Postpartum Endometritis
15 π Post-Abortion Retained Products
16 π Subinvolution of Placental Site
17 π Endometrial Carcinoma
18 π Endometrial Sarcoma
19 π Endometrial Metastases
20 π Endometrial Hyperemia
21 π Polypoid Endometrial Thickening
22 π Endometrial Necrosis
23 π Endometrial Cystic Degeneration
24 π Endometrial Pseudocyst
25 π Hormonal Endometrial Change
26 π Tamoxifen-Induced Endometrial Change
27 π Post-IUD Endometrial Changes
28 π Endometrial Fluid Collection
29 π Endometrial Sloughing (Menstrual Phase)
30 π Endometrial Regeneration
31 π Postmenopausal Benign Endometrial Thickening
32 π Endometrial Carcinoma with Myometrial Invasion
33 π Endometrial Stromal Nodule
34 π Endometrial Polyp with Cystic Degeneration
35 π Mixed Endometrial Lesion (Polyp + Hyperplasia)
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES (≈25)
1 π Uterine Agenesis
2 π Unicornuate Uterus
3 π Bicornuate Uterus
4 π Didelphys Uterus
5 π Septate Uterus
6 π Arcuate Uterus
7 π Hypoplastic Uterus
8 π T-Shaped Uterus (DES Exposure)
9 π Cervical Duplication
10 π Uterine Horn Remnant
11 π MΓΌllerian Duct Anomaly
12 π Rudimentary Horn Pregnancy
13 π Uterine Duplication with Single Cervix
14 π Transverse Vaginal Septum with Uterine Anomaly
15 π Hemi-Uterus
16 π Cervical Agenesis
17 π Accessory Uterine Cavity
18 π Uterine Fusion Anomaly
19 π Partial Uterine Septum
20 π MURCS Association
21 π Non-Fused MΓΌllerian Duct Anomaly
22 π Uterine Diverticulum
23 π Congenital Uterine AV Malformation
24 π Uterine Duplication with Double Vagina
25 π Congenital Uterine Malposition
π INFECTIVE AND INFLAMMATORY (≈25)
1 π Acute Endometritis
2 π Chronic Endometritis
3 π Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
4 π Salpingitis with Tubo-Ovarian Abscess
5 π Endometrial Tuberculosis
6 π Actinomycosis of Endometrium
7 π Post-Abortal Infection
8 π Postpartum Endometritis with Myometritis
9 π Septic Deep Myometritis
10 π Parametritis
11 π Peri-Uterine Abscess
12 π Fungal Endometritis
13 π Viral Endometritis
14 π Foreign-Body Granulomatous Reaction (IUD)
15 π Localized Uterine Abscess
16 π Infective Myometrial Abscess
17 π Cholangio-Uterine Inflammatory Extension
18 π Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Scarring
19 π Actinomyces-Associated Pelvic Inflammation
20 π Reactive Endometrial Hyperemia
21 π Granulomatous Myometritis
22 π Post-Instrumentation Inflammatory Change
23 π Chronic Cervicitis with Endometrial Extension
24 π Bacterial Vaginosis–Associated Uterine Reaction
25 π Endometritis with Intracavitary Fluid / Debris
π VASCULAR, PERFUSION AND HEMORRHAGIC (≈20)
1 π Uterine Artery Aneurysm
2 π Uterine Artery Pseudoaneurysm
3 π Congenital Uterine AVM
4 π Acquired Uterine AVM
5 π Subchorionic Hemorrhage
6 π Intramural Hematoma
7 π Subserosal Hematoma
8 π Retained Products with Active Vascularity
9 π Trophoblastic Vascular Invasion
10 π Uterine Torsion with Vascular Compromise
11 π Uterine Infarction
12 π Placental Site Vessel Malformation
13 π Massive Hemorrhage with Perfusion Changes
14 π Uterine Venous Plexus Dilatation
15 π Segmental Uterine Hypoperfusion
16 π Hyperemic Endometrium
17 π Post-Procedural Uterine Arterial Bleed
18 π Persistent Trophoblastic Doppler Flow
19 π Coagulopathy-Related Uterine Hematoma
20 π Hemoperitoneum Secondary to Uterine Rupture
π GESTATIONAL AND PREGNANCY-RELATED (≈25)
1 π Normal Intrauterine Pregnancy
2 π Missed / Incomplete Abortion
3 π Retained Products of Conception (RPOC)
4 π Ectopic Pregnancy with Uterine Reaction
5 π Cesarean Scar Pregnancy
6 π Molar Pregnancy (Hydatidiform Mole)
7 π Invasive Mole / GTN
8 π Heterotopic Pregnancy
9 π Early Pregnancy Subchorionic Hemorrhage
10 π Placental Site Nodule / Placental Polyp
11 π Placenta Accreta Spectrum
12 π Placental Abruption
13 π Uterine Rupture in Pregnancy
14 π Uterine Dehiscence Post-Cesarean
15 π Postpartum Retained Placental Tissue
16 π Uterine Inversion
17 π Uterine Subinvolution of Placental Site
18 π Choriocarcinoma Involving Myometrium
19 π Intrauterine Fetal Demise with Retained Products
20 π Gestational Trophoblastic Hemorrhagic Degeneration
21 π Monochorionic Twin Complications
22 π Molar Pregnancy with Theca-Lutein Ovarian Change
23 π Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy
24 π Pregnancy-Related Vascular Malformations
25 π Uterine Arteriovenous Fistula After Delivery
π MALIGNANT AND PREMALIGNANT (≈25)
1 π Endometrial Carcinoma (Type I – Endometrioid)
2 π Endometrial Carcinoma (Type II – Serous/Clear Cell)
3 π Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia (EIN)
4 π Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma
5 π Uterine Leiomyosarcoma
6 π Carcinosarcoma (MMMT)
7 π Adenosarcoma of Uterus
8 π Undifferentiated Uterine Sarcoma
9 π Endometrial Hyperplasia with Atypia
10 π Cervical Carcinoma with Uterine Extension
11 π Metastatic Disease to Uterus
12 π Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
13 π Uterine Serosal Surface Malignancy
14 π Primary Uterine Lymphoma
15 π Peritoneal Carcinomatosis with Uterine Invasion
16 π Neuroendocrine Tumor Involving Endometrium
17 π Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor
18 π Carcinoma of Lower Uterine Segment
19 π Vulvar/Vaginal Carcinoma with Uterine Involvement
20 π Leiomyoma with Sarcomatous Degeneration
21 π Persistent Atypical Polypoid Adenomyoma
22 π Endometrial Carcinoma with Deep Myometrial Invasion
23 π Uterine Papillary Serous Carcinoma
24 π Metastatic Trophoblastic Tumor
π TRAUMATIC, POST-SURGICAL AND IATROGENIC (≈20)
1 π Uterine Laceration / Rupture
2 π Postoperative Uterine Hematoma
3 π Post-Myomectomy Fluid Collection / Hematoma
4 π Post-Hysterectomy Pelvic Collection
5 π Post-D&C Cavity Changes
6 π Iatrogenic Uterine Perforation
7 π Post-Embolization Uterine Changes
8 π Post-Ablation Scar
9 π Surgical Clip / Foreign-Body Artifact
10 π Trocar Injury to Uterus
11 π Retained Surgical Sponge Granuloma
12 π Cesarean Scar Niche (Isthmocele)
13 π Post-Uterine Artery Embolization Change
14 π IUD Malposition with Wall Erosion
15 π Post-Radiation Uterine Fibrosis
16 π Post-Procedural Pseudoaneurysm
17 π Post-Biopsy Intramural Hematoma
18 π Adhesive Bands Causing Uterine Distortion
19 π Post-Procedural Infection / Abscess
20 π Asherman Variant with Cavity Obliteration
π SYSTEMIC AND ENDOCRINE-RELATED (≈20)
1 π PCOS-Related Uterine Change
2 π Endocrine Hyperplasia (Unopposed Estrogen)
3 π Tamoxifen-Related Endometrial Change
4 π Diabetic Uterine Changes
5 π Thyroid Disease Associated Uterine Findings
6 π Steroid-Related Endometrial Change
7 π Autoimmune Endometritis
8 π Granulomatous Disease with Uterine Involvement
9 π Hematologic Disorder–Related Bleeding
10 π Coagulopathy-Associated Uterine Hemorrhage
11 π Systemic Amyloidosis with Uterine Deposition
12 π Liver Disease–Related Gynecologic Effects
13 π Adrenal Hyperplasia Effect on Endometrium
14 π Hyperprolactinemia-Related Endometrial Change
15 π Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome Effect
16 π Drug-Induced Endometrial Atrophy / Hyperplasia
17 π Metabolic Syndrome–Related Endometrial Thickening
18 π Hematologic Malignancy Affecting Uterus
19 π Endocrine Paraneoplastic Uterine Effects
20 π Idiopathic Systemic Uterine Response
π EXTRAUTERINE AND SECONDARY CAUSES (≈20)
1 π Pelvic Endometriosis Involving Uterine Serosa
2 π Adnexal Mass Compressing Uterus
3 π Large Fibroid Uterus Compressing Adnexa
4 π Peritoneal Carcinomatosis with Uterine Involvement
5 π Pelvic Lymphadenopathy Causing Uterine Displacement
6 π Rectovaginal / Vesicouterine Fistula
7 π Retroperitoneal Fibrosis with Uterine Displacement
8 π Bladder Tumor Invading Uterine Wall
9 π Pelvic Abscess Causing Secondary Uterine Inflammation
10 π Ileal / Sigmoid Tumor Adherent to Uterus
11 π Appendicular Mass with Secondary Uterine Change
12 π Hydronephrosis Causing Mass Effect on Uterus
13 π Pelvic Lipomatosis Compressing Uterine Contour
14 π Diaphragmatic Hernia with Thoracoabdominal Shift
15 π Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Mass Effect
16 π Large Fibroid with Secondary Ovarian Torsion
17 π Pelvic Venous Congestion from Varices
18 π Pregnancy-Related Adnexal Mass Compression
19 π Secondary Uterine Involvement from Tuberculosis
20 π Metastatic Pelvic Nodal Compression
OVARY
π
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈15)
1 π Normal Ovary – Follicular Phase
2 π Normal Ovary – Luteal Phase
3 π Dominant Follicle
4 π Normal Corpus Luteum
5 π Corpus Luteum with Central Clot
6 π Corpus Luteum with Ring of Fire Sign
7 π Corpus Luteal Cyst
8 π Simple Follicular Cyst
9 π Multiple Physiologic Follicles
10 π Prepubertal Ovary
11 π Postmenopausal Atrophic Ovary
12 π Postpartum Ovary
13 π Polycystic Ovary Appearance
14 π Periovulatory Follicle Rupture (Mittelschmerz)
15 π Luteal Cyst with Peripheral Hyperemia
π FUNCTIONAL AND BENIGN CYSTIC LESIONS (≈25)
1 π Simple Ovarian Cyst
2 π Functional Cyst (Unspecified)
3 π Persistent Follicular Cyst
4 π Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteal Cyst
5 π Theca Lutein Cyst
6 π Luteinized Unruptured Follicle
7 π Hyperreactio Luteinalis
8 π Early Hemorrhagic Cyst
9 π Endometrioma
10 π Endometrioma with Ground-Glass Echoes
11 π Ruptured Endometrioma
12 π Persistent Luteal Phase Cyst
13 π Paraovarian Cyst
14 π Paratubal Cyst
15 π Cyst of Morgagni
16 π Broad Ligament Cyst
17 π Wolffian Duct Cyst
18 π Multiloculated Simple Cyst
19 π Benign Septated Cyst
20 π Proteinaceous Ovarian Cyst
21 π Giant Simple Ovarian Cyst
22 π Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst
23 π Hydrosalpinx Mimicking Ovarian Cyst
π COMPLEX CYSTIC LESIONS (≈25)
1 π Late-Stage Hemorrhagic Cyst
2 π Chronic Endometrioma
3 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst (Fishnet Pattern)
4 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst with Retracting Clot
5 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst (Lacy Reticular Pattern)
6 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst with Fluid-Debris Level
7 π Ruptured Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst
8 π Hemorrhagic Cyst Mimicking Solid Neoplasm
9 π Dermoid Cyst (Mature Cystic Teratoma)
10 π Dermoid with Rokitansky Protuberance
11 π Dermoid with Fat-Fluid Level
12 π Dermoid with Calcified Tooth Echoes
13 π Dermoid with Hair-Like Echogenic Strands
14 π Mature Teratoma with Solid Component
15 π Immature Teratoma
16 π Serous Cystadenoma (Unilocular)
17 π Serous Cystadenoma (Multiloculated)
18 π Mucinous Cystadenoma (Unilocular)
19 π Mucinous Cystadenoma (Multiloculated)
20 π Cystadenofibroma
21 π Borderline Serous Tumor
22 π Borderline Mucinous Tumor
23 π Benign Brenner Tumor
24 π Cystadenoma with Papillary Projection
25 π Cystadenoma with Hemorrhage
26 π Benign Cyst with Mural Nodule
27 π Ruptured Dermoid with Chemical Peritonitis
28 π Calcified Endometriotic Cyst
29 π Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteum Cyst
30 π Ovarian Abscess (Pyocystic Ovary)
π SOLID BENIGN OVARIAN LESIONS (≈25)
1 π Ovarian Fibroma
2 π Ovarian Thecoma
3 π Fibrothecoma
4 π Solid Brenner Tumor
5 π Ovarian Lipoma
6 π Lipoleiomyoma
7 π Myoma of Ovarian Ligament
8 π Ovarian Stromal Hyperthecosis
9 π Pregnancy Luteoma
10 π Massive Ovarian Edema
11 π Stromal Hyperplasia
12 π Ovarian Fibromatosis
13 π Sclerosing Stromal Tumor
14 π Cellular Fibroma
15 π Ovarian Hamartoma
16 π Benign Granulosa Cell Tumor
17 π Benign Leydig Cell Tumor
18 π Low-Grade Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
19 π Benign Steroid Cell Tumor
20 π Ovarian Leiomyoma
21 π Ovarian Adenofibroma
22 π Solid Ovarian Cystadenofibroma
23 π Ovarian Neurofibroma
24 π Ovarian Paraganglioma
25 π Benign Teratoid Mass
π COMPLEX CYSTIC LESIONS (≈25)
1 π Late-Stage Hemorrhagic Cyst
2 π Chronic Endometrioma
3 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst (Fishnet Pattern)
4 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst with Retracting Clot
5 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst (Lacy Reticular Pattern)
6 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst with Fluid-Debris Level
7 π Ruptured Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst
8 π Hemorrhagic Cyst Mimicking Solid Neoplasm
9 π Dermoid Cyst (Mature Cystic Teratoma)
10 π Dermoid with Rokitansky Protuberance
11 π Dermoid with Fat-Fluid Level
12 π Dermoid with Calcified Tooth Echoes
13 π Dermoid with Hair-Like Echogenic Strands
14 π Mature Teratoma with Solid Component
15 π Immature Teratoma
16 π Serous Cystadenoma (Unilocular)
17 π Serous Cystadenoma (Multiloculated)
18 π Mucinous Cystadenoma (Unilocular)
19 π Mucinous Cystadenoma (Multiloculated)
20 π Cystadenofibroma
21 π Borderline Serous Tumor
22 π Borderline Mucinous Tumor
23 π Benign Brenner Tumor
24 π Cystadenoma with Papillary Projection
25 π Cystadenoma with Hemorrhage
26 π Benign Cyst with Mural Nodule
27 π Ruptured Dermoid with Chemical Peritonitis
28 π Calcified Endometriotic Cyst
29 π Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteum Cyst
30 π Ovarian Abscess (Pyocystic Ovary)
π SOLID BENIGN OVARIAN LESIONS (≈25)
1 π Ovarian Fibroma
2 π Ovarian Thecoma
3 π Fibrothecoma
4 π Solid Brenner Tumor
5 π Ovarian Lipoma
6 π Lipoleiomyoma
7 π Myoma of Ovarian Ligament
8 π Ovarian Stromal Hyperthecosis
9 π Pregnancy Luteoma
10 π Massive Ovarian Edema
11 π Stromal Hyperplasia
12 π Ovarian Fibromatosis
13 π Sclerosing Stromal Tumor
14 π Cellular Fibroma
15 π Ovarian Hamartoma
16 π Benign Granulosa Cell Tumor
17 π Benign Leydig Cell Tumor
18 π Low-Grade Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
19 π Benign Steroid Cell Tumor
20 π Ovarian Leiomyoma
21 π Ovarian Adenofibroma
22 π Solid Ovarian Cystadenofibroma
23 π Ovarian Neurofibroma
24 π Ovarian Paraganglioma
25 π Benign Teratoid Mass
π VASCULAR AND HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS (≈20)
1 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst
2 π Ruptured Hemorrhagic Cyst
3 π Ovarian Hematoma
4 π Corpus Luteum Hemorrhage
5 π Massive Ovarian Hemorrhage
6 π Ovarian Vein Thrombosis
7 π Ovarian Artery Pseudoaneurysm
8 π Ovarian Arteriovenous Malformation
9 π Ovarian Infarction
10 π Venous Congestion of Ovary
11 π Hypervascular Ovarian Mass
12 π Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
13 π Postpartum Ovarian Vein Thrombosis
14 π Ovarian Vessel Rupture
15 π Hemoperitoneum Secondary to Ovarian Bleeding
16 π Ovarian Ischemia
17 π Segmental Ovarian Hypoperfusion
18 π Ovarian Hyperemia
19 π Post-Procedural Ovarian Hematoma
20 π Coagulopathy-Related Ovarian Hemorrhage
π TORSION AND GYNECOLOGIC EMERGENCIES (≈20)
1 π Ovarian Torsion
2 π Partial Ovarian Torsion
3 π Intermittent Ovarian Torsion
4 π Ovarian Torsion with Preserved Arterial Flow
5 π Ovarian Torsion with Absent Doppler Flow
6 π Ovarian Torsion with Hemorrhagic Infarction
7 π Massive Ovarian Edema due to Torsion
8 π Torsed Dermoid Cyst
9 π Torsed Paraovarian Cyst
10 π Adnexal Torsion
11 π Ovarian Rupture
12 π Ruptured Endometrioma
13 π Ruptured Corpus Luteum
14 π Hemoperitoneum from Ovarian Source
15 π Acute Ovarian Infarction
16 π Necrotic Ovary
17 π Torsion in Pregnancy
18 π Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
19 π Severe OHSS with Ascites
20 π Ovarian Emergency Requiring Surgical Intervention
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES (≈15)
1 π Ovarian Agenesis
2 π Unilateral Ovarian Absence
3 π Supernumerary Ovary
4 π Accessory Ovary
5 π Ectopic Ovary
6 π Undescended Ovary
7 π Fused Ovaries
8 π Ovarian Maldescent
9 π Congenital Ovarian Cyst
10 π Neonatal Ovarian Cyst
11 π Congenital Ovarian Torsion
12 π MΓΌllerian Anomaly with Ovarian Abnormality
13 π Gonadal Dysgenesis
14 π Streak Ovary
15 π Developmental Ovarian Hypoplasia
π PREGNANCY-RELATED OVARIAN CONDITIONS (≈20)
1 π Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy
2 π Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteum in Pregnancy
3 π Persistent Corpus Luteum
4 π Hyperreactio Luteinalis
5 π Theca Lutein Cysts
6 π Bilateral Theca Lutein Cysts
7 π Pregnancy Luteoma
8 π Ovarian Torsion During Pregnancy
9 π Adnexal Torsion in Pregnancy
10 π Ruptured Corpus Luteum During Pregnancy
11 π Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
12 π Severe OHSS with Ascites
13 π Pregnancy-Associated Endometrioma
14 π Decidualized Endometrioma
15 π Adnexal Mass in Pregnancy
16 π Dermoid Cyst in Pregnancy
17 π Ovarian Cyst Complicating Pregnancy
18 π Postpartum Ovarian Vein Thrombosis
19 π Postpartum Ovarian Hemorrhage
20 π Pregnancy-Related Ovarian Enlargement
π ENDOCRINE AND SYSTEMIC DISORDERS (≈20)
2 π Polycystic Ovarian Morphology (PCOM)
3 π Ovarian Stromal Hyperplasia
4 π Ovarian Hyperthecosis
5 π Resistant Ovary Syndrome
6 π Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
7 π Ovarian Failure
8 π Autoimmune Oophoritis
9 π Turner Syndrome Ovary
10 π Gonadal Dysgenesis
11 π Ovarian Changes in Hypothyroidism
12 π Ovarian Changes in Hyperprolactinemia
13 π Adrenal Hyperplasia with Ovarian Effects
14 π Diabetes-Associated Ovarian Changes
15 π Metabolic Syndrome with Ovarian Dysfunction
16 π Ovarian Amyloidosis
17 π Ovarian Involvement in Systemic Lupus
18 π Hematologic Disease Affecting Ovary
19 π Drug-Induced Ovarian Enlargement
20 π Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Failure
π EXTRAOVARIAN AND SECONDARY CAUSES (≈20)
1 π Hydrosalpinx Mimicking Ovarian Cyst
2 π Pyosalpinx Mimicking Ovarian Mass
3 π Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst
4 π Tubo-Ovarian Complex
5 π Pelvic Endometriosis with Ovarian Involvement
6 π Appendiceal Mucocele Mimicking Ovarian Tumor
7 π Pelvic Kidney Mimicking Ovarian Mass
8 π Retroperitoneal Cyst Mimicking Ovarian Lesion
9 π Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
10 π Omental Metastatic Deposit Adjacent to Ovary
11 π Metastatic Gastrointestinal Tumor to Ovary
12 π Metastatic Breast Carcinoma to Ovary
13 π Metastatic Endometrial Carcinoma to Ovary
14 π Pelvic Lymphadenopathy Mimicking Ovarian Mass
15 π Broad Ligament Mass
16 π Uterine Fibroid Mimicking Ovarian Tumor
17 π Postoperative Pelvic Collection
18 π Adhesive Pelvic Disease Affecting Ovary
19 π Retroperitoneal Sarcoma Adjacent to Ovary
20 π Secondary Ovarian Compression by Pelvic Mass
ADNEXA
π
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈10)
1 π Normal adnexa (clear space, no mass)
2 π Normal fallopian tubes (not visualized)
3 π Physiologic follicular activity (adjacent ovarian follicles)
4 π Ovulatory changes (peri-ovulatory follicle rupture)
5 π Small physiologic fluid in pouch of Douglas
6 π Corpus luteum with peri-adnexal flow
7 π Normal post-ovulatory pelvic fluid
8 π Postpartum adnexa (normal involution)
9 π Postmenopausal adnexa (atrophic structures)
10 π Post-hysterectomy adnexal region (normal appearance)
π TUBAL (FALLOPIAN TUBE) LESIONS (≈25)
1 π Acute salpingitis
2 π Chronic salpingitis
3 π Pyosalpinx
4 π Hydrosalpinx
5 π Hematosalpinx
6 π Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA)
7 π Tubo-ovarian complex (incomplete TOA)
8 π Chronic tubo-ovarian mass
9 π Pyosalpinx with septations
10 π Hydrosalpinx with cogwheel sign
11 π Tubal ectopic pregnancy (live)
12 π Tubal ectopic pregnancy (nonviable)
13 π Interstitial (cornual) ectopic pregnancy
14 π Isthmic ectopic pregnancy
15 π Ampullary ectopic pregnancy
16 π Fimbrial ectopic pregnancy
17 π Tubal rupture with hemoperitoneum
18 π Chronic ectopic with pseudomass
19 π Tubal torsion
20 π Tubal tumor (primary adenocarcinoma)
21 π Metastatic tubal carcinoma
22 π Tuberculous salpingitis
23 π Parasitic (schistosomal) salpingitis
24 π Post-surgical tubal stump cyst
25 π Tubal remnant post-sterilization (hydrosalpinx)
π PARAOVARIAN AND PARATUBAL CYSTS (≈15)
1 π Simple paraovarian cyst
2 π Multiloculated paraovarian cyst
3 π Paraovarian cyst with hemorrhage
4 π Paraovarian cyst with torsion
5 π Paratubal cyst
6 π Fimbrial cyst (of Morgagni)
7 π Mesothelial inclusion cyst
8 π Wolffian duct cyst (Gartner's)
9 π Broad ligament cyst
10 π Hydatid cyst of Morgagni
11 π Infected paraovarian cyst
12 π Cyst with mural nodule (rare)
13 π Endometriotic paraovarian cyst
14 π Post-inflammatory inclusion cyst
15 π Giant paraovarian cyst
π ADNEXAL MASSES — BENIGN (≈20)
1 π Endometrioma (in adnexa)
2 π Hemorrhagic cyst (adnexal location)
3 π Tubo-ovarian complex (resolving)
4 π Dermoid cyst (adnexal)
5 π Mature cystic teratoma
6 π Paratubal benign tumor (adenofibroma)
7 π Leiomyoma arising from broad ligament
8 π Lipoleiomyoma (broad ligament)
9 π Fibroma of broad ligament
10 π Fibrothecoma (adnexal region)
11 π Sclerosing stromal tumor (adnexal)
12 π Pedunculated subserous fibroid (appearing adnexal)
13 π Ovarian remnant with cystic change
14 π Benign Brenner tumor (paraovarian origin)
15 π Serous cystadenoma (paraovarian extension)
16 π Mucinous cystadenoma (paraovarian extension)
17 π Benign hydatid cyst (parasitic)
18 π Inflammatory pseudotumor (adnexal)
19 π Mesenteric cyst mimicking adnexal mass
20 π Benign mixed epithelial tumor
π MALIGNANT AND NEOPLASTIC ADNEXAL MASSES (≈25)
1 π Serous cystadenocarcinoma (adnexal mass)
2 π Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (adnexal)
3 π Endometrioid carcinoma involving adnexa
4 π Clear cell carcinoma (extension to adnexa)
5 π Borderline serous tumor (adnexal cystic-solid)
6 π Borderline mucinous tumor
7 π Krukenberg tumor (bilateral adnexal metastases)
8 π Secondary metastasis (colon, stomach, breast)
9 π Lymphoma (adnexal involvement)
10 π Leukemia (secondary)
11 π Sarcoma of broad ligament
12 π Carcinosarcoma (extension into adnexa)
13 π Primary peritoneal carcinoma (adnexal mass)
14 π Ovarian carcinoma with peritoneal spread (adnexal implant)
15 π Pseudomyxoma peritonei with adnexal deposits
16 π Endometrial carcinoma with adnexal spread
17 π Cervical carcinoma with adnexal extension
18 π Metastatic melanoma (adnexal)
19 π Malignant germ cell tumor (adnexal component)
20 π Granulosa cell tumor (adnexal origin)
21 π Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor (adnexal)
22 π Mixed epithelial–stromal tumor
23 π Undifferentiated carcinoma
24 π Post-radiation sarcomatous change
25 π Recurrent malignant adnexal mass
π INFECTIVE AND INFLAMMATORY (≈25)
1 π Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
2 π Salpingitis (acute/chronic)
3 π Tubo-ovarian abscess
4 π Pelvi-peritonitis (with adnexal phlegmon)
5 π Endometriosis (adnexal implants)
6 π Omental–adnexal adhesions
7 π Peri-adnexal fluid collection
8 π Pyosalpinx
9 π Infected endometrioma
10 π Post-abortal adnexal abscess
11 π Postpartum adnexal abscess
12 π Post-surgical adnexal infection
13 π Tubercular salpingo-oophoritis
14 π Actinomycotic abscess
15 π Chlamydial adnexitis
16 π Gonococcal adnexitis
17 π Mixed bacterial infection (PID with abscess)
18 π Ovarian–tubal phlegmon
19 π Chronic adnexal fibrosis / scarring
20 π Adhesive disease (post PID)
21 π Pelvic abscess compressing adnexa
22 π Endometriotic adhesion complex
23 π Peri-tubal inflammation (hydrosalpinx sequela)
24 π Necrotizing adnexitis (rare)
25 π Chronic post-tubercular adhesion complex
π VASCULAR AND TORSION (≈15)
1 π Ovarian torsion
2 π Paraovarian torsion
3 π Tubal torsion
4 π Broad ligament torsion
5 π Ovarian vein thrombosis
6 π Pelvic congestion syndrome (peri-adnexal varices)
7 π Arteriovenous malformation (adnexal region)
8 π Pelvic venous aneurysm
9 π Hemorrhagic adnexal cyst rupture
10 π Post-torsion infarction
11 π Post-embolization necrosis
12 π Ischemic adnexal mass
13 π Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (adnexal congestion)
14 π Hypervascular adnexal tumor
15 π Peri-adnexal hematoma (traumatic or spontaneous)
π TRAUMATIC, POST-SURGICAL AND IATROGENIC (≈20)
1 π Post-tubal ligation hydrosalpinx
2 π Tubal stump cyst
3 π Ovarian remnant syndrome (after oophorectomy)
4 π Post-hysterectomy adnexal mass (residual ovary or adhesions)
5 π Post-cesarean adnexal hematoma
6 π Post-oocyte retrieval hematoma
7 π Post-IVF hyperstimulation (OHSS adnexal congestion)
8 π Post-pelvic surgery adhesion complex
9 π Post-endometriotic cyst drainage residual cavity
10 π Post-laparoscopic trocar-site adnexal herniation
11 π Iatrogenic tubo-ovarian fistula
12 π Post-radiation adnexal fibrosis
13 π Post-embolization adnexal necrosis
14 π Post-biopsy hemorrhage
15 π Post-abscess drainage tract
16 π Post-ectopic surgery residual cyst
17 π Surgical clip granuloma in adnexa
18 π Post-surgical tubo-uterine stump infection
19 π Post-adhesiolysis seroma
20 π Pelvic foreign body mimicking adnexal mass
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL (≈15)
1 π Accessory Ovary
2 π Supernumerary Ovary
3 π Ectopic Ovary
4 π Undescended Ovary
5 π Ovarian Agenesis
6 π Congenital Hydrosalpinx
7 π Congenital Tubal Duplication
8 π Accessory Fallopian Tube
9 π Wolffian Duct Remnant Cyst
10 π Mesonephric Remnant Lesion
11 π Broad Ligament Developmental Cyst
12 π MΓΌllerian Developmental Anomaly with Adnexal Defect
13 π Gonadal Dysgenesis
14 π Streak Gonad
15 π Congenital Adnexal Malposition
π SYSTEMIC AND SECONDARY DISORDERS (≈15)
1 π Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
2 π Endometriosis with Adnexal Involvement
3 π Tuberculosis with Adnexal Extension
4 π Metastatic Disease to Adnexa
5 π Krukenberg Metastasis
6 π Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
7 π Lymphoma Involving Adnexa
8 π Leukemic Adnexal Infiltration
9 π Autoimmune Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
10 π Systemic Lupus with Adnexal Changes
11 π Sarcoidosis Involving Adnexa
12 π Amyloidosis of Adnexal Structures
13 π Diabetic Pelvic Inflammatory Changes
14 π Post-Transplant Adnexal Lymphoproliferative Disorder
15 π Secondary Adnexal Fibrosis
π EXTRA-ADNEXAL AND SECONDARY CAUSES (≈20)
1 π Appendiceal Mucocele Mimicking Adnexal Mass
2 π Appendicular Abscess Adjacent to Adnexa
3 π Diverticular Abscess Mimicking Adnexal Lesion
4 π Pelvic Kidney Mimicking Adnexal Mass
5 π Ectopic Kidney in Pelvis
6 π Ureterocele Mimicking Adnexal Cyst
7 π Distended Urinary Bladder Mimicking Adnexal Mass
8 π Mesenteric Cyst
9 π Omental Cyst
10 π Retroperitoneal Cyst
11 π Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
12 π Pelvic Lymphocele
13 π Enlarged Pelvic Lymph Nodes
14 π Psoas Abscess Extending into Pelvis
15 π Pelvic Hematoma
16 π Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst
17 π Pelvic Desmoid Tumor
18 π Abdominal Wall Mass Mimicking Adnexal Lesion
19 π Pelvic Neurogenic Tumor
20 π Secondary Compression of Adnexa by Pelvic Mass
π PREGNANCY-RELATED ADNEXAL CONDITIONS (≈15)
1 π Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy
2 π Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteum in Pregnancy
3 π Persistent Corpus Luteum
4 π Hyperreactio Luteinalis
5 π Bilateral Theca Lutein Cysts
6 π Pregnancy Luteoma
7 π Adnexal Torsion During Pregnancy
8 π Ruptured Corpus Luteum with Hemoperitoneum
9 π Decidualized Endometrioma
10 π Adnexal Mass in Pregnancy
11 π Dermoid Cyst in Pregnancy
12 π Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
13 π Severe OHSS with Ascites
14 π Postpartum Ovarian Vein Thrombosis
15 π Pregnancy-Associated Adnexal Enlargement
π PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT ADNEXAL DISORDERS (≈15)
1 π Neonatal Ovarian Cyst
2 π Fetal Ovarian Cyst
3 π Congenital Hydrosalpinx
4 π Congenital Adnexal Torsion
5 π Ovarian Torsion in Children
6 π Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor
7 π Dysgerminoma in Adolescents
8 π Immature Teratoma
9 π Yolk Sac Tumor
10 π Gonadal Dysgenesis
11 π Streak Gonad
12 π Precocious Puberty with Ovarian Enlargement
13 π Adolescent Functional Ovarian Cyst
14 π Pediatric Tubo-Ovarian Abscess
15 π MΓΌllerian Anomaly with Adnexal Abnormality
Sequence of pelvic inflammatory disease
π1 π Reactive change in PID
2 π PID associated with Enlarged Uterus
3 π PID associated with Reactive Myometrial Edema
4 π PID associated with Endometritis and Bulky Uterus
5 π PID associated with Myometritis
6 π PID associated with Pelvic Congestion
7 π PID associated with Tubo-ovarian Complex
8 π PID associated with Tubo-ovarian Abscess
9 π PID associated with Hydrosalpinx
10 π PID associated with Pyosalpinx
11 π PID associated with Pelvic Peritonitis
12 π PID associated with Pelvic Inflammatory Mass
13 π PID associated with Pelvic Adhesions
14 π PID associated with Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
15 π PID associated with Endometritis
16 π PID associated with Salpingitis
17 π PID associated with Oophoritis
18 π PID associated with Pelvic Cellulitis
19 π PID associated with Pelvic Abscess
20 π PID associated with Pelvic Free Fluid
21 π PID associated with Complex Adnexal Collection
22 π PID associated with Inflamed Adnexal Mass
23 π PID associated with Appendiceal Diverticular Perforation
24 π PID associated with Postsurgical Abscesses
25 π PID associated with Intrauterine Device (IUD)
26 π PID associated with Retained Products of Conception
27 π PID associated with Septic Abortion
28 π PID associated with Fitz-Hugh–Curtis Syndrome
29 π PID associated with Pelvic Fistula
30 π PID associated with Chronic Tubal Damage
31 π PID associated with Infertility-related Tubal Disease
Topic 4: Female Perineal & Groin
4
π
FEMALE PERINEAL & GROIN
π NORMAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL (≈10)
1 π Normal female groin (inguinal canal visualized)
2 π Normal labia majora/minora echotexture
3 π Normal perineal body and skin folds
4 π Normal urethra and periurethral glands
5 π Normal Bartholin glands (non-distended)
6 π Normal Skene glands
7 π Normal perineal venous plexus
8 π Postpartum perineal thickening
9 π Normal vulvar fat lobulation
10 π Normal perineal scar (healed episiotomy)
π INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIVE (≈25)
1 π Cellulitis of groin
2 π Labial abscess
3 π Vulvar abscess
4 π Bartholin gland abscess
5 π Skene gland abscess
6 π Infected sebaceous cyst
7 π Folliculitis / carbuncle of vulva
8 π Hidradenitis suppurativa
9 π Perineal abscess
10 π Perianal abscess
11 π Perineal phlegmon
12 π Necrotizing fasciitis (Fournier's gangrene)
13 π Vulvar cellulitis with gas
14 π Post-episiotomy wound infection
15 π Post-laceration wound infection
16 π Perineal sinus
17 π Post-fistulotomy abscess
18 π Tuberculous vulvar abscess
19 π Actinomycotic perineal infection
20 π Fungal vulvovaginitis
21 π Chronic perineal inflammatory scarring
22 π Post-radiation perineal infection
23 π Traumatic infected hematoma
24 π Parasitic infection
25 π Vulvar phlegmon with perivascular spread
π CYSTIC LESIONS (≈20)
1 π Bartholin gland cyst
2 π Skene gland cyst
3 π Gartner duct cyst (paraurethral)
4 π Canal of Nuck cyst (female hydrocele)
5 π Epidermoid cyst (labial or perineal)
6 π Dermoid cyst
7 π Inclusion cyst (post-surgery or episiotomy)
8 π Post-traumatic cyst (liquefied hematoma)
9 π Subcutaneous seroma
10 π Urethral diverticulum
11 π Paraurethral cyst
12 π Peri-clitoral cyst
13 π Vulvar mucous retention cyst
14 π Vulvar lymphangioma (cystic variant)
15 π Post-suture inclusion cyst
16 π Post-hysterectomy lymphocele
17 π Infected Bartholin cyst
18 π Infected paraurethral cyst
19 π Giant Bartholin cyst
20 π Multiloculated perineal cystic lesion
π SOLID BENIGN LESIONS (≈20)
1 π Lipoma of groin/labia
2 π Angiolipoma
3 π Fibroma
4 π Leiomyoma (vulvar/perineal)
5 π Myofibroma
6 π Schwannoma
7 π Neurofibroma
8 π Granular Cell Tumor
9 π Desmoid Fibromatosis
10 π Endometrioma (scar endometriosis)
11 π Post-episiotomy Scar Endometriosis
12 π Angiomyofibroblastoma
13 π Cellular Angiofibroma
14 π Hemangioma
15 π Lymphangioma
16 π Ectopic Mammary Tissue Nodule
17 π Heterotopic Vulvar Sebaceous Adenoma
18 π Benign Mixed Tumor (Adenomyoepithelioma)
19 π Hypertrophic Scar Nodule
20 π Reactive Fibrous Nodule (Post-suture Granuloma)
π MALIGNANT LESIONS (≈20)
1 π Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Vulva/Perineum)
2 π Basal Cell Carcinoma
3 π Malignant Melanoma of Vulva
4 π Adenocarcinoma of Bartholin Gland
5 π Adenocarcinoma of Skene Gland
6 π Leiomyosarcoma / Rhabdomyosarcoma
7 π Angiosarcoma
8 π Vulvar Lymphoma
9 π Metastasis to Groin
10 π Paget's Disease of Vulva
11 π Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN)
12 π Malignant Granular Cell Tumor
13 π Clear Cell Carcinoma
14 π Adenosquamous Carcinoma
15 π Vaginal Carcinoma Invading Perineum
16 π Rectal Carcinoma Invading Perineum
17 π Recurrent Carcinoma Post-Vulvectomy
18 π Post-Radiation Sarcoma
19 π Cutaneous Metastasis
20 π Merkel Cell Carcinoma
π VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC (≈20)
1 π Vulvar Varicosities
2 π Perineal Varices
3 π Round Ligament Varices
4 π Great Saphenous Vein Varix
5 π Superficial Epigastric Vein Dilatation
6 π Venous Malformation
7 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
8 π Postpartum Perineal Varices
9 π Hemangioma
10 π Cavernous Hemangioma
11 π Lymphangioma Circumscriptum
12 π Lymphocele
13 π Lymphatic Fistula
14 π Lymphangiectasia
15 π Postpartum Vulvar Edema
16 π Arterial Pseudoaneurysm
17 π Perineal Hematoma
18 π Ischemic Necrosis
19 π Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
20 π Post-embolization Vascular Change
π HERNIAL AND FASCIAL DEFECTS (≈15)
1 π Inguinal Hernia (Female)
2 π Femoral Hernia
3 π Obturator Hernia
4 π Spigelian Hernia Extending to Groin
5 π Canal of Nuck Hernia
6 π Round Ligament Hernia
7 π Incisional Hernia
8 π Recurrent Groin Hernia
9 π Strangulated Groin Hernia
10 π Hernia Containing Ovary or Fallopian Tube
11 π Hernia Containing Bowel Loops
12 π Hernia with Bladder Wall Extension
13 π Umbilical Hernia Extending Inferiorly
14 π Post-surgical Hernia at Pfannenstiel Incision
15 π Preperitoneal Fat Herniation (Pseudo-mass)
π TRAUMATIC, OBSTETRIC AND POST-SURGICAL (≈25)
1 π Post-Episiotomy Hematoma
2 π Post-Delivery Perineal Tear (Grade I–IV)
3 π Postpartum Vulvar Hematoma
4 π Postpartum Perineal Hematoma
5 π Forceps/Vacuum Delivery Soft Tissue Injury
6 π Post-Cesarean Groin Seroma
7 π Post-Hysterectomy Groin Lymphocele
8 π Post-Laparoscopic Trocar Site Hematoma
9 π Perineal Tear Dehiscence
10 π Rectovaginal Fistula
11 π Vesicovaginal Fistula
12 π Perineovaginal Fistula
13 π Rectoperineal Fistula
14 π Urethroperineal Fistula
15 π Post-Suture Abscess
16 π Post-Episiotomy Fibrosis / Scar
17 π Post-Bartholin Excision Residual Cavity
18 π Post-Surgery Neuroma
19 π Post-Episiotomy Endometriosis
20 π Post-Radiation Perineal Fibrosis
21 π Perineal Foreign Body Granuloma
22 π Post-Surgical Sinus Tract
23 π Post-Traumatic Fat Necrosis
24 π Perineal Wall Dehiscence with Infection
25 π Episiotomy Scar Defect
π CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL (≈15)
1 π Canal of Nuck Cyst
2 π Persistent Processus Vaginalis
3 π Labial Fusion Anomaly
4 π Imperforate Hymen
5 π Congenital Urethral Diverticulum
6 π Infantile Urethral Cyst
7 π Ectopic Urethral Opening
8 π Congenital Perineal Fistula
9 π Cloacal Anomaly
10 π Duplicated Urethra / Vagina
11 π Congenital Inclusion Cyst
12 π Accessory Mammary Tissue
13 π Accessory Vulvar Gland
14 π Ectopic Ovary in Groin
15 π Congenital Lymphangioma
π SYSTEMIC AND SECONDARY (≈10)
1 π Edema (Cardiac/Renal Failure)
2 π Hypoproteinemia-Induced Vulvar Edema
3 π Elephantiasis (Filariasis)
4 π Crohn's Disease Perineal Involvement
5 π Ulcerative Colitis Perineal Sinus
6 π Radiation Proctitis with Perineal Spread
7 π Leukemia or Lymphoma Infiltration
8 π Diabetic Infection (Necrotizing Fasciitis Risk)
9 π SLE Perineal Vasculitis
10 π Amyloidosis of Vulva
π UROGYNECOLOGIC AND PELVIC FLOOR DISORDERS (≈15)
1 π Cystocele (Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse)
2 π Rectocele (Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse)
3 π Enterocele
4 π Vault Prolapse (Post-Hysterectomy)
5 π Perineal Body Descent
6 π Pelvic Floor Laxity
7 π Perineal Scar Defect Post-Episiotomy
8 π Urethral Hypermobility
9 π Urinary Stress Incontinence
10 π Fecal Incontinence
11 π Anal Sphincter Tear
12 π Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury (OASIS)
13 π Pelvic Floor Dyssynergia
14 π Perineal Descent Syndrome
15 π Post-Sling Surgery Scarring
π EXTRA-GROIN AND SECONDARY CAUSES (≈10)
1 π Pelvic Abscess Tracking to Perineum
2 π Appendiceal Abscess Extending to Groin
3 π Diverticular Abscess to Perineum
4 π Colorectal Carcinoma Invading Perineum
5 π Cervical or Vaginal Carcinoma Extending into Perineum
6 π Urethral Carcinoma Extending Distally
7 π Bladder Carcinoma Invading Anterior Perineum
8 π Retroperitoneal Mass Compressing Groin
9 π Inguinal Lymph Node Metastasis
10 π Soft Tissue Metastasis (Melanoma/Ovarian Carcinoma)
Topic 2: Obstetric & Fetal
2
π First Trimester Obstetric & Fetalπ Second & Third Trimester Obstetric & Fetal
π NT Screening
π Systemic Study Of Fetal Anomaly
π Doppler Studies
π Biophysical Profile / NST
π RMT Assessment
FIRST TRIMESTER OBSTETRIC & FETAL
π
π GS RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Irregular Gestational Sac
2 π Small Gestational Sac for Dates
3 π Collapsed / Crenated Gestational Sac
4 π Low-Lying Gestational Sac
5 π Empty Gestational Sac (Anembryonic Pregnancy)
6 π Absent Yolk Sac
7 π Enlarged Yolk Sac
8 π Irregular / Calcified Yolk Sac
9 π Absent Fetal Pole
10 π Static Gestational Sac Size
11 π Slow Gestational Sac Growth (<1 mm/day)
12 π Gestational Sac Smaller than CRL
13 π Interval Non-visualization of Embryo
14 π Irregular GS + Enlarged Yolk Sac
15 π Abnormal GS with Absent Cardiac Activity
16 π Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins (Two GS)
17 π Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins
18 π Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins
19 π Twin Pregnancy with Vanishing Twin
20 π Trichorionic Triamniotic Triplets (Three GS)
21 π Dichorionic Triamniotic Triplets
22 π Monochorionic Triamniotic Triplets
23 π Higher-Order Pregnancy (Quadruplets or More)
24 π Vanishing Fetus in Multiple Pregnancy
25 π Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
26 π Interstitial (Cornual) Pregnancy
27 π Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy
28 π Cesarean Scar Pregnancy
29 π Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy
30 π Abdominal Ectopic Pregnancy
31 π Heterotopic Pregnancy
32 π Ovarian Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
33 π Complete Hydatidiform Mole
34 π Partial Hydatidiform Mole
35 π Early Complete Mole (Pre–Snowstorm Appearance)
36 π Pregnancy with Complete Mole and Coexisting Normal GS
π EMBRYO RELATED FINDINGS
1 π HR Not Detected in Normal Early Embryonic Pole
2 π Absent Cardiac Activity (Embryonic Demise)
3 π Bradycardia (<100 bpm)
4 π Tachycardia (>180 bpm)
5 π CRL Smaller than Expected for Dates
6 π Failure of Interval Embryonic Growth
7 π CRL–GS Size Discordance
8 π Inevitable Abortion
9 π Enlarged Yolk Sac with Embryo
10 π Absent Yolk Sac with Visible Embryo
11 π Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins
12 π Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins (DCDA)
13 π Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins (MCDA)
14 π Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins (MCMA)
15 π Vanishing Twin Syndrome
16 π Live Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
17 π Interstitial (Cornual) Pregnancy with Embryo
18 π Cervical Pregnancy with Cardiac Activity
19 π Cesarean Scar Pregnancy with Embryo
20 π Heterotopic Pregnancy
21 π Partial Hydatidiform Mole with Embryo
22 π Complete Mole with Coexisting Normal Embryo
23 π Complete Mole with Pseudogestational Embryonic Structures
π EARLY MALFORMATIONS
1 π Acrania
2 π Anencephaly
3 π Holoprosencephaly
4 π Cephalocele / Meningocele
5 π Facial Clefts
6 π Absent Nasal Bone
7 π Cystic Hygroma
8 π Spina Bifida
9 π Ectopia Cordis
10 π Omphalocele
11 π Gastroschisis
12 π Megacystis
13 π Fetal Anasarca (Hydrops Fetalis)
14 π Polydactyly
15 π Fetal Pleural Effusion
16 π Fetal Pericardial Effusion
17 π Fetal Ascites
18 π Twin Anemia–Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS)
19 π Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
20 π Stuck Twin Syndrome
21 π Fetus Papyraceus
22 π Hydrops Fetalis
23 π Isolated Fetal Ascites
24 π Extensive Fetal Lymphedema
25 π Primary Fetal Chylothorax
26 π Fetal Lymphangiectasia
27 π Hydropic Changes with Suspected Down Syndrome
28 π Vein of Galen Malformation
29 π Turner Syndrome (45,X)
30 π Immune Fetal Hydrops (Ascites)
31 π Fetal Skin Edema / Anasarca
32 π Placental Edema (Placentomegaly)
33 π Fetal Pericardial Effusion
34 π Fetal Death In Utero (FDIU)
35 π Single Fetus FDIU in Stuck Twin Syndrome
36 π Single Fetus FDIU in Twin Pregnancy
37 π Single Fetus FDIU in Triplet Pregnancy
38 π Double Fetal Demise (FDIU) in Triplet Pregnancy
π OTHER FINDINGS
1 π Subchorionic Hematoma
2 π Retroplacental Hemorrhage (Early)
3 π Partial Hydatidiform Mole with Fetal Demise
SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER OBSTETRIC & FETAL
π
π FETAL VIABILITY ABNORMALITIES
1 π Intrauterine Fetal Demise (IUFD)
2 π Persistent Fetal Bradycardia
3 π Persistent Fetal Tachycardia
π FETAL GROWTH ABNORMALITIES
1 π Early-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR)
2 π Biometric Discordance (BPD / HC / AC / FL)
3 π Asymmetrical Biometric Discordance (Reduced AC Size)
4 π Symmetrical Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
5 π Asymmetrical Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
6 π isolated short femur
π PREGNANCY LOSS (SECOND TRIMESTER)
1 π Missed Abortion (Late)
2 π Incomplete Abortion
3 π Inevitable Abortion
π MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
1 π Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins
2 π Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins
3 π Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins
4 π Triplet / Higher-Order Pregnancy
5 π Growth Discordance (>20%)
6 π Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
7 π Selective Fetal Growth Restriction (sFGR)
8 π Single Fetal Demise in Multiple Pregnancy
9 π Fetus Papyraceus
π PLACENTAL ABNORMALITIES
1 π Placenta Previa
2 π Low-Lying Placenta
3 π Placental Abruption (Retroplacental Hematoma)
4 π Placenta Accreta Spectrum (Suspicion)
5 π Placental Mass / Chorioangioma
π UMBILICAL CORD ABNORMALITIES
1 π Single Umbilical Artery
2 π Marginal Cord Insertion
3 π Velamentous Cord Insertion
4 π Umbilical Cord Cyst
5 π True Knot of Umbilical Cord
6 π Single Loop Nuchal Cord
7 π Double Loop Nuchal Cord
8 π Triple Loop Nuchal Cord
9 π Four Loop Nuchal Cord
π AMNIOTIC FLUID ABNORMALITIES
1 π Mild Oligohydramnios
2 π Moderate Oligohydramnios
3 π Severe Oligohydramnios
4 π Mild Polyhydramnios
5 π Moderate Polyhydramnios
6 π Severe Polyhydramnios
7 π Amniotic Band Syndrome
π STRUCTURAL ANOMALIES (ANOMALY SCAN)
1 π Ventriculomegaly
2 π Spina Bifida
3 π Dandy–Walker Malformation
4 π Cleft Lip and Palate
5 π Micrognathia
6 π Congenital Heart Disease
7 π Abnormal Outflow Tracts
8 π Omphalocele
9 π Gastroschisis
10 π Hydronephrosis
11 π Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
12 π Short Long Bones
13 π Skeletal Dysplasia
π MOLAR & TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
1 π Partial Mole with Fetus
2 π Complete Mole with Coexisting Fetus
π ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS
1 π Cervical Incompetence
2 π Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM)
3 π Chorioamnionitis (Indirect Signs)
NT SCREENING
π1 π Increased Nuchal Translucency (NT)
2 π Absent Nasal Bone
3 π Hypoplastic Nasal Bone
4 π Cystic Hygroma
5 π Fetal Hydrops
6 π Reversed Ductus Venosus A-Wave
7 π Tricuspid Regurgitation
8 π Abnormal Frontomaxillary Facial Angle
9 π Holoprosencephaly
10 π Acrania
11 π Anencephaly
12 π Encephalocele
13 π Spina Bifida
14 π Facial Cleft
15 π Micrognathia
16 π Omphalocele
17 π Gastroschisis
18 π Megacystis
19 π Congenital Heart Defect
20 π Early Fetal Growth Restriction
21 π Monochorionic Twin Pregnancy
22 π Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP)
23 π Early Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
24 π Turner Syndrome (45,X)
25 π Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome Markers)
26 π Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome Markers)
27 π Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome Markers)
28 π Triploidy
29 π Fetal Tachycardia
30 π Fetal Bradycardia
SYSTEMIC STUDY OF FETAL ANOMALY
ππHYDROPS FETALIS / WATER BABY
Fetal Hydrops (≥2 Abnormal Fluid Compartments)
1 π Fetal Skin Edema with Ascites
2 π Fetal Skin Edema with Ascites and Pericardial Effusion
3 π Fetal Skin Edema with Ascites, Pericardial and Pleural Effusion
4 π Immune Hydrops Fetalis
5 π Rh Isoimmunization–Related Hydrops
6 π Severe Fetal Anemia (Immune)
7 π Elevated MCA Peak Systolic Velocity (>1.5 MoM)
8 π Structural Congenital Heart Disease with Hydrops
9 π Fetal Cardiomyopathy
10 π Fetal Arrhythmia–Related Hydrops
11 π High-Output Cardiac Failure
12 π Severe Fetal Anemia (Non-Immune)
13 π Parvovirus B19–Related Hydrops
14 π Fetomaternal Hemorrhage
15 π Alpha Thalassemia–Associated Hydrops
16 π Primary Chylothorax
17 π Lymphangiectasia
18 π Extensive Fetal Lymphedema
19 π Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation with Hydrops
20 π Turner Syndrome–Associated Hydrops
21 π Down Syndrome with Hydropic Changes
22 π Trisomy 18–Associated Hydrops
23 π Trisomy 13–Associated Hydrops
24 π Vein of Galen Malformation with Hydrops
25 π Large Arteriovenous Malformation
26 π Isolated Fetal Ascites
27 π Meconium Peritonitis with Ascites
28 π Intestinal Atresia with Secondary Hydrops
29 π Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence (TRAP)
30 π Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome with Hydrops
31 π Mild Hydrops
32 π Severe Generalized Hydrops
33 π Early-Onset Hydrops (Poor Prognosis)
34 π Late-Onset Hydrops
35 π Raised MCA PSV
36 π Absent / Reversed Ductus Venosus a-Wave
37 π Umbilical Vein Pulsations
38 π Progressive Hydrops on Serial Scans
39 π Partial Resolution of Hydrops
40 π Intrauterine Fetal Demise with Hydrops
πCONJOINED TWINS
1 π Conjoined Twins (Monozygotic Monochorionic)
2 π Inseparable Fetal Bodies on Real-Time Scan
3 π Constant Relative Fetal Positions
4 π Inability to Separate Fetal Skin Contours
5 π Thoracopagus (Chest Fusion)
6 π Omphalopagus (Abdominal Fusion)
7 π Thoraco-Omphalopagus
8 π Craniopagus (Head Fusion)
9 π Ischiopagus (Pelvic Fusion)
10 π Pygopagus (Sacral Fusion)
11 π Parapagus (Side-by-Side Fusion)
12 π Shared Heart (Single or Fused Cardiac Chambers)
13 π Separate Hearts with Vascular Connections
14 π Complex Congenital Heart Disease
15 π Shared Great Vessels
16 π Shared Brain Structures
17 π Fused Skull with Separate or Common Brains
18 π Facial Duplication or Fusion
19 π Shared Liver (Most Common)
20 π Shared Gastrointestinal Tract
21 π Shared Diaphragm
22 π Shared Genitourinary Structures
23 π Complete Limb Fusion
24 π Partial Limb Fusion
25 π Sirenomelia (Mermaid Syndrome)
26 π Soft Tissue Fusion
27 π Skeletal Fusion
28 π Surgical Separability Assessment
29 π Associated Structural Anomalies
30 π Overall Survival Prognosis
π FETAL GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AND SYNDROMES
1 π Syndromic vs Non-Syndromic Pattern
2 π Multiple Congenital Anomalies (MCA)
3 π Isolated Soft Markers
4 π Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
5 π Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
6 π Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
7 π Turner Syndrome (45,X)
8 π Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)
9 π Triploidy
10 π Noonan Syndrome
11 π DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion)
12 π Smith–Lemli–Opitz Syndrome
13 π Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
14 π Skeletal Dysplasia–Related Syndromes
15 π Dandy–Walker Syndrome
16 π Arnold–Chiari II (Spina Bifida)
17 π Holoprosencephaly Syndromes
18 π Agenesis of Corpus Callosum (Syndromic)
19 π Lissencephaly–Associated Syndromes
20 π Holt–Oram Syndrome
21 π Ellis–van Creveld Syndrome
22 π Alagille Syndrome
23 π Ivemark Syndrome (Heterotaxy)
24 π Pierre Robin Sequence
25 π Treacher Collins Syndrome
26 π Goldenhar Syndrome
27 π Binder Syndrome
28 π Thanatophoric Dysplasia
29 π Achondroplasia
30 π Osteogenesis Imperfecta
31 π Campomelic Dysplasia
32 π Short Rib–Polydactyly Syndrome
33 π Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome
34 π VACTERL Association
35 π Meconium Peritonitis (Syndromic)
36 π Potter Sequence
37 π Fraser Syndrome
38 π Meckel–Gruber Syndrome
39 π Bardet–Biedl Syndrome
40 π Joubert Syndrome
41 π Zellweger Syndrome
42 π Russell–Silver Syndrome
43 π Prader–Willi Syndrome (Suspected)
44 π Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
45 π Twin Anemia–Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS)
46 π TRAP Sequence (Acardiac Twin)
47 π Conjoined Twin Syndrome
48 π NIPT / cfDNA Screening
49 π Invasive Testing (CVS / Amniocentesis)
50 π Karyotype / Microarray
51 π Whole Exome Sequencing (WES)
52 π Genetic Counseling Recommended
π UMBILICAL CORD
1 π Number of Vessels (Two- vs Three-Vessel Cord)
2 π Cord Insertion Site Assessment
3 π Cord Length (Short / Normal / Long)
4 π Cord Coiling Index (Hypo- / Normo- / Hypercoiled)
5 π Wharton’s Jelly Quantity
6 π Single Umbilical Artery (SUA)
7 π Supernumerary Umbilical Vein
8 π Persistent Right Umbilical Vein (PRUV)
9 π Umbilical Vein Varix (Intra-abdominal / Extra-abdominal)
10 π Umbilical Artery Thrombosis
11 π Central (Normal) Cord Insertion
12 π Eccentric Cord Insertion
13 π Marginal Cord Insertion (Battledore)
14 π Velamentous Cord Insertion
15 π Furcate Cord Insertion
16 π Single Loop Nuchal Cord
17 π Double Loop Nuchal Cord
18 π Triple Loop Nuchal Cord
19 π Multiple Loop Nuchal Cord (≥4)
20 π Incomplete / Partial Nuchal Loop
21 π Nuchal Cord with Body Loop
22 π Nuchal Cord with Limb Loop
23 π Nuchal Cord with True Knot
24 π Umbilical Cord Around Trunk
25 π Thoracic (Chest) Loop
26 π Abdominal Loop
27 π Shoulder Girdle Loop
28 π Neck–Body Combined Loop
29 π Umbilical Cord Around Arm
30 π Umbilical Cord Around Forearm
31 π Umbilical Cord Around Hand
32 π Umbilical Cord Around Thigh
33 π Umbilical Cord Around Leg
34 π Umbilical Cord Around Foot
35 π Single Limb Entanglement
36 π Multiple Limb Entanglement
37 π Neck + Limb Entanglement
38 π True Knot of Umbilical Cord
39 π False Knot (Vessel Redundancy / Wharton’s Jelly)
40 π Neck + Trunk Entanglement
41 π Figure-of-Eight Cord Loop
42 π Interlocking Cord Loops
43 π Cord Prolapse with Entanglement
44 π Entanglement in Multiple Pregnancy
45 π Cord Entanglement in Monoamniotic Twins
46 π Cord Entanglement with Short Umbilical Cord
47 π Cord Entanglement with Velamentous Insertion
48 π Short Umbilical Cord
49 π Long Umbilical Cord
50 π Cord Cyst (True / Pseudocyst)
51 π Umbilical Cord Hematoma
52 π Absent or Reduced Wharton’s Jelly
53 π Thin Cord
54 π Thickened Cord
55 π Hypocoiled Cord
56 π Hypercoiled Cord
57 π Absent Coiling
58 π Absent End-Diastolic Flow (AEDF)
59 π Reversed End-Diastolic Flow (REDF)
60 π Increased Umbilical Artery PI
61 π Umbilical Vein Pulsations
62 π Abnormal Arterio-Venous Ratio
63 π Fetal Growth Restriction–Associated Cord Abnormalities
64 π Chromosomal Anomalies Associated with SUA
65 π Stillbirth Risk–Associated Cord Lesions
π PLACENTA
1 π Placental Thickness
2 π Placental Texture & Homogeneity
3 π Placental Maturity for Gestational Age
4 π Low-Lying Placenta
5 π Placenta Previa – Marginal
6 π Placenta Previa – Partial
7 π Placenta Previa – Complete
8 π Bilobed Placenta
9 π Succenturiate Lobe
10 π Circumvallate Placenta
11 π Circummarginate Placenta
12 π Placenta Membranacea
13 π Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS)
14 π Placenta Accreta
15 π Placenta Increta
16 π Placenta Percreta
17 π Loss of Retroplacental Clear Zone
18 π Placental Lakes (Venous Lakes)
19 π Placental Lacunae (PAS-Related)
20 π Subchorionic Hematoma
21 π Retroplacental Hematoma (Abruption)
22 π Intervillous Thrombosis
23 π Placentomegaly
24 π Small Placenta for Gestational Age
25 π Thin Placenta
26 π Thick Placenta
27 π Increased Uterine Artery PI
28 π Early Diastolic Notching
29 π Reduced Placental Perfusion
30 π Abnormal Placental Vascularity
31 π Placental Chorioangioma
32 π Placental Teratoma
33 π Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia
34 π Monochorionic Placenta
35 π Dichorionic Placenta
36 π Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
37 π Twin Anemia–Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS)
38 π Selective Fetal Growth Restriction (sFGR)
39 π Placental Abruption Risk Features
40 π Preeclampsia-Related Placental Changes
41 π Maternal Vascular Malperfusion (MVM)
42 π Villous Infarction
43 π Accelerated Villous Maturation
44 π Distal Villous Hypoplasia
45 π Fetal Growth Restriction–Associated Placental Disease
46 π Intervillous Thrombi
47 π Placental Hypoplasia
48 π Stillbirth Risk–Associated Placental Findings
π AMNIOTIC FLUID
1 π Borderline Low Amniotic Fluid (AFI 5–8 cm)
2 π Mild Oligohydramnios (AFI 4–5 cm)
3 π Moderate Oligohydramnios (AFI 2–4 cm)
4 π Severe Oligohydramnios (AFI <2 cm)
5 π Borderline Increased Amniotic Fluid (AFI 20–24 cm)
6 π Mild Polyhydramnios (AFI 25–29 cm)
7 π Moderate Polyhydramnios (AFI 30–34 cm)
8 π Severe Polyhydramnios (AFI ≥35 cm)
9 π Echogenic Amniotic Fluid
10 π Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid
11 π Amniotic Fluid with Debris / Vernix Particles
12 π Amniotic Fluid with Suspended Echoes
13 π Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM)
14 π Normal Amniotic Fluid Volume (AFI 8–20 cm)
15 π Reduced Single Deepest Pocket (SDP <2 cm)
16 π Increased Single Deepest Pocket (SDP ≥8 cm)
17 π Anhydramnios
18 π Oligohydramnios with Fetal Growth Restriction
19 π Polyhydramnios Associated with Gestational Diabetes
20 π Polyhydramnios Associated with Fetal Anomaly
π FETAL FACE
i. Midline & Orbital Abnormalities
1 π Hypotelorism (Reduced Interorbital Distance)
2 π Hypertelorism (Increased Interorbital Distance)
3 π Telecanthus
4 π Cyclopia / Synophthalmia
5 π Absent or Hypoplastic Nasal Bone
6 π Single Nostril / Proboscis
ii. Nasal & Nasomaxillary Abnormalities
7 π Flat Nasal Bridge
8 π Broad Nasal Bridge
9 π Bifid Nose
10 π Choanal Atresia (Indirect Signs)
11 π Nasal Bone Shortening (Soft Marker)
iii. Orofacial Clefts
12 π Unilateral Cleft Lip
13 π Bilateral Cleft Lip
14 π Cleft Lip with Cleft Palate
15 π Isolated Cleft Palate (Indirect Ultrasound Signs)
16 π Median Facial Cleft
iv. Mandibular & Jaw Abnormalities
17 π Micrognathia
18 π Retrognathia
19 π Prognathism
20 π Agnathia
21 π Mandibular Asymmetry
v. Ear & Lateral Facial Abnormalities
22 π Low-Set Ears
23 π Posteriorly Rotated Ears
24 π Microtia / Anotia
25 π Preauricular Tags or Pits
vi. Functional & Dynamic Assessment
26 π Normal Fetal Swallowing Movements
27 π Normal Mouth Opening and Closure
28 π Tongue Visualization within Oral Cavity
29 π Macroglossia
vii. Associated Soft Markers
30 π Absent / Hypoplastic Nasal Bone (Aneuploidy Marker)
31 π Flat Facial Profile
32 π Increased Prefrontal Thickness
viii. Etiological & Syndromic Associations
33 π Chromosomal Abnormalities (Trisomy 13, 18, 21)
34 π Holoprosencephaly Spectrum
35 π Pierre Robin Sequence
36 π Treacher Collins Syndrome
37 π Goldenhar Syndrome (Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum)
38 π Skeletal Dysplasias
π FETAL NECK
i. Fetal Neck – Core Assessment
1 π Normal Fetal Neck Contour
2 π Normal Nuchal Region without Mass or Thickening
3 π Symmetrical Cervical Soft Tissues
4 π Normal Cervical Spine Alignment
ii. Nuchal Thickness / NT Assessment
5 π Normal Nuchal Translucency (11–13+6 Weeks)
6 π Increased Nuchal Translucency
7 π Thickened Nuchal Fold (Second Trimester)
8 π Absent or Indistinct Nuchal Fold
iii. Cystic & Fluid Collections
9 π Cystic Hygroma (Septated)
10 π Non-Septated Cystic Hygroma
11 π Posterior Cervical Fluid Collection
12 π Generalized Nuchal Edema
iv. Solid / Complex Masses
13 π Cervical Teratoma
14 π Lymphatic Malformation
15 π Hemangioma / Vascular Malformation
16 π Thyroid Enlargement (Fetal Goiter)
v. Airway & Functional Considerations
17 π Normal Fetal Neck Extension and Flexion
18 π Airway Compression or Deviation
19 π Tracheal Displacement
20 π Impaired Fetal Swallowing
vi. Associated Findings
21 π Associated Hydrops Fetalis
22 π Polyhydramnios (Swallowing Impairment)
23 π Abnormal Cervical Spine or Vertebral Defects
24 π Facial or Thoracic Extension of Neck Mass
vii. Soft Markers & Screening Significance
25 π Increased NT – Aneuploidy Risk
26 π Thickened Nuchal Fold – Trisomy 21 Marker
27 π Persistent Nuchal Edema
viii. Etiological & Syndromic Associations
28 π Chromosomal Abnormalities (Trisomy 21, 18, 13)
29 π Turner Syndrome (45,X)
30 π Noonan Syndrome
31 π Congenital Heart Disease
32 π Skeletal Dysplasias
π FETAL CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
i. Central Nervous System – Core Assessment
1 π Normal Cranial Shape and Size
2 π Intact Calvarium
3 π Normal Brain Echogenicity
4 π Symmetrical Cerebral Hemispheres
ii. Ventricular System
5 π Normal Lateral Ventricles (<10 mm)
6 π Mild Ventriculomegaly (10–12 mm)
7 π Moderate Ventriculomegaly (13–15 mm)
8 π Severe Ventriculomegaly (>15 mm)
9 π Dangling Choroid Plexus
iii. Midline Structures
10 π Cavum Septi Pellucidi Present
11 π Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi
12 π Corpus Callosum Visualized
13 π Agenesis / Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum
14 π Midline Shift
iv. Posterior Fossa
15 π Normal Cerebellum (Transcerebellar Diameter Appropriate)
16 π Normal Cisterna Magna (2–10 mm)
17 π Dandy–Walker Malformation
18 π Blake’s Pouch Cyst
19 π Mega Cisterna Magna
20 π Cerebellar Hypoplasia
v. Neural Tube Defects
21 π Anencephaly
22 π Acrania / Exencephaly
23 π Encephalocele
24 π Spina Bifida (Indirect Cranial Signs)
25 π Lemon Sign
26 π Banana Sign
vi. Cortical & Migration Abnormalities
27 π Normal Sulcation Pattern (Gestational Age Appropriate)
28 π Lissencephaly
29 π Polymicrogyria
30 π Schizencephaly
31 π Gray Matter Heterotopia
vii. Intracranial Cysts & Masses
32 π Arachnoid Cyst
33 π Porencephalic Cyst
34 π Choroid Plexus Cyst
35 π Intracranial Hemorrhage
36 π Intracranial Tumor
viii. Cerebral Vasculature
37 π Normal Pericallosal Artery
38 π Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
39 π Abnormal Intracranial Doppler Flow
ix. Functional & Dynamic Assessment
40 π Normal Fetal Head Movements
41 π Normal Brainstem Appearance
42 π Abnormal Fetal Neurological Behavior
x. Soft Markers & Associations
43 π Choroid Plexus Cysts (Aneuploidy Marker)
44 π Ventriculomegaly – Chromosomal Risk
45 π Absent CSP – Holoprosencephaly Spectrum
xi. Etiological & Syndromic Associations
46 π Chromosomal Abnormalities (Trisomy 13, 18)
47 π Congenital Infections (TORCH)
48 π Genetic Syndromes
49 π Neural Tube Defects
50 π Fetal Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Injury
π NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS [ CRANIUM AND SPINE ]
i. Neural Tube Defects – Core Assessment
1 π Intact Cranial Vault
2 π Intact Vertebral Arches
3 π Normal Skin Coverage over Spine
4 π Normal Craniospinal Alignment
ii. Cranial Neural Tube Defects
5 π Anencephaly
6 π Acrania
7 π Exencephaly
8 π Encephalocele (Occipital / Parietal / Frontal)
9 π Cranial Meningocele
10 π Craniorachischisis
iii. Spinal Neural Tube Defects
11 π Open Spina Bifida
12 π Closed Spina Bifida
13 π Myelomeningocele
14 π Meningocele
15 π Myeloschisis
16 π Rachischisis
17 π Sacral Level Defect
18 π Lumbar Level Defect
19 π Thoracic Level Defect
20 π Cervical Level Defect
iv. Indirect Cranial Signs (Spina Bifida)
21 π Lemon Sign (Frontal Bone Scalloping)
22 π Banana Sign (Cerebellar Shape Abnormality)
23 π Obliterated Cisterna Magna
24 π Ventriculomegaly
25 π Small Posterior Fossa
v. First-Trimester Markers
26 π Absent Cranial Vault (11–13+6 Weeks)
27 π Irregular Brain Tissue Exposure
28 π Abnormal Brainstem-to-Occipital Bone Ratio
29 π Intracranial Translucency Absent
vi. Associated CNS Abnormalities
30 π Chiari I Malformation
31 π Arnold–Chiari II Malformation
32 π Chiari III Malformation
33 π Chiari IV Malformation
34 π Hydrocephalus
35 π Agenesis of Corpus Callosum
36 π Posterior Fossa Abnormalities
vii. Associated Systemic Findings
37 π Lower Limb Deformities
38 π Clubfoot (Talipes)
39 π Neurogenic Bladder
40 π Polyhydramnios
viii. Etiological & Risk Factors
41 π Folic Acid Deficiency
42 π Maternal Diabetes Mellitus
43 π Antiepileptic Drug Exposure
44 π Genetic Predisposition
45 π Hyperthermia in Early Pregnancy
ix. Prognostic & Counseling Points
46 π Level of Lesion Determines Neurological Outcome
47 π Open vs Closed Defect Prognosis
48 π Associated Chromosomal / Structural Anomalies
49 π Eligibility for Prenatal Surgical Repair
50 π Eligibility for Postnatal Surgical Repair
π CARDIAC ANOMALIES
i. Cardiac Anomalies – Core Cardiac Assessment
1 π Normal Cardiac Position (Levocardia)
2 π Normal Cardiac Axis (45° ± 20°)
3 π Normal Cardiac Size (Cardiothoracic Ratio)
4 π Normal Situs (Situs Solitus)
5 π Normal Heart Rate and Rhythm
ii. Four-Chamber View Abnormalities
6 π Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)
7 π Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
8 π Atrial Septal Defect (Primum / Secundum)
9 π Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
10 π Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome
11 π Single Ventricle Physiology
iii. Atrioventricular Valves
12 π Tricuspid Atresia
13 π Mitral Atresia
14 π Ebstein Anomaly
15 π Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation
16 π Common AV Valve
iv. Outflow Tract Abnormalities
17 π Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
18 π Tetralogy of Fallot
19 π Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
20 π Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
21 π Pulmonary Atresia
22 π Aortic Stenosis / Atresia
v. Three-Vessel & Arch View
23 π Normal Three-Vessel View
24 π Absent or Abnormal Pulmonary Artery
25 π Right-Sided Aortic Arch
26 π Coarctation of Aorta (Suspicious Features)
27 π Interrupted Aortic Arch
vi. Rhythm & Conduction Disorders
28 π Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
29 π Fetal Bradyarrhythmia
30 π Atrioventricular Block
31 π Supraventricular Tachycardia
32 π Irregular Rhythm (Ectopic Beats)
vii. Functional Assessment
33 π Normal Ventricular Contractility
34 π Cardiac Failure / Poor Contractility
35 π Cardiomegaly
36 π Pericardial Effusion
viii. Doppler Findings
37 π Abnormal AV Valve Doppler
38 π Outflow Tract Turbulence
39 π Abnormal Ductus Venosus Flow
40 π Reversed Flow in Aortic Arch
ix. Associated Findings
41 π Hydrops Fetalis
42 π Extracardiac Structural Anomalies
43 π Increased Nuchal Translucency
44 π Growth Restriction
x. Etiological & Syndromic Associations
45 π Chromosomal Abnormalities (Trisomy 21, 18, 13)
46 π 22q11 Deletion Syndrome
47 π Maternal Diabetes Mellitus
48 π Congenital Infections
49 π Familial Congenital Heart Disease
π FETAL THORAX
i. Fetal Thorax – Core Assessment
1 π Normal Thoracic Shape and Size
2 π Symmetrical Thoracic Cavity
3 π Normal Thoracic Circumference
4 π Intact Thoracic Wall
ii. Lung Parenchyma
5 π Normal Homogeneous Lung Echotexture
6 π Increased Lung Echogenicity
7 π Reduced Lung Volume
8 π Lung Mass Lesion
iii. Congenital Lung Malformations
9 π Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM)
10 π Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
11 π Hybrid Lung Lesion
12 π Bronchogenic Cyst
iv. Diaphragm
13 π Intact Diaphragm
14 π Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (Left-sided)
15 π Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (Right-sided)
16 π Eventration of Diaphragm
v. Mediastinum
17 π Normal Mediastinal Position
18 π Mediastinal Shift
19 π Compression of Heart
vi. Pleural Space
20 π Fetal moderate Pleural Effusion (Atrial Swirl Sign (ASS))
21 π Unilateral Pleural Effusion
22 π Bilateral Pleural Effusion
23 π Chylothorax
vii. Thoracic Skeletal Structures
24 π Normal Rib Number and Orientation
25 π Short Ribs
26 π Rib Fractures
27 π Narrow / Bell-Shaped Thorax
viii. Functional & Doppler Assessment
28 π Normal Fetal Breathing Movements
29 π Reduced or Absent Breathing Movements
30 π Abnormal Pulmonary Blood Supply
ix. Associated Findings
31 π Polyhydramnios
32 π Hydrops Fetalis
33 π Cardiac Displacement
34 π Associated Extrathoracic Anomalies
x. Etiological & Syndromic Associations
35 π Chromosomal Abnormalities
36 π Skeletal Dysplasias
37 π Congenital Infections
38 π Isolated Thoracic Anomaly
π FETAL GASTROINTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES
i. Gastrointestinal Abnormalities – Core Assessment
1 π Normal Abdominal Situs
2 π Normal Abdominal Wall Integrity
3 π Normal Stomach Position and Size
4 π Normal Bowel Echogenicity
5 π Normal Peristalsis
ii. Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
6 π Absent Stomach Bubble
7 π Small Stomach
8 π Persistently Enlarged Stomach
9 π Esophageal Atresia (Indirect Signs)
10 π Duodenal Atresia (Double Bubble Sign)
iii. Mid & Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
11 π Dilated Small Bowel Loops
12 π Dilated Large Bowel / Colon
13 π Bowel Obstruction (Level Uncertain)
14 π Ileal / Jejunal Atresia
15 π Colonic Atresia
iv. Bowel Echogenicity & Content
16 π Echogenic Bowel
17 π Intraluminal Debris / Meconium
18 π Meconium Ileus
19 π Calcified Meconium
v. Abdominal Wall Defects
20 π Omphalocele
21 π Gastroschisis
22 π Umbilical Hernia
23 π Body Stalk Anomaly
24 π Limb–Body Wall Complex (LBWC)
25 π Abdominoschisis
26 π Thoracoabdominoschisis
27 π Amorphous Fetus
vi. Peritoneal Findings
28 π Ascites
29 π Meconium Peritonitis
30 π Peritoneal Calcifications
31 π Pseudocyst Formation
vii. Functional & Dynamic Assessment
32 π Normal Swallowing
33 π Impaired Swallowing
34 π Absent or Reduced Peristalsis
viii. Associated Findings
35 π Polyhydramnios
36 π Oligohydramnios
37 π Growth Restriction
38 π Extracardiac Structural Anomalies
ix. Etiological & Syndromic Associations
39 π Cystic Fibrosis (Syndrome Association)
40 π Congenital Infections (TORCH)
41 π Vascular Insults
42 π Isolated Gastrointestinal Malformation
π FETAL GENITOURINARY ABNORMALITIES
i. Genitourinary Abnormalities – Core Assessment
1 π Normal Renal Position
2 π Normal Renal Size and Shape
3 π Bilateral Renal Visualization
4 π Normal Renal Echogenicity
5 π Normal Urinary Bladder Filling and Emptying
ii. Renal Agenesis & Dysgenesis
6 π Unilateral Renal Agenesis
7 π Bilateral Renal Agenesis
8 π Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK)
9 π Renal Hypoplasia
10 π Renal Dysplasia
iii. Renal Position & Fusion Anomalies
11 π Pelvic Kidney
12 π Ectopic Kidney
13 π Horseshoe Kidney
14 π Crossed Fused Renal Ectopia
iv. Collecting System Abnormalities
15 π Pyelectasis
16 π Hydronephrosis
17 π Hydroureter
18 π Duplex Collecting System
19 π Ureterocele
v. Lower Urinary Tract
20 π Enlarged Urinary Bladder (Megacystis)
21 π Thickened Bladder Wall
22 π Posterior Urethral Valves (Keyhole Sign)
23 π Urethral Atresia
vi. Amniotic Fluid Association
24 π Normal Amniotic Fluid Volume
25 π Oligohydramnios
26 π Anhydramnios
27 π Polyhydramnios
vii. External Genitalia
28 π Normal Male Genitalia
29 π Normal Female Genitalia
30 π Ambiguous Genitalia
31 π Hypospadias (Indirect Signs)
32 π Undescended Testes
viii. Associated Findings
33 π Pulmonary Hypoplasia
34 π Growth Restriction
35 π Single Umbilical Artery
36 π Extrarenal Structural Anomalies
ix. Etiological & Syndromic Associations
37 π Chromosomal Abnormalities
38 π Obstructive Uropathy
39 π Congenital Infections
40 π Syndromic Associations (VACTERL, Meckel–Gruber)
41 π Isolated Genitourinary Anomaly
π FETAL MUSCULOSKELETAL ABNORMALITIES
i. Fetal Skeletal Dysplasia – Core Assessment
1 π Normal Skeletal Growth Pattern
2 π Lethal vs Non-Lethal Dysplasia Pattern
3 π Symmetrical vs Asymmetrical Limb Involvement
ii. Limb Length & Proportions
4 π Mesomelia (Middle Segment Shortening)
5 π Rhizomelia (Proximal Limb Shortening)
6 π Acromelia (Distal Limb Shortening)
7 π Micromelia (Severe Global Limb Shortening)
8 π Isolated Short Long Bones
iii. Long Bone Morphology
9 π Bowed Long Bones
10 π Fractures of Long Bones
11 π Angulated Long Bones
12 π Dumbbell-Shaped Bones
13 π Thickened or Thin Long Bones
iv. Thorax & Ribs
14 π Narrow Thorax
15 π Bell-Shaped Thorax
16 π Short Ribs
17 π Rib Fractures
18 π Thoracic Hypoplasia (Lethal Indicator)
v. Skull & Facial Findings
19 π Macrocephaly
20 π Microcephaly
21 π Frontal Bossing
22 π Cloverleaf Skull (KleeblattschΓ€del)
23 π Depressed Nasal Bridge
vi. Hands & Feet
24 π Polydactyly
25 π Syndactyly
26 π Brachydactyly
27 π Clinodactyly
28 π Trident Hand
vii. Spine
29 π Platyspondyly
30 π Hemivertebrae
31 π Scoliosis
32 π Kyphosis
viii. Bone Mineralization
33 π Normal Ossification
34 π Hypomineralization
35 π Poor Skull Ossification (Compressible Skull)
π Lethal Skeletal Dysplasias
36 π Thanatophoric Dysplasia
37 π Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II
38 π Achondrogenesis
39 π Campomelic Dysplasia
π Non-Lethal / Variable Prognosis Dysplasias
40 π Achondroplasia
41 π Hypochondroplasia
42 π Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Non-Type II / Survivable Forms)
43 π Short Rib–Polydactyly Syndromes
44 π Ellis–van Creveld Syndrome
π Other Fetal Skeletal Dysplasias
45 π Diastrophic Dysplasia
46 π Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia
47 π Chondrodysplasia Punctata
48 π Cleidocranial Dysplasia
49 π Metatropic Dysplasia
DOPPLER STUDIES
π
π NORMAL FETAL & MATERNAL DOPPLER STUDIES (≈15)
1 π Normal Umbilical Artery Doppler
2 π Normal Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Doppler
3 π Normal Cerebroplacental Ratio (CPR)
4 π Normal Ductus Venosus Doppler
5 π Normal Umbilical Vein Doppler
6 π Normal Uterine Artery Doppler
7 π Normal Fetal Aortic Doppler
8 π Normal Fetal Pulmonary Artery Doppler
9 π Normal Fetal Renal Artery Doppler
10 π Normal Tricuspid Valve Doppler
11 π Normal Cardiac Outflow Doppler
12 π Normal Ductus Arteriosus Doppler
13 π Normal Venous Circulation Doppler
14 π Normal Fetal Hemodynamic Assessment
15 π Normal Twin Pregnancy Doppler Assessment
π UMBILICAL ARTERY DOPPLER ABNORMALITIES
1 π Increased Umbilical Artery PI
2 π Increased Umbilical Artery RI
3 π Increased Umbilical Artery S/D Ratio
4 π Absent End-Diastolic Flow (AEDF)
5 π Reversed End-Diastolic Flow (REDF)
6 π Severe Placental Insufficiency Pattern
π MCA DOPPLER ABNORMALITIES
1 π Reduced MCA PI (Brain-Sparing Effect)
2 π Increased MCA PSV (>1.5 MoM)
3 π Fetal Anemia Pattern
4 π Hypoxia-Related Cerebral Redistribution
5 π Abnormal MCA Waveform
π CEREBROPLACENTAL RATIO (CPR) ABNORMALITIES
1 π Low CPR
2 π Brain-Sparing Circulation
3 π Fetal Growth Restriction with Abnormal CPR
4 π Late-Onset Placental Insufficiency
π DUCTUS VENOSUS DOPPLER ABNORMALITIES
1 π Increased Ductus Venosus PI
2 π Absent Ductus Venosus a-Wave
3 π Reversed Ductus Venosus a-Wave
4 π Cardiac Decompensation Pattern
π UMBILICAL VEIN DOPPLER ABNORMALITIES
1 π Umbilical Vein Pulsations
2 π Severe Fetal Compromise
3 π Hydrops Fetalis Hemodynamic Changes
π UTERINE ARTERY DOPPLER ABNORMALITIES
1 π Increased Uterine Artery PI
2 π Unilateral Early Diastolic Notching
3 π Bilateral Early Diastolic Notching
4 π Impaired Trophoblastic Invasion
5 π High Risk for Preeclampsia
6 π Placental Insufficiency Pattern
π CARDIAC DOPPLER ABNORMALITIES
1 π Tricuspid Regurgitation
2 π Abnormal AV Valve Doppler
3 π Outflow Tract Turbulence
4 π Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
5 π Fetal Bradyarrhythmia
6 π Cardiac Failure Pattern
π TWIN PREGNANCY DOPPLER ABNORMALITIES
1 π Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
2 π Twin Anemia–Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS)
3 π Selective Fetal Growth Restriction (sFGR)
4 π TRAP Sequence
π PLACENTAL & SPECIAL DOPPLER FINDINGS
1 π Placenta Accreta Spectrum Vascularity
2 π Placental Lacunae Turbulent Flow
3 π Chorioangioma Vascularity
4 π Vein of Galen Malformation Flow
5 π Hydrops Fetalis Doppler Assessment
π UMBILICAL VEIN DOPPLER
1 π Normal Umbilical Vein Flow
2 π Continuous Non-Pulsatile Umbilical Vein Flow
3 π Umbilical Vein Pulsations
4 π Single Umbilical Vein Pulsation
5 π Double Umbilical Vein Pulsations
6 π Triphasic Umbilical Vein Pulsations
7 π Severe Fetal Compromise Pattern
8 π Fetal Cardiac Failure Pattern
9 π Hydrops Fetalis with Umbilical Vein Pulsations
10 π Intrauterine Growth Restriction with UV Abnormality
11 π Abnormal Venous Hemodynamics
12 π Terminal Fetal Deterioration Pattern
13 π Umbilical Vein Varix
14 π Intra-Abdominal Umbilical Vein Varix
15 π Extra-Abdominal Umbilical Vein Varix
16 π Umbilical Vein Thrombosis
17 π Persistent Right Umbilical Vein (PRUV)
18 π Abnormal Umbilical Vein Course
19 π Umbilical Vein Dilatation
20 π Umbilical Vein Doppler Follow-Up Study
BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE / NST
π
π NORMAL BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE (BPP)
1 π Normal Biophysical Profile Score (8/8)
2 π Normal Biophysical Profile Score (10/10 with NST)
3 π Normal Fetal Breathing Movements
4 π Normal Gross Fetal Body Movements
5 π Normal Fetal Tone
6 π Normal Amniotic Fluid Volume
7 π Reactive Non-Stress Test (NST)
8 π Reassuring Fetal Well-Being
π BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE SCORE ABNORMALITIES
1 π Equivocal BPP Score (6/10)
2 π Abnormal BPP Score (4/10)
3 π Severely Abnormal BPP Score (2/10)
4 π Absent Biophysical Activity (0/10)
5 π Progressive Decline in BPP Score
π FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENT ABNORMALITIES
1 π Reduced Fetal Breathing Movements
2 π Absent Fetal Breathing Movements
3 π Intermittent Breathing Activity
4 π Non-Reassuring Breathing Pattern
π FETAL MOVEMENT ABNORMALITIES
1 π Reduced Gross Fetal Movements
2 π Absent Gross Fetal Movements
3 π Decreased Fetal Activity
4 π Non-Reassuring Movement Pattern
π FETAL TONE ABNORMALITIES
1 π Reduced Fetal Tone
2 π Abnormal Extension-Flexion Movements
3 π Persistent Limb Extension
4 π Absent Fetal Tone
π AMNIOTIC FLUID ABNORMALITIES
1 π Borderline Low Amniotic Fluid
2 π Mild Oligohydramnios
3 π Moderate Oligohydramnios
4 π Severe Oligohydramnios
5 π Mild Polyhydramnios
6 π Moderate Polyhydramnios
7 π Severe Polyhydramnios
π NON-STRESS TEST (NST) FINDINGS
1 π Reactive NST
2 π Non-Reactive NST
3 π Suspicious NST
4 π Reassuring NST Pattern
5 π Reduced Accelerations
6 π Absent Accelerations
7 π Variable Decelerations
8 π Late Decelerations
9 π Prolonged Decelerations
10 π Fetal Tachycardia on NST
11 π Fetal Bradycardia on NST
π MODIFIED BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE
1 π Normal Modified BPP
2 π Abnormal Modified BPP
3 π Reactive NST with Normal AFI
4 π Non-Reactive NST with Normal AFI
5 π Reactive NST with Oligohydramnios
π FETAL COMPROMISE & OUTCOME
1 π Suspected Fetal Hypoxia
2 π Chronic Fetal Compromise
3 π Acute Fetal Distress
4 π Fetal Growth Restriction with Abnormal BPP
5 π Placental Insufficiency with Abnormal BPP
6 π High Risk for Intrauterine Fetal Demise
7 π Intrauterine Fetal Demise (IUFD)
RMT ASSESSMENT
π
π NORMAL RMT ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Fetal Tone
2 π Normal Gross Body Movements
3 π Normal Limb Movements
4 π Normal Hand Opening and Closing
5 π Normal Flexion–Extension Movements
6 π Normal Fetal Breathing Movements
7 π Normal Behavioral State
8 π Reassuring Real-Time Movement Assessment
π FETAL MOVEMENT ABNORMALITIES
1 π Reduced Fetal Movements
2 π Markedly Reduced Fetal Movements
3 π Absent Fetal Movements
4 π Decreased Limb Movements
5 π Absent Limb Movements
6 π Reduced Hand Movements
7 π Reduced Facial Movements
8 π Hypokinesia Pattern
π FETAL TONE ABNORMALITIES
1 π Reduced Fetal Tone
2 π Abnormal Extension–Flexion Response
3 π Persistent Limb Extension
4 π Reduced Hand Opening and Closing
5 π Absent Fetal Tone
6 π Neuromuscular Dysfunction Pattern
π FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENT ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Breathing Movements
2 π Reduced Breathing Movements
3 π Intermittent Breathing Activity
4 π Absent Breathing Movements
5 π Non-Reassuring Breathing Pattern
π FETAL BEHAVIORAL STATE ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Active State
2 π Normal Quiet State
3 π Prolonged Quiet State
4 π Abnormal Behavioral State
5 π Reduced Behavioral Variability
π FETAL NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Neurological Activity
2 π Abnormal Neurological Behavior
3 π Fetal Hypoxia-Related Changes
4 π Chronic Fetal Compromise Pattern
5 π Acute Fetal Distress Pattern
π HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY RMT ASSESSMENT
1 π Fetal Growth Restriction with Reduced Activity
2 π Oligohydramnios with Reduced Movements
3 π Maternal Diabetes with Altered Fetal Activity
4 π Hypertensive Pregnancy with Reduced Activity
5 π Doppler Abnormality with Reduced Movements
π SEVERE OUTCOME FINDINGS
1 π Severe Fetal Compromise
2 π Terminal Loss of Fetal Activity
3 π Intrauterine Fetal Demise (IUFD)
4 π Absent Cardiac Activity with No Movement
Topic 3: TVS
3
π TVS – Routine Gynecologicalπ TVS – Infertility Evaluation
π TVS – Follicular Monitoring
π TVS – First Trimester
π TVS – Second Trimester
π TVS – Third Trimester
π TVS – Suspected Ectopic Pregnancy
TVS – ROUTINE GYNECOLOGICAL
π
π NORMAL TVS GYNECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Uterus
2 π Normal Endometrium
3 π Normal Cervix
4 π Normal Right Ovary
5 π Normal Left Ovary
6 π Normal Bilateral Ovaries
7 π Dominant Follicle
8 π Physiological Corpus Luteum
9 π Normal Cul-de-Sac
10 π Physiological Free Fluid
π UTERINE ABNORMALITIES
1 π Bulky Uterus
2 π Small Uterus
3 π Retroverted Uterus
4 π Retroflexed Uterus
5 π Unicornuate Uterus
6 π Bicornuate Uterus
7 π Septate Uterus
8 π Arcuate Uterus
9 π Didelphys Uterus
10 π T-Shaped Uterus
π MYOMETRIAL LESIONS
1 π Intramural Fibroid
2 π Submucosal Fibroid
3 π Subserosal Fibroid
4 π Pedunculated Fibroid
5 π Multiple Fibroids
6 π Degenerating Fibroid
7 π Adenomyosis
8 π Focal Adenomyosis
π ENDOMETRIAL ABNORMALITIES
1 π Thin Endometrium
2 π Thickened Endometrium
3 π Endometrial Hyperplasia
4 π Endometrial Polyp
5 π Endometrial Fluid Collection
6 π Hematometra
7 π Retained Products of Conception
8 π Endometrial Carcinoma (Suspicious)
π CERVICAL ABNORMALITIES
1 π Nabothian Cyst
2 π Cervical Polyp
3 π Cervicitis
4 π Cervical Stenosis
5 π Cervical Mass
6 π Cervical Carcinoma (Suspicious)
π OVARIAN FINDINGS
1 π Multifollicular Ovary
2 π Polycystic Ovarian Morphology (PCOM)
3 π Corpus Luteum Cyst
4 π Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst
5 π Simple Ovarian Cyst
6 π Complex Ovarian Cyst
7 π Endometrioma
8 π Dermoid Cyst
9 π Ovarian Torsion
10 π Ovarian Neoplasm (Suspicious)
π ADNEXAL FINDINGS
1 π Hydrosalpinx
2 π Pyosalpinx
3 π Tubo-Ovarian Abscess
4 π Paraovarian Cyst
5 π Adnexal Mass
6 π Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
π POUCH OF DOUGLAS / PELVIC FLUID
1 π No Free Fluid
2 π Physiological Free Fluid
3 π Moderate Free Fluid
4 π Large Pelvic Fluid Collection
5 π Hemoperitoneum
6 π Pelvic Abscess
π POSTMENOPAUSAL TVS FINDINGS
1 π Normal Postmenopausal Uterus
2 π Thin Postmenopausal Endometrium
3 π Thickened Postmenopausal Endometrium
4 π Postmenopausal Endometrial Polyp
5 π Postmenopausal Endometrial Hyperplasia
6 π Postmenopausal Endometrial Carcinoma (Suspicious)
π FOLLOW-UP / SCREENING STUDIES
1 π Routine Gynecological Screening TVS
2 π Infertility Baseline Scan
3 π Follicular Monitoring Study
4 π Postoperative Follow-Up Scan
5 π Follow-Up of Ovarian Cyst
6 π Follow-Up of Fibroid
TVS – INFERTILITY EVALUATION
π
π BASELINE INFERTILITY ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Baseline Infertility Scan
2 π Normal Uterus and Ovaries
3 π Baseline Antral Follicle Count (AFC)
4 π Normal Endometrial Thickness
5 π Normal Ovarian Volume
6 π Normal Pelvic Anatomy
π FOLLICULAR MONITORING
1 π Early Follicular Phase Scan
2 π Single Dominant Follicle
3 π Multiple Dominant Follicles
4 π Mature Follicle
5 π Pre-Ovulatory Follicle
6 π Follicular Growth Study
7 π Delayed Follicular Growth
8 π Arrested Follicular Development
9 π Multifollicular Response
10 π Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Monitoring
π OVULATION ASSESSMENT
1 π Evidence of Ovulation
2 π Follicular Rupture
3 π Corpus Luteum Formation
4 π Free Fluid in Pouch of Douglas
5 π Successful Ovulation Study
6 π Luteinized Unruptured Follicle (LUF)
7 π Anovulatory Cycle
8 π Persistent Unruptured Follicle
π ENDOMETRIAL ASSESSMENT
1 π Trilaminar Endometrium
2 π Secretory Endometrium
3 π Thin Endometrium
4 π Thick Endometrium
5 π Poor Endometrial Development
6 π Endometrial Hyperplasia
7 π Endometrial Polyp
8 π Endometrial Fluid Collection
π OVARIAN RESERVE ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Antral Follicle Count (AFC)
2 π High Antral Follicle Count
3 π Low Antral Follicle Count
4 π Diminished Ovarian Reserve
5 π Poor Ovarian Reserve
6 π Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)
π POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN MORPHOLOGY (PCOM)
1 π Polycystic Ovarian Morphology
2 π Bilateral PCOM
3 π Enlarged Ovarian Volume
4 π Peripheral Follicular Distribution
5 π String of Pearls Appearance
6 π PCOS with Anovulation
π UTERINE FACTOR INFERTILITY
1 π Submucosal Fibroid
2 π Intramural Fibroid Distorting Cavity
3 π Endometrial Polyp
4 π Adenomyosis
5 π Septate Uterus
6 π Bicornuate Uterus
7 π Unicornuate Uterus
8 π T-Shaped Uterus
π TUBAL & ADNEXAL FACTORS
1 π Hydrosalpinx
2 π Pyosalpinx
3 π Tubo-Ovarian Mass
4 π Tubo-Ovarian Abscess
5 π Peritubal Adhesions (Indirect Signs)
6 π Chronic PID Changes
π ENDOMETRIOSIS
1 π Ovarian Endometrioma
2 π Bilateral Endometriomas
3 π Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis
4 π Frozen Pelvis (Indirect Signs)
5 π Endometriosis-Associated Infertility
π ART / IVF MONITORING
1 π Baseline IVF Scan
2 π Ovarian Stimulation Monitoring
3 π Multiple Growing Follicles
4 π Trigger Day Assessment
5 π Risk of OHSS
6 π Post-Oocyte Retrieval Scan
7 π Embryo Transfer Assessment
8 π Luteal Phase Follow-Up
TVS – FOLLICULAR MONITORING
π
π BASELINE FOLLICULAR STUDY
1 π Baseline Day 2–3 Scan
2 π Normal Baseline Ovaries
3 π Normal Antral Follicle Count (AFC)
4 π Normal Endometrial Thickness
5 π Baseline Infertility Assessment
π FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT
1 π Early Developing Follicle
2 π Growing Dominant Follicle
3 π Single Dominant Follicle
4 π Multiple Dominant Follicles
5 π Mature Follicle (18–24 mm)
6 π Pre-Ovulatory Follicle
7 π Bilateral Dominant Follicles
8 π Multifollicular Development
π OVULATION STUDY
1 π Evidence of Ovulation
2 π Follicular Rupture
3 π Partial Follicular Collapse
4 π Complete Follicular Collapse
5 π Corpus Luteum Formation
6 π Free Fluid in Pouch of Douglas
7 π Confirmed Ovulation
π ANOVULATION & LUF SYNDROME
1 π Anovulatory Cycle
2 π Persistent Dominant Follicle
3 π Follicular Persistence
4 π Luteinized Unruptured Follicle (LUF)
5 π Delayed Ovulation
6 π Follicular Arrest
7 π Failed Follicular Rupture
π ENDOMETRIAL CHANGES
1 π Thin Endometrium
2 π Trilaminar Endometrium
3 π Periovulatory Endometrium
4 π Secretory Endometrium
5 π Thick Endometrium
6 π Poor Endometrial Development
7 π Endometrial–Follicular Discordance
π OVARIAN RESPONSE ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Ovarian Response
2 π Poor Ovarian Response
3 π Excessive Ovarian Response
4 π Multifollicular Response
5 π Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation
6 π Risk of OHSS
π PCOS FOLLICULAR MONITORING
1 π Polycystic Ovarian Morphology (PCOM)
2 π Multiple Small Peripheral Follicles
3 π Delayed Dominant Follicle Selection
4 π Anovulatory PCOS Cycle
5 π Ovulatory PCOS Cycle
π IUI CYCLE MONITORING
1 π Natural Cycle Monitoring
2 π Stimulated IUI Cycle
3 π Trigger Day Assessment
4 π Optimal IUI Timing Assessment
5 π Post-IUI Ovulation Confirmation
π IVF / ART FOLLICULAR MONITORING
1 π Baseline IVF Scan
2 π Early Stimulation Scan
3 π Multiple Growing Follicles
4 π Lead Follicle Assessment
5 π Trigger Day Scan
6 π Pre-Oocyte Retrieval Assessment
7 π Post-Oocyte Retrieval Scan
8 π OHSS Surveillance Scan
π FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
1 π Serial Follicular Monitoring
2 π Follicular Growth Trend Analysis
3 π Ovulation Follow-Up Study
4 π Corpus Luteum Follow-Up
5 π Cycle Outcome Assessment
TVS – FIRST TRIMESTER
π
π NORMAL EARLY PREGNANCY
1 π Early Intrauterine Gestational Sac
2 π Normal Yolk Sac
3 π Early Embryonic Pole
4 π Normal Cardiac Activity
5 π Single Live Intrauterine Pregnancy
6 π Normal First Trimester Dating Scan
7 π Normal Chorionicity Assessment
π GESTATIONAL SAC FINDINGS
1 π Irregular Gestational Sac
2 π Small Gestational Sac for Dates
3 π Collapsed / Crenated Gestational Sac
4 π Low-Lying Gestational Sac
5 π Empty Gestational Sac (Anembryonic Pregnancy)
6 π Absent Yolk Sac
7 π Enlarged Yolk Sac
8 π Irregular / Calcified Yolk Sac
9 π Absent Fetal Pole
10 π Static Gestational Sac Size
11 π Slow Gestational Sac Growth (<1 mm/day)
12 π Gestational Sac Smaller than CRL
13 π Interval Non-visualization of Embryo
14 π Irregular GS with Enlarged Yolk Sac
15 π Abnormal GS with Absent Cardiac Activity
π EMBRYONIC FINDINGS
1 π HR Not Detected in Normal Early Embryonic Pole
2 π Absent Cardiac Activity (Embryonic Demise)
3 π Bradycardia (<100 bpm)
4 π Tachycardia (>180 bpm)
5 π CRL Smaller than Expected for Dates
6 π Failure of Interval Embryonic Growth
7 π CRL–GS Size Discordance
8 π Enlarged Yolk Sac with Embryo
9 π Absent Yolk Sac with Visible Embryo
π EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS
1 π Threatened Abortion
2 π Missed Abortion
3 π Incomplete Abortion
4 π Complete Abortion
5 π Inevitable Abortion
6 π Early Embryonic Demise
π MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
1 π Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins (DCDA)
2 π Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins (MCDA)
3 π Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins (MCMA)
4 π Twin Pregnancy with Vanishing Twin
5 π Vanishing Twin Syndrome
6 π Trichorionic Triamniotic Triplets
7 π Dichorionic Triamniotic Triplets
8 π Monochorionic Triamniotic Triplets
9 π Higher-Order Pregnancy (Quadruplets or More)
10 π Vanishing Fetus in Multiple Pregnancy
π ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
1 π Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
2 π Live Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
3 π Interstitial (Cornual) Pregnancy
4 π Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy
5 π Cesarean Scar Pregnancy
6 π Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy
7 π Abdominal Ectopic Pregnancy
8 π Heterotopic Pregnancy
9 π Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
π MOLAR & TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
1 π Complete Hydatidiform Mole
2 π Partial Hydatidiform Mole
3 π Early Complete Mole
4 π Partial Mole with Embryo
5 π Complete Mole with Coexisting Normal Embryo
6 π Pregnancy with Complete Mole and Coexisting Normal GS
π EARLY FETAL MALFORMATIONS
1 π Acrania
2 π Anencephaly
3 π Holoprosencephaly
4 π Cephalocele / Meningocele
5 π Facial Clefts
6 π Absent Nasal Bone
7 π Cystic Hygroma
8 π Spina Bifida
9 π Ectopia Cordis
10 π Omphalocele
11 π Gastroschisis
12 π Megacystis
13 π Hydrops Fetalis
14 π Polydactyly
15 π Vein of Galen Malformation
π FIRST TRIMESTER COMPLICATIONS
1 π Subchorionic Hematoma
2 π Retroplacental Hemorrhage (Early)
3 π Partial Mole with Fetal Demise
4 π Fetal Pericardial Effusion
5 π Fetal Pleural Effusion
6 π Fetal Ascites
7 π Fetal Skin Edema / Anasarca
8 π Placental Edema (Placentomegaly)
TVS – SECOND TRIMESTER
π
π NORMAL SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY
1 π Normal Single Live Intrauterine Pregnancy
2 π Normal Fetal Cardiac Activity
3 π Normal Fetal Growth for Gestational Age
4 π Normal Amniotic Fluid Volume
5 π Normal Placental Location
6 π Normal Cervical Length
π FETAL VIABILITY ABNORMALITIES
1 π Intrauterine Fetal Demise (IUFD)
2 π Persistent Fetal Bradycardia
3 π Persistent Fetal Tachycardia
π FETAL GROWTH ABNORMALITIES
1 π Early-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR)
2 π Biometric Discordance (BPD / HC / AC / FL)
3 π Asymmetrical Biometric Discordance (Reduced AC Size)
4 π Symmetrical Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
5 π Asymmetrical Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
π PREGNANCY LOSS (SECOND TRIMESTER)
1 π Missed Abortion (Late)
2 π Incomplete Abortion
3 π Inevitable Abortion
π MULTIPLE PREGNANCY (14–27 WEEKS)
1 π Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins
2 π Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins
3 π Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins
4 π Triplet Pregnancy
5 π Higher-Order Multiple Pregnancy
6 π Growth Discordance (>20%)
7 π Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
8 π Selective Fetal Growth Restriction (sFGR)
9 π Single Fetal Demise in Multiple Pregnancy
10 π Fetus Papyraceus
π PLACENTAL ABNORMALITIES
1 π Placenta Previa
2 π Low-Lying Placenta
3 π Placental Abruption (Retroplacental Hematoma)
4 π Placenta Accreta Spectrum (Suspicion)
5 π Placental Mass
6 π Placental Chorioangioma
π UMBILICAL CORD ABNORMALITIES
1 π Single Umbilical Artery
2 π Marginal Cord Insertion
3 π Velamentous Cord Insertion
4 π Umbilical Cord Cyst
5 π True Knot of Umbilical Cord
6 π Single Loop Nuchal Cord
7 π Double Loop Nuchal Cord
8 π Triple Loop Nuchal Cord
9 π Four Loop Nuchal Cord
π AMNIOTIC FLUID ABNORMALITIES
1 π Mild Oligohydramnios
2 π Moderate Oligohydramnios
3 π Severe Oligohydramnios
4 π Mild Polyhydramnios
5 π Moderate Polyhydramnios
6 π Severe Polyhydramnios
7 π Amniotic Band Syndrome
π STRUCTURAL ANOMALIES (ANOMALY SCAN)
1 π Ventriculomegaly
2 π Spina Bifida
3 π Dandy–Walker Malformation
4 π Cleft Lip and Palate
5 π Micrognathia
6 π Congenital Heart Disease
7 π Abnormal Outflow Tracts
8 π Omphalocele
9 π Gastroschisis
10 π Hydronephrosis
11 π Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
12 π Short Long Bones
13 π Skeletal Dysplasia
π MOLAR & TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
1 π Partial Mole with Fetus
2 π Complete Mole with Coexisting Fetus
π ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS
1 π Cervical Incompetence
2 π Short Cervix
3 π Cervical Funnel Formation
4 π Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM)
5 π Chorioamnionitis (Indirect Signs)
TVS – THIRD TRIMESTER
π
π NORMAL THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANCY
1 π Normal Single Live Intrauterine Pregnancy
2 π Normal Fetal Cardiac Activity
3 π Normal Fetal Growth for Gestational Age
4 π Cephalic Presentation
5 π Normal Amniotic Fluid Volume
6 π Normal Placental Maturity
π FETAL VIABILITY ABNORMALITIES
1 π Intrauterine Fetal Demise (IUFD)
2 π Persistent Fetal Bradycardia
3 π Persistent Fetal Tachycardia
π FETAL GROWTH ABNORMALITIES
1 π Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR)
2 π Symmetrical Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
3 π Asymmetrical Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
4 π Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
5 π Macrosomia
6 π Growth Arrest
7 π Biometric Discordance
π MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
1 π Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins
2 π Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins
3 π Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twins
4 π Growth Discordance (>20%)
5 π Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
6 π Twin Anemia–Polycythemia Syndrome (TAPS)
7 π Selective Fetal Growth Restriction (sFGR)
8 π Single Fetal Demise in Multiple Pregnancy
9 π Fetus Papyraceus
π FETAL PRESENTATION
1 π Cephalic Presentation
2 π Breech Presentation
3 π Frank Breech
4 π Complete Breech
5 π Footling Breech
6 π Transverse Lie
7 π Oblique Lie
8 π Unstable Lie
π PLACENTAL ABNORMALITIES
1 π Placenta Previa
2 π Low-Lying Placenta
3 π Placental Abruption
4 π Retroplacental Hematoma
5 π Placenta Accreta Spectrum
6 π Placental Chorioangioma
7 π Placental Calcification
8 π Premature Placental Maturation
π UMBILICAL CORD ABNORMALITIES
1 π Single Umbilical Artery
2 π Marginal Cord Insertion
3 π Velamentous Cord Insertion
4 π True Knot of Umbilical Cord
5 π Umbilical Cord Cyst
6 π Single Loop Nuchal Cord
7 π Double Loop Nuchal Cord
8 π Triple Loop Nuchal Cord
9 π Four Loop Nuchal Cord
10 π Cord Around Body
11 π Cord Around Limb
π AMNIOTIC FLUID ABNORMALITIES
1 π Mild Oligohydramnios
2 π Moderate Oligohydramnios
3 π Severe Oligohydramnios
4 π Mild Polyhydramnios
5 π Moderate Polyhydramnios
6 π Severe Polyhydramnios
π FETAL STRUCTURAL ANOMALIES
1 π Ventriculomegaly
2 π Hydrocephalus
3 π Congenital Heart Disease
4 π Omphalocele
5 π Gastroschisis
6 π Hydronephrosis
7 π Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
8 π Skeletal Dysplasia
9 π Short Long Bones
π CERVICAL ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Cervical Length
2 π Short Cervix
3 π Cervical Funnel Formation
4 π Cervical Incompetence
5 π Cerclage In Situ
6 π Cerclage Failure
π THIRD TRIMESTER COMPLICATIONS
1 π Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM)
2 π Chorioamnionitis (Indirect Signs)
3 π Fetal Growth Restriction with Doppler Changes
4 π Non-Reassuring Fetal Status
5 π Suspected Fetal Hypoxia
6 π Hydrops Fetalis
7 π Intrauterine Fetal Demise (IUFD)
TVS – SUSPECTED ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
π
π PREGNANCY OF UNKNOWN LOCATION (PUL)
1 π Pregnancy of Unknown Location (PUL)
2 π Positive Ξ²-hCG with No Intrauterine Gestational Sac
3 π Indeterminate Early Pregnancy
4 π PUL Requiring Follow-Up Scan
5 π Resolving Pregnancy of Unknown Location
π TUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
1 π Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
2 π Live Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
3 π Unruptured Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
4 π Ruptured Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
5 π Ampullary Ectopic Pregnancy
6 π Isthmic Ectopic Pregnancy
7 π Fimbrial Ectopic Pregnancy
8 π Chronic Ectopic Pregnancy
π ADNEXAL FINDINGS
1 π Adnexal Gestational Sac
2 π Adnexal Ring Sign
3 π Tubal Ring Sign
4 π Extrauterine Yolk Sac
5 π Extrauterine Embryo
6 π Extrauterine Embryo with Cardiac Activity
7 π Complex Adnexal Mass
8 π Hematosalpinx
π DOPPLER FINDINGS
1 π Ring of Fire Sign
2 π Peripheral Hypervascularity
3 π Vascular Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
4 π Hypervascular Adnexal Mass
π FREE FLUID & HEMOPERITONEUM
1 π Minimal Free Fluid in POD
2 π Moderate Free Fluid in POD
3 π Large Free Fluid Collection
4 π Echogenic Free Fluid
5 π Hemoperitoneum
6 π Massive Hemoperitoneum
π NON-TUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES
1 π Interstitial (Cornual) Pregnancy
2 π Angular Pregnancy
3 π Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy
4 π Cesarean Scar Pregnancy
5 π Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy
6 π Abdominal Ectopic Pregnancy
7 π Broad Ligament Pregnancy
π HETEROTOPIC PREGNANCY
1 π Heterotopic Pregnancy
2 π Intrauterine Pregnancy with Tubal Ectopic
3 π Live Intrauterine Pregnancy with Ectopic Pregnancy
4 π IVF-Associated Heterotopic Pregnancy
π PSEUDOGESTATIONAL SAC FINDINGS
1 π Pseudogestational Sac
2 π Central Endometrial Fluid Collection
3 π No Double Decidual Sac Sign
π FOLLOW-UP & POST-TREATMENT
1 π Resolving Ectopic Pregnancy
2 π Post-Methotrexate Follow-Up
3 π Persistent Ectopic Pregnancy
4 π Post-Salpingostomy Follow-Up
5 π Post-Salpingectomy Follow-Up
π DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
1 π Corpus Luteum Mimicking Ectopic Pregnancy
2 π Hemorrhagic Corpus Luteum
3 π Paraovarian Cyst
4 π Tubo-Ovarian Abscess
5 π Adnexal Mass of Uncertain Etiology
Topic 4: Perineal & Groin USG
4
π Perineal Female USGπ Groin Male USG
PERINEAL FEMALE USG
π
π NORMAL FEMALE PERINEAL ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Female Perineum
2 π Normal Vulva
3 π Normal Labia Majora
4 π Normal Labia Minora
5 π Normal Clitoral Region
6 π Normal Perineal Body
7 π Normal Distal Urethra
8 π Normal Vaginal Introitus
π BARTHOLIN GLAND LESIONS
1 π Bartholin Cyst
2 π Infected Bartholin Cyst
3 π Bartholin Abscess
4 π Recurrent Bartholin Abscess
5 π Complex Bartholin Lesion
π VULVAR CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Epidermoid Cyst
2 π Sebaceous Cyst
3 π Inclusion Cyst
4 π Gartner Duct Cyst
5 π Skene Duct Cyst
6 π Paraurethral Cyst
π INFECTIOUS & INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
1 π Vulvar Abscess
2 π Perineal Abscess
3 π Cellulitis
4 π Hidradenitis Suppurativa
5 π Infected Sinus Tract
6 π Perineal Fistula
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Perineal Hematoma
2 π Postpartum Hematoma
3 π Vulvar Hematoma
4 π Perineal Soft Tissue Injury
5 π Episiotomy Site Collection
6 π Postoperative Seroma
π URETHRAL & PARAURETHRAL LESIONS
1 π Urethral Diverticulum
2 π Complex Urethral Diverticulum
3 π Paraurethral Cyst
4 π Skene Gland Abscess
5 π Urethral Mass
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Vulvar Varicosities
2 π Perineal Varices
3 π Vulvar Venous Malformation
4 π Hemangioma
5 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
π PELVIC FLOOR & PROLAPSE DISORDERS
1 π Cystocele
2 π Rectocele
3 π Enterocele
4 π Urethral Hypermobility
5 π Pelvic Floor Laxity
6 π Perineal Descent Syndrome
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibroma
3 π Leiomyoma of Vulva
4 π Neurofibroma
5 π Aggressive Angiomyxoma
π MALIGNANT LESIONS
1 π Vulvar Carcinoma
2 π Vaginal Carcinoma Extension
3 π Urethral Carcinoma
4 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma
5 π Metastatic Perineal Mass
π CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
1 π Canal of Nuck Cyst
2 π Persistent Processus Vaginalis
3 π Imperforate Hymen
4 π Cloacal Anomaly
5 π Congenital Perineal Fistula
6 π Congenital Lymphangioma
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
1 π Post-Bartholin Surgery Follow-Up
2 π Post-Episiotomy Assessment
3 π Post-Abscess Drainage Follow-Up
4 π Postoperative Scar Tissue
5 π Recurrent Perineal Lesion
GROIN MALE USG
π
π NORMAL GROIN ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Groin Anatomy
2 π Normal Inguinal Canal
3 π Normal Spermatic Cord
4 π Normal Inguinal Lymph Nodes
5 π No Groin Hernia Detected
π INGUINAL HERNIAS
1 π Indirect Inguinal Hernia
2 π Direct Inguinal Hernia
3 π Reducible Inguinal Hernia
4 π Irreducible Inguinal Hernia
5 π Obstructed Inguinal Hernia
6 π Strangulated Inguinal Hernia
7 π Fat-Containing Inguinal Hernia
8 π Bowel-Containing Inguinal Hernia
9 π Sliding Inguinal Hernia
10 π Recurrent Inguinal Hernia
π FEMORAL & OTHER HERNIAS
1 π Femoral Hernia
2 π Obturator Hernia
3 π Spigelian Hernia
4 π Incisional Hernia Extending to Groin
π INGUINAL LYMPH NODES
1 π Reactive Inguinal Lymphadenopathy
2 π Enlarged Inguinal Lymph Nodes
3 π Suppurative Lymphadenitis
4 π Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
5 π Lymphoma
6 π Metastatic Inguinal Lymphadenopathy
π SPERMATIC CORD LESIONS
1 π Spermatic Cord Lipoma
2 π Spermatic Cord Cyst
3 π Encysted Hydrocele of Cord
4 π Funicular Hydrocele
5 π Spermatic Cord Hematoma
6 π Spermatic Cord Tumor
π FLUID COLLECTIONS
1 π Seroma
2 π Hematoma
3 π Abscess Collection
4 π Lymphocele
5 π Postoperative Fluid Collection
π INFECTIOUS & INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
1 π Groin Abscess
2 π Cellulitis
3 π Hidradenitis Suppurativa
4 π Infected Sinus Tract
5 π Fournier Gangrene (Groin Extension)
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm
2 π Femoral Artery Aneurysm
3 π Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF)
4 π Saphena Varix
5 π Groin Varicosities
6 π Venous Malformation
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Epidermoid Cyst
3 π Sebaceous Cyst
4 π Fibroma
5 π Neurofibroma
6 π Desmoid Tumor
π MALIGNANT MASSES
1 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma
2 π Metastatic Groin Mass
3 π Lymphoma Involving Groin
4 π Malignant Inguinal Lymphadenopathy
π CONGENITAL CONDITIONS
1 π Patent Processus Vaginalis
2 π Congenital Inguinal Hernia
3 π Encysted Hydrocele of Cord
4 π Undescended Testis in Inguinal Canal
5 π Ectopic Testis
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post-Hernia Repair Assessment
2 π Mesh Evaluation
3 π Recurrent Hernia after Repair
4 π Postoperative Seroma
5 π Postoperative Hematoma
6 π Chronic Groin Pain Evaluation
Topic 5: Scrotum
5
π Routine Scrotal USGπ Scrotal Doppler USG
ROUTINE SCROTAL USG
π
π NORMAL SCROTAL ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Bilateral Testes
2 π Normal Right Testis
3 π Normal Left Testis
4 π Normal Epididymis
5 π Normal Spermatic Cord
6 π Normal Testicular Vascularity
7 π No Hydrocele or Varicocele
π HYDROCELE
1 π Small Hydrocele
2 π Moderate Hydrocele
3 π Large Hydrocele
4 π Bilateral Hydrocele
5 π Septated Hydrocele
6 π Encysted Hydrocele of Cord
7 π Funicular Hydrocele
8 π Pyocele
9 π Hematocele
π VARICOCELE
1 π Left Varicocele
2 π Right Varicocele
3 π Bilateral Varicocele
4 π Mild Varicocele
5 π Moderate Varicocele
6 π Severe Varicocele
7 π Subclinical Varicocele
π EPIDIDYMAL LESIONS
1 π Acute Epididymitis
2 π Chronic Epididymitis
3 π Epididymal Cyst
4 π Spermatocele
5 π Epididymal Abscess
6 π Tuberculous Epididymitis
π TESTICULAR INFECTION & INFLAMMATION
1 π Orchitis
2 π Epididymo-Orchitis
3 π Focal Orchitis
4 π Testicular Abscess
5 π Tuberculous Orchitis
6 π Fournier Gangrene
π TESTICULAR TORSION
1 π Acute Testicular Torsion
2 π Partial Testicular Torsion
3 π Intermittent Testicular Torsion
4 π Torsion of Testicular Appendage
5 π Post-Detorsion Hyperemia
6 π Testicular Infarction
π TESTICULAR TRAUMA
1 π Testicular Contusion
2 π Intratesticular Hematoma
3 π Hematocele
4 π Testicular Rupture
5 π Scrotal Wall Hematoma
6 π Traumatic Testicular Ischemia
π TESTICULAR TUMORS
1 π Seminoma
2 π Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
3 π Mixed Germ Cell Tumor
4 π Testicular Lymphoma
5 π Leydig Cell Tumor
6 π Sertoli Cell Tumor
7 π Testicular Metastasis
π BENIGN TESTICULAR LESIONS
1 π Testicular Cyst
2 π Tunica Albuginea Cyst
3 π Simple Intratesticular Cyst
4 π Testicular Microlithiasis
5 π Segmental Testicular Infarction
6 π Tubular Ectasia of Rete Testis
π MALE INFERTILITY EVALUATION
1 π Bilateral Varicocele with Infertility
2 π Testicular Atrophy
3 π Small Volume Testes
4 π Post-Infective Testicular Atrophy
5 π Infertility Screening Study
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL
1 π Undescended Testis (Cryptorchidism)
2 π Ectopic Testis
3 π Testicular Agenesis
4 π Polyorchidism
5 π Persistent MΓΌllerian Duct Syndrome
π SCROTAL WALL LESIONS
1 π Scrotal Wall Edema
2 π Scrotal Cellulitis
3 π Scrotal Abscess
4 π Epidermoid Cyst of Scrotal Wall
5 π Sebaceous Cyst of Scrotum
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post-Varicocele Surgery Follow-Up
2 π Post-Orchidopexy Follow-Up
3 π Post-Torsion Follow-Up
4 π Post-Trauma Follow-Up
5 π Follow-Up of Testicular Mass
SCROTAL DOPPLER USG
π
π NORMAL SCROTAL DOPPLER
1 π Normal Bilateral Testicular Perfusion
2 π Normal Intratesticular Arterial Flow
3 π Normal Epididymal Vascularity
4 π Symmetrical Testicular Blood Flow
5 π Normal Spectral Doppler Waveform
π TESTICULAR TORSION
1 π Complete Testicular Torsion
2 π Partial Testicular Torsion
3 π Intermittent Testicular Torsion
4 π Absent Intratesticular Flow
5 π Markedly Reduced Intratesticular Flow
6 π Whirlpool Sign of Spermatic Cord
7 π Testicular Infarction
8 π Post-Detorsion Reactive Hyperemia
π EPIDIDYMITIS & ORCHITIS
1 π Acute Epididymitis
2 π Acute Orchitis
3 π Acute Epididymo-Orchitis
4 π Hypervascular Epididymis
5 π Hypervascular Testis
6 π Focal Orchitis
7 π Chronic Epididymitis
π TESTICULAR ISCHEMIA
1 π Segmental Testicular Ischemia
2 π Segmental Testicular Infarction
3 π Global Testicular Ischemia
4 π Post-Traumatic Ischemia
5 π Absent Flow in Infarcted Area
π VARICOCELE
1 π Left Varicocele
2 π Right Varicocele
3 π Bilateral Varicocele
4 π Mild Varicocele
5 π Moderate Varicocele
6 π Severe Varicocele
7 π Subclinical Varicocele
8 π Reflux on Valsalva Maneuver
9 π Persistent Venous Reflux
π TESTICULAR TUMORS
1 π Hypervascular Testicular Mass
2 π Hypovascular Testicular Mass
3 π Seminoma
4 π Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
5 π Testicular Lymphoma
6 π Leydig Cell Tumor
7 π Sertoli Cell Tumor
π TESTICULAR TRAUMA
1 π Testicular Contusion
2 π Intratesticular Hematoma
3 π Testicular Rupture
4 π Traumatic Hematocele
5 π Active Extravasation
6 π Post-Traumatic Hyperemia
π POSTOPERATIVE DOPPLER ASSESSMENT
1 π Post-Orchidopexy Testicular Flow
2 π Post-Varicocelectomy Assessment
3 π Persistent Varicocele After Surgery
4 π Recurrent Varicocele
5 π Post-Torsion Follow-Up
π MALE INFERTILITY DOPPLER
1 π Bilateral Varicocele with Infertility
2 π Subclinical Varicocele in Infertility
3 π Testicular Atrophy with Reduced Perfusion
4 π Small Testicular Volume with Reduced Flow
5 π Infertility Doppler Assessment
π SCROTAL VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES
1 π Testicular Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
2 π Intratesticular Varicocele
3 π Extratesticular Varicocele
4 π Scrotal Hemangioma
5 π Vascular Malformation of Scrotum
Topic 6: Penis
6
π Penis – Flaccid State (Grayscale)π Penis – Flaccid State (Grayscale + Doppler)
π Penis – Erectile State (Grayscale + Doppler)
PENIS – FLACCID STATE (GRAYSCALE)
π
π NORMAL PENILE ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Penile Anatomy
2 π Normal Corpora Cavernosa
3 π Normal Corpus Spongiosum
4 π Normal Tunica Albuginea
5 π Normal Glans Penis
6 π Normal Penile Urethra
7 π Normal Buck's Fascia
π PEYRONIE'S DISEASE
1 π Peyronie's Plaque
2 π Calcified Peyronie's Plaque
3 π Multiple Peyronie's Plaques
4 π Dorsal Tunica Albuginea Plaque
5 π Ventral Tunica Albuginea Plaque
6 π Septal Fibrosis
7 π Intracavernosal Fibrosis
8 π Diffuse Tunica Albuginea Thickening
π PENILE TRAUMA
1 π Penile Fracture
2 π Tunica Albuginea Tear
3 π Cavernosal Hematoma
4 π Intracavernosal Hematoma
5 π Penile Contusion
6 π Penile Soft Tissue Hematoma
7 π Suspected Urethral Injury
π INFECTION & INFLAMMATION
1 π Balanitis
2 π Balanoposthitis
3 π Penile Cellulitis
4 π Penile Abscess
5 π Cavernosal Abscess
6 π Fournier Gangrene (Penile Involvement)
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Epidermoid Cyst
2 π Sebaceous Cyst
3 π Median Raphe Cyst
4 π Urethral Cyst
5 π Inclusion Cyst
π BENIGN PENILE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibroma
3 π Neurofibroma
4 π Leiomyoma
5 π Hemangioma
π MALIGNANT PENILE LESIONS
1 π Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
2 π Penile Soft Tissue Sarcoma
3 π Infiltrative Penile Mass
4 π Recurrent Penile Malignancy
π URETHRAL ABNORMALITIES
1 π Urethral Diverticulum
2 π Urethral Calculus
3 π Urethral Stricture (Indirect Findings)
4 π Periurethral Collection
5 π Urethral Injury
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL
1 π Hypospadias
2 π Epispadias
3 π Congenital Penile Curvature
4 π Buried Penis
5 π Micropenis
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post-Peyronie's Surgery Follow-Up
2 π Post-Penile Fracture Repair
3 π Post-Urethroplasty Assessment
4 π Post-Circumcision Complication
5 π Postoperative Penile Hematoma
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Penile Edema
2 π Penile Lymphedema
3 π Foreign Body in Penis
4 π Penile Calcification
5 π Non-Specific Penile Mass
PENIS – FLACCID STATE (GRAYSCALE + DOPPLER)
π
π NORMAL PENILE DOPPLER
1 π Normal Cavernosal Arterial Flow
2 π Normal Dorsal Penile Artery Flow
3 π Normal Corpus Spongiosum Vascularity
4 π Symmetrical Penile Perfusion
5 π Normal Flaccid Doppler Study
π PEYRONIE'S DISEASE
1 π Non-Calcified Peyronie's Plaque
2 π Calcified Peyronie's Plaque
3 π Multiple Peyronie's Plaques
4 π Tunica Albuginea Thickening
5 π Septal Fibrosis
6 π Active Inflammatory Peyronie's Disease
7 π Chronic Stable Peyronie's Disease
π PENILE TRAUMA
1 π Penile Fracture
2 π Tunica Albuginea Tear
3 π Cavernosal Hematoma
4 π Intracavernosal Hematoma
5 π Penile Contusion
6 π Active Extravasation
7 π Post-Traumatic Hyperemia
8 π Suspected Urethral Injury
π PENILE VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES
1 π Dorsal Penile Vein Thrombosis (Mondor Disease)
2 π Partial Dorsal Vein Thrombosis
3 π Complete Dorsal Vein Thrombosis
4 π Penile Venous Malformation
5 π Penile Hemangioma
6 π Penile Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
7 π Cavernosal Artery Pseudoaneurysm
8 π High-Flow Penile Vascular Lesion
π INFECTION & INFLAMMATION
1 π Balanitis
2 π Balanoposthitis
3 π Penile Cellulitis
4 π Penile Abscess
5 π Cavernosal Abscess
6 π Hypervascular Inflammatory Lesion
7 π Fournier Gangrene (Penile Involvement)
π BENIGN PENILE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibroma
3 π Neurofibroma
4 π Leiomyoma
5 π Hemangioma
6 π Vascular Soft Tissue Mass
π MALIGNANT PENILE LESIONS
1 π Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
2 π Hypervascular Penile Mass
3 π Infiltrative Penile Lesion
4 π Penile Soft Tissue Sarcoma
5 π Recurrent Penile Malignancy
π URETHRAL & PERIURETHRAL LESIONS
1 π Urethral Diverticulum
2 π Urethral Calculus
3 π Periurethral Abscess
4 π Periurethral Collection
5 π Urethral Injury
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL
1 π Hypospadias
2 π Epispadias
3 π Congenital Penile Curvature
4 π Buried Penis
5 π Micropenis
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post-Peyronie's Treatment Follow-Up
2 π Post-Penile Fracture Repair
3 π Post-Urethroplasty Assessment
4 π Postoperative Hematoma
5 π Postoperative Penile Edema
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Penile Edema
2 π Penile Lymphedema
3 π Foreign Body in Penis
4 π Penile Calcification
5 π Non-Specific Penile Lesion
PENIS – ERECTILE STATE (GRAYSCALE + DOPPLER)
π
π NORMAL ERECTILE DOPPLER STUDY
1 π Normal Erectile Response
2 π Adequate Cavernosal Arterial Inflow
3 π Normal Cavernosal Artery PSV
4 π Normal Venous Occlusion
5 π Full Rigidity Achieved
6 π Normal Post-Injection Penile Doppler Study
π INADEQUATE ERECTILE RESPONSE
1 π Poor Erectile Response
2 π Suboptimal Erectile Response
3 π Incomplete Rigidity
4 π Pharmacologic Non-Responder
5 π Inadequate Erection for Diagnostic Evaluation
π ARTERIOGENIC ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
1 π Mild Arterial Insufficiency
2 π Moderate Arterial Insufficiency
3 π Severe Arterial Insufficiency
4 π Bilateral Cavernosal Artery Insufficiency
5 π Unilateral Cavernosal Artery Insufficiency
6 π Arteriogenic Erectile Dysfunction
7 π Cavernosal Artery Atherosclerotic Disease
π VENO-OCCLUSIVE DYSFUNCTION (VENOUS LEAK)
1 π Mild Venous Leak
2 π Moderate Venous Leak
3 π Severe Venous Leak
4 π Persistent End-Diastolic Flow
5 π Veno-Occlusive Dysfunction
6 π Combined Arterial and Venous Erectile Dysfunction
π CAVERNOSAL ARTERY ABNORMALITIES
1 π Reduced Cavernosal Artery PSV
2 π Elevated Cavernosal Artery RI
3 π Persistent Diastolic Flow
4 π Asymmetrical Cavernosal Artery Flow
5 π Cavernosal Artery Stenosis
6 π Cavernosal Artery Occlusion
π PEYRONIE'S DISEASE
1 π Peyronie's Plaque
2 π Calcified Peyronie's Plaque
3 π Active Peyronie's Disease
4 π Stable Peyronie's Disease
5 π Peyronie's Disease with Erectile Dysfunction
6 π Septal Fibrosis
π POST-TRAUMATIC VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Cavernosal Artery Pseudoaneurysm
2 π Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF)
3 π High-Flow Priapism
4 π Post-Traumatic Hypervascularity
5 π Penile Vascular Injury
π PRIAPISM
1 π Ischemic Priapism (Low-Flow)
2 π Non-Ischemic Priapism (High-Flow)
3 π Recurrent Priapism
4 π Partial Segmental Priapism
5 π Post-Treatment Priapism Follow-Up
π POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
1 π Post-Peyronie's Surgery Evaluation
2 π Post-Penile Revascularization Assessment
3 π Post-Penile Prosthesis Assessment
4 π Post-Traumatic Vascular Follow-Up
5 π Post-Injection Follow-Up Study
π PENILE PROSTHESIS
1 π Normal Penile Prosthesis
2 π Inflatable Penile Prosthesis
3 π Prosthesis Malfunction
4 π Prosthesis Infection
5 π Prosthesis Erosion
π COMPREHENSIVE ED CLASSIFICATION
1 π Normal Penile Doppler Study
2 π Arteriogenic Erectile Dysfunction
3 π Venogenic Erectile Dysfunction
4 π Mixed Vascular Erectile Dysfunction
5 π Non-Vascular Erectile Dysfunction
6 π Indeterminate Erectile Dysfunction Study
Topic 7: Breast
7
π Breast Gray-Scale (Routine Breast USG)π Breast Doppler
π Breast Elastography
BREAST GRAY-SCALE (ROUTINE BREAST USG)
π
π NORMAL BREAST ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Breast Ultrasound
2 π Normal Fibroglandular Tissue
3 π Normal Retroareolar Region
4 π Normal Axillary Survey
5 π No Focal Breast Lesion
π SIMPLE CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Simple Breast Cyst
2 π Multiple Simple Cysts
3 π Clustered Microcysts
4 π Complicated Cyst
5 π Complex Cystic Lesion
6 π Oil Cyst
π BENIGN SOLID LESIONS
1 π Fibroadenoma
2 π Giant Fibroadenoma
3 π Juvenile Fibroadenoma
4 π Lactating Adenoma
5 π Hamartoma
6 π Lipoma
7 π Intramammary Lymph Node
π FIBROCYSTIC & HORMONAL CHANGES
1 π Fibrocystic Breast Changes
2 π Fibroglandular Hyperplasia
3 π Focal Fibrocystic Change
4 π Hormonal Breast Changes
5 π Dense Fibroglandular Tissue
π INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIVE LESIONS
1 π Acute Mastitis
2 π Lactational Mastitis
3 π Breast Abscess
4 π Subareolar Abscess
5 π Granulomatous Mastitis
6 π Duct Ectasia
7 π Periductal Mastitis
π TRAUMATIC & POSTOPERATIVE LESIONS
1 π Fat Necrosis
2 π Breast Hematoma
3 π Seroma
4 π Postoperative Scar
5 π Implant-Related Collection
6 π Silicone Granuloma
π PAPILLARY & DUCTAL LESIONS
1 π Intraductal Papilloma
2 π Multiple Papillomas
3 π Duct Ectasia with Debris
4 π Intraductal Mass
5 π Pathological Nipple Discharge Evaluation
π SUSPICIOUS / MALIGNANT LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Solid Breast Mass
2 π Irregular Hypoechoic Mass
3 π Spiculated Breast Mass
4 π Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (Suspicious)
5 π Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (Suspicious)
6 π Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma
7 π Recurrent Breast Malignancy
π AXILLARY FINDINGS
1 π Normal Axillary Lymph Node
2 π Reactive Axillary Lymphadenopathy
3 π Suspicious Axillary Lymph Node
4 π Metastatic Axillary Lymphadenopathy
5 π Multiple Enlarged Axillary Nodes
π MALE BREAST LESIONS
1 π Gynecomastia
2 π Nodular Gynecomastia
3 π Dendritic Gynecomastia
4 π Diffuse Glandular Gynecomastia
5 π Male Breast Carcinoma
π BI-RADS ASSESSMENT
1 π BI-RADS 1 – Negative
2 π BI-RADS 2 – Benign Finding
3 π BI-RADS 3 – Probably Benign
4 π BI-RADS 4A – Low Suspicion
5 π BI-RADS 4B – Moderate Suspicion
6 π BI-RADS 4C – High Suspicion
7 π BI-RADS 5 – Highly Suggestive of Malignancy
8 π BI-RADS 6 – Known Biopsy-Proven Malignancy
π FOLLOW-UP & SCREENING
1 π Routine Breast Screening Ultrasound
2 π Follow-Up of Fibroadenoma
3 π Follow-Up of Breast Cyst
4 π Follow-Up of BI-RADS 3 Lesion
5 π Post-Treatment Breast Ultrasound
6 π Breast Implant Surveillance
BREAST DOPPLER
π
π NORMAL BREAST DOPPLER
1 π Normal Breast Vascularity
2 π Normal Fibroglandular Vascular Pattern
3 π Normal Retroareolar Vascularity
4 π No Abnormal Internal Vascularity
5 π Normal Axillary Node Vascularity
π BENIGN CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Simple Breast Cyst (Avascular)
2 π Multiple Simple Cysts
3 π Clustered Microcysts
4 π Complicated Cyst without Internal Flow
5 π Complex Cystic Lesion with Peripheral Vascularity
π FIBROADENOMA & BENIGN SOLID MASSES
1 π Fibroadenoma with Minimal Vascularity
2 π Fibroadenoma with Internal Vascularity
3 π Giant Fibroadenoma
4 π Lactating Adenoma
5 π Hamartoma
6 π Lipoma (Avascular)
7 π Benign Solid Breast Mass
π INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIVE LESIONS
1 π Acute Mastitis
2 π Lactational Mastitis
3 π Hypervascular Mastitis
4 π Breast Abscess
5 π Subareolar Abscess
6 π Granulomatous Mastitis
7 π Periductal Mastitis
π PAPILLARY & DUCTAL LESIONS
1 π Intraductal Papilloma
2 π Vascular Intraductal Papilloma
3 π Intraductal Mass with Internal Flow
4 π Duct Ectasia with Debris
5 π Pathological Nipple Discharge Evaluation
π SUSPICIOUS / MALIGNANT LESIONS
1 π Hypervascular Breast Mass
2 π Irregular Hypervascular Hypoechoic Mass
3 π Spiculated Hypervascular Mass
4 π Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (Suspicious)
5 π Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (Suspicious)
6 π Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma
7 π Malignant Neovascularity
8 π Recurrent Breast Malignancy
π POSTOPERATIVE & POST-TREATMENT
1 π Postoperative Seroma
2 π Postoperative Hematoma
3 π Postoperative Scar Tissue
4 π Fat Necrosis
5 π Residual Tumor Vascularity
6 π Post-Chemotherapy Assessment
7 π Post-Radiotherapy Changes
π AXILLARY LYMPH NODE DOPPLER
1 π Normal Axillary Lymph Node
2 π Reactive Axillary Lymph Node
3 π Hilar Vascularity Preserved
4 π Peripheral Vascularity in Lymph Node
5 π Suspicious Axillary Lymph Node
6 π Metastatic Axillary Lymphadenopathy
π MALE BREAST DOPPLER
1 π Gynecomastia
2 π Hypervascular Gynecomastia
3 π Nodular Gynecomastia
4 π Dendritic Gynecomastia
5 π Male Breast Carcinoma
π BREAST VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Breast Hemangioma
2 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
3 π Venous Malformation
4 π Pseudoaneurysm
5 π Hypervascular Soft Tissue Lesion
π DOPPLER-BASED RISK STRATIFICATION
1 π Avascular Breast Lesion
2 π Minimal Internal Vascularity
3 π Moderate Internal Vascularity
4 π Marked Internal Vascularity
5 π Peripheral Vascularity Only
6 π Mixed Central and Peripheral Vascularity
7 π Suspicious Neovascular Pattern
π FOLLOW-UP DOPPLER STUDIES
1 π Follow-Up of Fibroadenoma
2 π Follow-Up of Complex Cyst
3 π Follow-Up of BI-RADS 3 Lesion
4 π Follow-Up After Biopsy
5 π Follow-Up After Breast Conservation Surgery
6 π Post-Treatment Doppler Surveillance
BREAST ELASTOGRAPHY
π
π NORMAL BREAST ELASTOGRAPHY
1 π Normal Breast Elastography
2 π Normal Fibroglandular Tissue Elasticity
3 π Symmetric Bilateral Elasticity Pattern
4 π No Focal Stiff Lesion Detected
5 π Benign Elasticity Pattern
π ELASTOGRAPHY SCORE ASSESSMENT
1 π Tsukuba Score 1 (Benign)
2 π Tsukuba Score 2 (Probably Benign)
3 π Tsukuba Score 3 (Indeterminate)
4 π Tsukuba Score 4 (Suspicious)
5 π Tsukuba Score 5 (Highly Suspicious)
π BENIGN BREAST LESIONS
1 π Fibroadenoma with Soft Elasticity Pattern
2 π Fibroadenoma with Intermediate Stiffness
3 π Simple Breast Cyst
4 π Complicated Breast Cyst
5 π Hamartoma
6 π Lipoma
7 π Intramammary Lymph Node
π FIBROCYSTIC & HORMONAL CHANGES
1 π Fibrocystic Breast Changes
2 π Focal Fibrocystic Change
3 π Dense Fibroglandular Tissue
4 π Hormonal Breast Changes
5 π Benign Focal Stiffness
π INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIVE LESIONS
1 π Acute Mastitis
2 π Lactational Mastitis
3 π Granulomatous Mastitis
4 π Breast Abscess
5 π Inflammatory Breast Lesion with Increased Stiffness
π SUSPICIOUS BREAST LESIONS
1 π Indeterminate Breast Mass
2 π Stiff Hypoechoic Breast Mass
3 π Irregular Stiff Breast Lesion
4 π Suspicious Solid Breast Mass
5 π High-Risk Elastography Pattern
6 π Stiff Lesion Larger on Elastography than B-Mode
π MALIGNANT BREAST LESIONS
1 π Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
2 π Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
3 π Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
4 π Triple Negative Breast Carcinoma
5 π Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma
6 π Recurrent Breast Carcinoma
7 π Malignant Lesion with Marked Stiffness
π STRAIN ELASTOGRAPHY
1 π Benign Strain Pattern
2 π Intermediate Strain Pattern
3 π Suspicious Strain Pattern
4 π High Strain Ratio
5 π Low Strain Ratio
π SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY (SWE)
1 π Normal SWE Assessment
2 π Low Elastic Modulus Lesion
3 π Intermediate Elastic Modulus Lesion
4 π High Elastic Modulus Lesion
5 π SWE Suspicious for Malignancy
6 π Markedly Elevated Stiffness Value
π AXILLARY LYMPH NODE ELASTOGRAPHY
1 π Normal Axillary Lymph Node Elasticity
2 π Reactive Axillary Lymph Node
3 π Suspicious Stiff Axillary Lymph Node
4 π Metastatic Axillary Lymphadenopathy
5 π Abnormal Cortical Stiffness
π POST-TREATMENT ELASTOGRAPHY
1 π Postoperative Scar Tissue
2 π Fat Necrosis
3 π Residual Tumor Suspicion
4 π Post-Chemotherapy Response Assessment
5 π Post-Radiotherapy Breast Changes
6 π Recurrent Tumor Assessment
π BI-RADS & ELASTOGRAPHY CORRELATION
1 π BI-RADS 3 with Benign Elastography Pattern
2 π BI-RADS 3 Upgraded Due to Stiffness
3 π BI-RADS 4A with Benign Elastography Features
4 π BI-RADS 4 Lesion with Suspicious Stiffness
5 π BI-RADS 5 Lesion with Marked Stiffness
6 π Elastography-Assisted Risk Stratification
Topic 8: Thorax
8
π Thorax Male USGπ Thorax Female USG
THORAX MALE USG
π
π NORMAL THORACIC ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Thoracic Ultrasound
2 π Normal Pleural Sliding
3 π Normal A-Line Pattern
4 π No Pleural Effusion
5 π Normal Diaphragmatic Motion
6 π Normal Chest Wall
π PLEURAL EFFUSION
1 π Minimal Pleural Effusion
2 π Mild Pleural Effusion
3 π Moderate Pleural Effusion
4 π Large Pleural Effusion
5 π Massive Pleural Effusion
6 π Bilateral Pleural Effusion
7 π Loculated Pleural Effusion
8 π Septated Pleural Effusion
9 π Complex Pleural Effusion
10 π Encysted Pleural Effusion
π EMPYEMA & INFECTED EFFUSIONS
1 π Empyema
2 π Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion
3 π Multiloculated Empyema
4 π Pleural Collection with Internal Debris
5 π Pleural Collection with Septations
π PNEUMOTHORAX
1 π Pneumothorax
2 π Small Pneumothorax
3 π Large Pneumothorax
4 π Absent Lung Sliding
5 π Lung Point Sign
6 π Tension Pneumothorax (Suspicion)
π LUNG CONSOLIDATION
1 π Subpleural Consolidation
2 π Lobar Consolidation
3 π Pneumonic Consolidation
4 π Consolidation with Air Bronchograms
5 π Atelectatic Lung Consolidation
6 π Round Pneumonia
π INTERSTITIAL SYNDROME
1 π Focal B-Lines
2 π Multifocal B-Lines
3 π Diffuse B-Line Pattern
4 π Pulmonary Edema Pattern
5 π Interstitial Lung Disease Pattern
6 π Pulmonary Fibrosis Pattern
π PLEURAL ABNORMALITIES
1 π Pleural Thickening
2 π Focal Pleural Plaque
3 π Diffuse Pleural Thickening
4 π Calcified Pleural Plaque
5 π Pleural-Based Mass
6 π Suspected Pleural Malignancy
π CHEST WALL LESIONS
1 π Chest Wall Lipoma
2 π Chest Wall Abscess
3 π Chest Wall Hematoma
4 π Chest Wall Seroma
5 π Chest Wall Soft Tissue Mass
6 π Rib-Related Soft Tissue Lesion
π TRAUMATIC THORAX
1 π Hemothorax
2 π Hemopneumothorax
3 π Hydropneumothorax
4 π Post-Traumatic Pleural Effusion
5 π Lung Contusion
6 π Chest Wall Hematoma
π DIAPHRAGMATIC ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Diaphragmatic Excursion
2 π Reduced Diaphragmatic Motion
3 π Diaphragmatic Paralysis
4 π Diaphragmatic Eventration
5 π Paradoxical Diaphragmatic Motion
π THORACIC MASSES
1 π Peripheral Lung Mass
2 π Pleural-Based Tumor
3 π Chest Wall Tumor
4 π Metastatic Thoracic Lesion
5 π Thoracic Soft Tissue Neoplasm
π PROCEDURAL & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Pre-Thoracentesis Assessment
2 π Ultrasound-Guided Thoracentesis
3 π Post-Thoracentesis Follow-Up
4 π Pleural Drain Follow-Up
5 π Follow-Up of Pleural Effusion
6 π Follow-Up of Lung Consolidation
THORAX FEMALE USG
π
π NORMAL THORACIC ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Thoracic Ultrasound
2 π Normal Pleural Sliding
3 π Normal A-Line Pattern
4 π No Pleural Effusion
5 π Normal Diaphragmatic Motion
6 π Normal Chest Wall
π PLEURAL EFFUSION
1 π Minimal Pleural Effusion
2 π Mild Pleural Effusion
3 π Moderate Pleural Effusion
4 π Large Pleural Effusion
5 π Massive Pleural Effusion
6 π Bilateral Pleural Effusion
7 π Loculated Pleural Effusion
8 π Septated Pleural Effusion
9 π Complex Pleural Effusion
10 π Encysted Pleural Effusion
π EMPYEMA & INFECTED COLLECTIONS
1 π Empyema
2 π Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion
3 π Multiloculated Empyema
4 π Pleural Collection with Internal Debris
5 π Pleural Collection with Septations
π PNEUMOTHORAX
1 π Pneumothorax
2 π Small Pneumothorax
3 π Large Pneumothorax
4 π Absent Lung Sliding
5 π Lung Point Sign
6 π Tension Pneumothorax (Suspicion)
π LUNG CONSOLIDATION
1 π Subpleural Consolidation
2 π Lobar Consolidation
3 π Pneumonic Consolidation
4 π Consolidation with Air Bronchograms
5 π Atelectatic Consolidation
6 π Round Pneumonia
π INTERSTITIAL SYNDROME
1 π Focal B-Lines
2 π Multifocal B-Lines
3 π Diffuse B-Line Pattern
4 π Pulmonary Edema Pattern
5 π Interstitial Lung Disease Pattern
6 π Pulmonary Fibrosis Pattern
π PLEURAL ABNORMALITIES
1 π Pleural Thickening
2 π Focal Pleural Plaque
3 π Diffuse Pleural Thickening
4 π Calcified Pleural Plaque
5 π Pleural-Based Mass
6 π Suspected Pleural Malignancy
π BREAST & CHEST WALL LESIONS
1 π Chest Wall Lipoma
2 π Chest Wall Abscess
3 π Chest Wall Hematoma
4 π Chest Wall Seroma
5 π Breast Implant Related Collection
6 π Chest Wall Soft Tissue Mass
π TRAUMATIC THORAX
1 π Hemothorax
2 π Hemopneumothorax
3 π Hydropneumothorax
4 π Post-Traumatic Pleural Effusion
5 π Lung Contusion
6 π Chest Wall Hematoma
π DIAPHRAGMATIC ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Diaphragmatic Excursion
2 π Reduced Diaphragmatic Motion
3 π Diaphragmatic Paralysis
4 π Diaphragmatic Eventration
5 π Paradoxical Diaphragmatic Motion
π THORACIC & PLEURAL MASSES
1 π Peripheral Lung Mass
2 π Pleural-Based Tumor
3 π Chest Wall Tumor
4 π Metastatic Thoracic Lesion
5 π Thoracic Soft Tissue Neoplasm
π PROCEDURAL & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Pre-Thoracentesis Assessment
2 π Ultrasound-Guided Thoracentesis
3 π Post-Thoracentesis Follow-Up
4 π Pleural Drain Follow-Up
5 π Follow-Up of Pleural Effusion
6 π Follow-Up of Lung Consolidation
7 π Follow-Up of Pleural Thickening
Topic 9: Dorsal Wall
9
π Dorsal Wall USGDORSAL WALL USG
π
π NORMAL DORSAL WALL
1 π Normal Dorsal Wall Ultrasound
2 π Normal Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue
3 π Normal Paraspinal Muscles
4 π Normal Fascial Planes
5 π No Focal Soft Tissue Lesion
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Epidermoid Cyst
2 π Sebaceous Cyst
3 π Dermoid Cyst
4 π Inclusion Cyst
5 π Complex Cystic Lesion
6 π Ganglion Cyst
π INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIVE LESIONS
1 π Cellulitis
2 π Subcutaneous Edema
3 π Soft Tissue Abscess
4 π Multiloculated Abscess
5 π Necrotizing Fasciitis
6 π Sinus Tract
7 π Draining Sinus
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibrolipoma
3 π Angiolipoma
4 π Hemangioma
5 π Neurofibroma
6 π Schwannoma
7 π Benign Soft Tissue Tumor
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Soft Tissue Hematoma
2 π Intramuscular Hematoma
3 π Seroma
4 π Muscle Tear
5 π Post-Traumatic Collection
6 π Foreign Body Granuloma
π PARASPINAL & MUSCULAR LESIONS
1 π Paraspinal Abscess
2 π Paraspinal Hematoma
3 π Paraspinal Lipoma
4 π Myositis
5 π Intramuscular Abscess
6 π Intramuscular Mass
π MALIGNANT & SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Soft Tissue Mass
2 π Infiltrative Soft Tissue Lesion
3 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma
4 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
5 π Recurrent Soft Tissue Tumor
6 π Malignant Chest/Back Wall Mass
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Postoperative Seroma
2 π Postoperative Hematoma
3 π Postoperative Collection
4 π Scar Tissue
5 π Follow-Up Soft Tissue Lesion
6 π Post-Excision Surveillance
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Reactive Lymph Node
2 π Enlarged Lymph Node
3 π Calcified Soft Tissue Lesion
4 π Soft Tissue Edema
5 π Non-Specific Soft Tissue Swelling
Topic 10: Neck USG
10
π Thyroid Gray-Scale USGπ Neck – Soft Tissue Study USG
π Thyroid Doppler USG
π Carotid Doppler Study
π Carotid Artery Spectral Doppler
THYROID GRAY-SCALE USG
π
π NORMAL THYROID
1 π Normal Thyroid Gland
2 π Normal Right Thyroid Lobe
3 π Normal Left Thyroid Lobe
4 π Normal Thyroid Isthmus
5 π Normal Thyroid Echotexture
6 π Normal Thyroid Ultrasound
π THYROID ENLARGEMENT (GOITER)
1 π Diffuse Thyroid Enlargement
2 π Multinodular Goiter
3 π Nodular Goiter
4 π Asymmetrical Thyroid Enlargement
5 π Retrosternal (Substernal) Goiter
6 π Pyramidal Lobe Enlargement
π THYROID NODULES – GENERAL
1 π Solitary Thyroid Nodule
2 π Multiple Thyroid Nodules
3 π Predominantly Cystic Nodule
4 π Predominantly Solid Nodule
5 π Mixed Solid-Cystic Nodule
6 π Hyperechoic Nodule
7 π Isoechoic Nodule
8 π Hypoechoic Nodule
π THYROID NODULES – SPECIFIC PATTERNS
1 π Spongiform Nodule
2 π Colloid Nodule
3 π Pure Cystic Nodule
4 π Degenerating / Hemorrhagic Nodule
5 π Pseudonodule
6 π Fibrous Nodule
7 π Calcified Nodule
8 π Halo Sign Around Nodule
π SUSPICIOUS / MALIGNANT FEATURES
1 π Markedly Hypoechoic Nodule
2 π Irregular Margin Nodule
3 π Microcalcifications
4 π Taller-than-Wide Nodule
5 π Extrathyroidal Extension
6 π Capsular Invasion
7 π Suspicious Malignant Thyroid Nodule
8 π Multiple Suspicious Nodules
π THYROIDITIS & DIFFUSE THYROID DISEASE
1 π Hashimoto Thyroiditis
2 π Subacute (De Quervain) Thyroiditis
3 π Graves Disease
4 π Riedel Thyroiditis
5 π Silent Thyroiditis
6 π Postpartum Thyroiditis
7 π Diffuse Heterogeneous Thyroid
8 π Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
π THYROID MALIGNANCIES
1 π Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
2 π Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
3 π Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
4 π Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
5 π Thyroid Lymphoma
6 π Metastatic Thyroid Lesion
π CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Cervical Lymph Node
2 π Reactive Cervical Lymphadenopathy
3 π Suspicious Cervical Lymph Node
4 π Metastatic Cervical Lymphadenopathy
5 π Multiple Enlarged Cervical Nodes
π CONGENITAL & DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
1 π Ectopic Thyroid
2 π Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
3 π Thyroid Agenesis
4 π Accessory Thyroid Tissue
5 π Lingual Thyroid
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post-Thyroidectomy Normal Bed
2 π Postoperative Collection / Seroma
3 π Residual Thyroid Tissue
4 π Recurrent Thyroid Nodule
5 π Post-RFA / Ablation Follow-Up
6 π Scar Tissue in Thyroid Bed
π TI-RADS CLASSIFICATION
1 π TI-RADS 1 – Normal Thyroid
2 π TI-RADS 2 – Benign Nodule
3 π TI-RADS 3 – Mildly Suspicious Nodule
4 π TI-RADS 4 – Moderately Suspicious Nodule
5 π TI-RADS 5 – Highly Suspicious Nodule
6 π TI-RADS Follow-Up Recommendation
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Thyroid Calcification
2 π Thyroid Hemorrhage
3 π Thyroid Abscess
4 π Non-Specific Thyroid Lesion
5 π Neck Mass Adjacent to Thyroid
NECK – SOFT TISSUE STUDY USG
π
π NORMAL NECK SOFT TISSUES
1 π Normal Neck Soft Tissue Ultrasound
2 π Normal Subcutaneous Tissue
3 π Normal Cervical Fascial Planes
4 π Normal Neck Musculature
5 π No Focal Neck Lesion
π CERVICAL LYMPH NODE ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Cervical Lymph Node
2 π Reactive Cervical Lymphadenopathy
3 π Acute Cervical Lymphadenitis
4 π Suppurative Lymphadenitis
5 π Tubercular Lymphadenitis
6 π Necrotic Cervical Lymph Node
7 π Metastatic Cervical Lymph Node
8 π Lymphomatous Cervical Node
π CONGENITAL CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
2 π Branchial Cleft Cyst
3 π Dermoid Cyst
4 π Epidermoid Cyst
5 π Lymphatic Malformation (Cystic Hygroma)
6 π Congenital Neck Cyst
π INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIVE LESIONS
1 π Cellulitis
2 π Neck Abscess
3 π Deep Neck Space Abscess
4 π Submandibular Abscess
5 π Ludwig Angina
6 π Infected Branchial Cleft Cyst
7 π Infected Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
π SALIVARY GLAND LESIONS
1 π Acute Parotitis
2 π Chronic Parotitis
3 π Sialadenitis
4 π Submandibular Sialadenitis
5 π Salivary Gland Abscess
6 π Sialolithiasis
7 π Pleomorphic Adenoma
8 π Warthin Tumor
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibrolipoma
3 π Hemangioma
4 π Venous Malformation
5 π Neurofibroma
6 π Schwannoma
7 π Benign Neck Mass
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Carotid Body Tumor
2 π Hemangioma
3 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
4 π Venous Malformation
5 π Vascular Neck Mass
π MALIGNANT & SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Neck Mass
2 π Metastatic Neck Mass
3 π Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis
4 π Lymphoma
5 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma
6 π Infiltrative Neck Lesion
7 π Recurrent Neck Malignancy
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Postoperative Seroma
2 π Postoperative Hematoma
3 π Postoperative Collection
4 π Scar Tissue
5 π Post Neck Dissection Follow-Up
6 π Follow-Up Neck Mass
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Foreign Body in Neck Soft Tissue
2 π Soft Tissue Calcification
3 π Cervical Edema
4 π Non-Specific Neck Swelling
5 π Neck Soft Tissue Thickening
THYROID DOPPLER USG
π
π NORMAL THYROID DOPPLER
1 π Normal Thyroid Vascularity
2 π Normal Right Thyroid Lobe Vascularity
3 π Normal Left Thyroid Lobe Vascularity
4 π Normal Thyroid Isthmus Vascularity
5 π Normal Inferior Thyroid Artery Doppler
6 π Normal Thyroid Doppler Study
π DIFFUSE THYROID HYPERVASCULARITY
1 π Graves Disease
2 π Thyroid Inferno Pattern
3 π Diffuse Hypervascular Goiter
4 π Markedly Increased Thyroid Flow
5 π Elevated Inferior Thyroid Artery PSV
6 π Active Graves Disease Follow-Up
π THYROIDITIS
1 π Hashimoto Thyroiditis
2 π Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
3 π Subacute (De Quervain) Thyroiditis
4 π Silent Thyroiditis
5 π Postpartum Thyroiditis
6 π Diffuse Heterogeneous Thyroid with Increased Flow
7 π Diffuse Heterogeneous Thyroid with Reduced Flow
π THYROID NODULE VASCULARITY
1 π Avascular Thyroid Nodule
2 π Peripheral Vascularity Only
3 π Predominantly Central Vascularity
4 π Mixed Central & Peripheral Vascularity
5 π Hypervascular Thyroid Nodule
6 π Hypovascular Thyroid Nodule
7 π Spongiform Nodule with Minimal Flow
8 π Colloid Nodule
π SUSPICIOUS / MALIGNANT NODULES
1 π Hypervascular Suspicious Nodule
2 π Central Neovascularity
3 π Irregular Hypervascular Nodule
4 π Suspicious Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
5 π Suspicious Follicular Neoplasm
6 π Thyroid Malignancy with Extrathyroidal Extension
7 π Multiple Suspicious Hypervascular Nodules
8 π Malignant Neovascular Pattern
π CERVICAL LYMPH NODE DOPPLER
1 π Normal Hilar Vascularity
2 π Reactive Cervical Lymph Node
3 π Increased Hilar Vascularity
4 π Peripheral Vascularity
5 π Suspicious Cervical Lymph Node
6 π Metastatic Cervical Lymphadenopathy
7 π Lymphomatous Cervical Node
π THYROID MALIGNANCIES
1 π Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
2 π Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
3 π Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
4 π Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
5 π Thyroid Lymphoma
6 π Metastatic Thyroid Lesion
π POST-RFA / POST-ABLATION ASSESSMENT
1 π Post Radiofrequency Ablation Follow-Up
2 π Residual Nodule Vascularity
3 π Complete Ablation Response
4 π Partial Ablation Response
5 π Revascularization of Treated Nodule
π POSTOPERATIVE THYROID BED
1 π Normal Post-Thyroidectomy Bed
2 π Postoperative Seroma
3 π Postoperative Hematoma
4 π Residual Thyroid Tissue
5 π Recurrent Thyroid Tumor
6 π Scar Tissue in Thyroid Bed
π DOPPLER RISK STRATIFICATION
1 π Avascular Nodule
2 π Minimal Internal Vascularity
3 π Moderate Internal Vascularity
4 π Marked Internal Vascularity
5 π Peripheral Flow Pattern
6 π Central Flow Pattern
7 π Mixed Flow Pattern
π PROCEDURAL GUIDANCE
1 π Pre-FNAC Vascular Mapping
2 π Ultrasound-Guided FNAC Planning
3 π Pre-RFA Vascular Assessment
4 π Post-FNAC Hemorrhage Assessment
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Thyroid Abscess
2 π Hypervascular Neck Mass Adjacent to Thyroid
3 π Non-Specific Thyroid Hypervascularity
4 π Non-Specific Thyroid Doppler Study
CAROTID DOPPLER STUDY
π
π NORMAL CAROTID DOPPLER
1 π Normal Carotid Doppler Study
2 π Normal Common Carotid Artery (CCA)
3 π Normal Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)
4 π Normal External Carotid Artery (ECA)
5 π Normal Vertebral Artery Flow
6 π Normal Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT)
π INTIMA-MEDIA THICKENING
1 π Mild Increased CIMT
2 π Moderate Increased CIMT
3 π Marked Increased CIMT
4 π Diffuse Atherosclerotic Changes
5 π Early Carotid Atherosclerosis
π CAROTID PLAQUES
1 π Small Carotid Plaque
2 π Multiple Carotid Plaques
3 π Calcified Plaque
4 π Soft Plaque
5 π Mixed Echogenic Plaque
6 π Ulcerated Plaque
7 π Unstable Plaque
8 π Plaque at Carotid Bulb
π INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS
1 π Mild ICA Stenosis (<50%)
2 π Moderate ICA Stenosis (50–69%)
3 π Severe ICA Stenosis (70–99%)
4 π Near Occlusion of ICA
5 π Complete ICA Occlusion
6 π Hemodynamically Significant ICA Stenosis
π COMMON CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE
1 π CCA Stenosis
2 π Diffuse CCA Atherosclerosis
3 π CCA Plaque Formation
4 π CCA Occlusion
5 π Long Segment CCA Disease
π EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE
1 π ECA Stenosis
2 π ECA Plaque
3 π ECA Occlusion
4 π Diffuse ECA Atherosclerosis
π VERTEBRAL ARTERY ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Vertebral Artery Flow
2 π Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia
3 π Vertebral Artery Stenosis
4 π Vertebral Artery Occlusion
5 π Reversed Vertebral Flow
6 π Subclavian Steal Syndrome
π CAROTID DISSECTION & ANEURYSM
1 π Carotid Artery Dissection
2 π Intimal Flap Identified
3 π Carotid Pseudoaneurysm
4 π Carotid Artery Aneurysm
5 π Post-Traumatic Carotid Injury
π POSTOPERATIVE / POST-STENT FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post Carotid Endarterectomy
2 π Patent Carotid Stent
3 π In-Stent Restenosis
4 π Postoperative Carotid Follow-Up
5 π Recurrent Carotid Disease
π VASCULITIS
1 π Takayasu Arteritis
2 π Giant Cell Arteritis
3 π Diffuse Arterial Wall Thickening
4 π Active Carotid Vasculitis
π HEMODYNAMIC ABNORMALITIES
1 π Elevated Peak Systolic Velocity
2 π Elevated End Diastolic Velocity
3 π Turbulent Flow at Bifurcation
4 π Spectral Broadening
5 π Dampened Distal Waveform
6 π High Resistance Flow Pattern
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Carotid Body Tumor
2 π Neck Mass Adjacent to Carotid
3 π Extrinsic Compression of Carotid Artery
4 π Tortuous Carotid Artery
5 π Kinking of ICA
6 π Coiling of ICA
CAROTID ARTERY SPECTRAL DOPPLER
π
π NORMAL SPECTRAL DOPPLER
1 π Normal CCA Spectral Waveform
2 π Normal ICA Spectral Waveform
3 π Normal ECA Spectral Waveform
4 π Normal Vertebral Artery Waveform
5 π Antegrade Vertebral Artery Flow
6 π Normal ICA/CCA PSV Ratio
π COMMON CAROTID ARTERY (CCA)
1 π Normal CCA Velocity
2 π Elevated CCA PSV
3 π Elevated CCA EDV
4 π CCA Spectral Broadening
5 π CCA Turbulent Flow
6 π CCA Stenotic Waveform
π INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (ICA)
1 π Mild ICA Stenosis (<50%)
2 π Moderate ICA Stenosis (50–69%)
3 π Severe ICA Stenosis (70–99%)
4 π Near Occlusion of ICA
5 π Complete ICA Occlusion
6 π Elevated ICA PSV
7 π Elevated ICA EDV
8 π ICA Spectral Broadening
π EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (ECA)
1 π Normal ECA High Resistance Waveform
2 π Elevated ECA Velocity
3 π ECA Stenosis
4 π ECA Occlusion
5 π Abnormal ECA Spectral Pattern
π VERTEBRAL ARTERY
1 π Normal Vertebral Artery Flow
2 π Reduced Vertebral Artery Velocity
3 π Vertebral Artery Stenosis
4 π Vertebral Artery Occlusion
5 π Reversed Vertebral Flow
6 π To-and-Fro Vertebral Flow
π SUBCLAVIAN STEAL PHENOMENON
1 π Early Subclavian Steal
2 π Partial Subclavian Steal
3 π Complete Subclavian Steal Syndrome
4 π Bidirectional Vertebral Flow
5 π Retrograde Vertebral Flow
π HEMODYNAMIC ABNORMALITIES
1 π Spectral Broadening
2 π Post-Stenotic Turbulence
3 π Aliasing on Spectral Doppler
4 π Dampened Waveform (Tardus-Parvus)
5 π High Resistance Waveform
6 π Low Resistance Waveform
7 π Hyperdynamic Flow State
π OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
1 π Complete ICA Occlusion
2 π Complete CCA Occlusion
3 π Complete ECA Occlusion
4 π Near Total Occlusion
5 π Absent Doppler Signal
π POST ENDARTERECTOMY / STENT
1 π Patent Carotid Stent
2 π In-Stent Restenosis
3 π Post Endarterectomy Normal Flow
4 π Elevated Velocity Post Stenting
5 π Recurrent Carotid Stenosis
π CAROTID DISSECTION
1 π Carotid Artery Dissection
2 π True Lumen / False Lumen Flow
3 π Intimal Flap with Flow Separation
4 π Hemodynamically Significant Dissection
π VELOCITY CRITERIA REPORTING
1 π ICA PSV <125 cm/s
2 π ICA PSV 125–230 cm/s
3 π ICA PSV >230 cm/s
4 π ICA/CCA Ratio <2
5 π ICA/CCA Ratio 2–4
6 π ICA/CCA Ratio >4
7 π Elevated End Diastolic Velocity
π MISCELLANEOUS
1 π Tortuous ICA
2 π Kinked ICA
3 π Coiled ICA
4 π Hyperdynamic Circulation
5 π Non-Specific Spectral Doppler Abnormality
Topic 11: Upper Limb
11
π Upper Limb Soft Tissue USGπ Upper Limb Venous Doppler USG
π Upper Limb Arterial Doppler USG
π Upper Limb AV Fistula Doppler (Dialysis Access) USG
π Upper Limb Vascular Trauma / Pseudoaneurysm Study USG
π Shoulder Joint USG
π Elbow Joint USG
π Wrist & Hand USG
π Carpal Tunnel Assessment USG
π Tendon / Tenosynovitis Evaluation USG
UPPER LIMB SOFT TISSUE USG
π
π NORMAL UPPER LIMB SOFT TISSUES
1 π Normal Upper Limb Soft Tissue Ultrasound
2 π Normal Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue
3 π Normal Muscle Architecture
4 π Normal Fascial Planes
5 π No Focal Soft Tissue Lesion
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Ganglion Cyst
2 π Wrist Ganglion Cyst
3 π Tendon Sheath Ganglion
4 π Epidermoid Cyst
5 π Sebaceous Cyst
6 π Inclusion Cyst
7 π Complex Cystic Lesion
π INFLAMMATORY & INFECTIVE LESIONS
1 π Cellulitis
2 π Subcutaneous Edema
3 π Soft Tissue Abscess
4 π Intramuscular Abscess
5 π Pyomyositis
6 π Infective Collection
7 π Draining Sinus Tract
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Soft Tissue Hematoma
2 π Intramuscular Hematoma
3 π Seroma
4 π Muscle Tear
5 π Partial Muscle Tear
6 π Complete Muscle Rupture
7 π Post-Traumatic Collection
8 π Foreign Body Granuloma
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibrolipoma
3 π Angiolipoma
4 π Hemangioma
5 π Venous Malformation
6 π Lymphatic Malformation
7 π Benign Soft Tissue Tumor
π NERVE SHEATH & NEUROGENIC LESIONS
1 π Schwannoma
2 π Neurofibroma
3 π Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
4 π Traumatic Neuroma
5 π Nerve Enlargement
π TENDON SHEATH & SYNOVIAL LESIONS
1 π Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
2 π Tenosynovitis
3 π Chronic Tenosynovitis
4 π Tendon Sheath Effusion
5 π Synovial Cyst
6 π Bursitis
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Hemangioma
2 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
3 π Venous Malformation
4 π Pseudoaneurysm
5 π Vascular Soft Tissue Mass
π MALIGNANT & SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Soft Tissue Mass
2 π Infiltrative Soft Tissue Lesion
3 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma
4 π Synovial Sarcoma
5 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
6 π Recurrent Soft Tissue Tumor
π LYMPH NODE ASSESSMENT
1 π Reactive Lymph Node
2 π Enlarged Lymph Node
3 π Necrotic Lymph Node
4 π Lymphomatous Node
5 π Metastatic Lymphadenopathy
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Postoperative Seroma
2 π Postoperative Hematoma
3 π Postoperative Collection
4 π Scar Tissue
5 π Follow-Up Soft Tissue Lesion
6 π Post-Excision Surveillance
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Soft Tissue Calcification
2 π Myositis Ossificans
3 π Fat Necrosis
4 π Non-Specific Soft Tissue Swelling
5 π Non-Specific Soft Tissue Mass
UPPER LIMB VENOUS DOPPLER USG
π
π NORMAL VENOUS DOPPLER
1 π Normal Upper Limb Venous Doppler
2 π Normal Internal Jugular Vein Flow
3 π Normal Subclavian Vein Flow
4 π Normal Axillary Vein Flow
5 π Normal Brachial Vein Flow
6 π Normal Basilic Vein Flow
7 π Normal Cephalic Vein Flow
8 π Normal Venous Compressibility
π UPPER LIMB DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
1 π Acute Upper Limb DVT
2 π Chronic Upper Limb DVT
3 π Partial Venous Thrombosis
4 π Complete Venous Occlusion
5 π Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis
6 π Subclavian Vein Thrombosis
7 π Axillary Vein Thrombosis
8 π Brachial Vein Thrombosis
π SUPERFICIAL VEIN THROMBOSIS
1 π Superficial Thrombophlebitis
2 π Cephalic Vein Thrombosis
3 π Basilic Vein Thrombosis
4 π Superficial Venous Occlusion
5 π Thrombosed Superficial Vein
π CATHETER / PICC LINE RELATED THROMBOSIS
1 π PICC Line Associated Thrombosis
2 π Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis
3 π Dialysis Catheter Related Thrombus
4 π Pericatheter Thrombus
5 π Catheter Related Venous Occlusion
π THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
1 π Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
2 π Positional Subclavian Vein Compression
3 π Paget-Schroetter Syndrome
4 π Dynamic Venous Compression
5 π Effort-Induced Venous Thrombosis
π POST-THROMBOTIC CHANGES
1 π Chronic Recanalized Thrombus
2 π Residual Venous Thrombus
3 π Venous Wall Thickening
4 π Post-Thrombotic Changes
5 π Partial Venous Recanalization
π VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY & REFLUX
1 π Upper Limb Venous Reflux
2 π Venous Valve Incompetence
3 π Chronic Venous Insufficiency
4 π Segmental Venous Reflux
π CENTRAL VENOUS OBSTRUCTION
1 π Central Venous Stenosis
2 π Brachiocephalic Vein Obstruction
3 π Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
4 π Collateral Venous Channels
5 π Chronic Central Venous Occlusion
π AV FISTULA & DIALYSIS ACCESS
1 π Patent AV Fistula
2 π AV Fistula Maturation Assessment
3 π AV Fistula Stenosis
4 π AV Fistula Thrombosis
5 π AV Graft Assessment
6 π Dialysis Access Dysfunction
π VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
1 π Venous Pseudoaneurysm
2 π Arteriovenous Fistula
3 π Post-Procedural Venous Injury
4 π Venous Hematoma
5 π Vascular Access Complication
π FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
1 π DVT Follow-Up Study
2 π Post-Anticoagulation Follow-Up
3 π Recanalization Assessment
4 π Thrombus Resolution Assessment
5 π Venous Patency Follow-Up
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Venous Ectasia
2 π Venous Aneurysm
3 π Non-Specific Upper Limb Edema
4 π Non-Specific Venous Doppler Abnormality
5 π Technically Limited Study
UPPER LIMB ARTERIAL DOPPLER USG
π
π NORMAL ARTERIAL DOPPLER
1 π Normal Upper Limb Arterial Doppler
2 π Normal Subclavian Artery Flow
3 π Normal Axillary Artery Flow
4 π Normal Brachial Artery Flow
5 π Normal Radial Artery Flow
6 π Normal Ulnar Artery Flow
7 π Normal Triphasic Waveform
8 π Normal Distal Perfusion
π ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE
1 π Mild Atherosclerotic Changes
2 π Diffuse Atherosclerotic Disease
3 π Calcified Arterial Plaque
4 π Non-Calcified Plaque
5 π Hemodynamically Significant Plaque
π ARTERIAL STENOSIS
1 π Mild Arterial Stenosis (<50%)
2 π Moderate Arterial Stenosis (50–69%)
3 π Severe Arterial Stenosis (≥70%)
4 π Subclavian Artery Stenosis
5 π Axillary Artery Stenosis
6 π Brachial Artery Stenosis
7 π Radial Artery Stenosis
8 π Ulnar Artery Stenosis
π ARTERIAL OCCLUSION
1 π Acute Arterial Occlusion
2 π Chronic Arterial Occlusion
3 π Subclavian Artery Occlusion
4 π Axillary Artery Occlusion
5 π Brachial Artery Occlusion
6 π Radial Artery Occlusion
7 π Ulnar Artery Occlusion
8 π Distal Monophasic Waveform
π THROMBOSIS & EMBOLIC DISEASE
1 π Acute Arterial Thrombosis
2 π Chronic Arterial Thrombus
3 π Partial Arterial Thrombosis
4 π Distal Arterial Embolism
5 π Recanalized Arterial Thrombus
π THORACIC OUTLET & SUBCLAVIAN STEAL
1 π Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
2 π Dynamic Subclavian Artery Compression
3 π Positional Arterial Compression
4 π Early Subclavian Steal
5 π Partial Subclavian Steal
6 π Complete Subclavian Steal Syndrome
7 π Reversed Vertebral Artery Flow
π ANEURYSM & PSEUDOANEURYSM
1 π True Arterial Aneurysm
2 π Subclavian Artery Aneurysm
3 π Axillary Artery Aneurysm
4 π Brachial Artery Aneurysm
5 π Radial Artery Aneurysm
6 π Pseudoaneurysm
7 π Partially Thrombosed Pseudoaneurysm
π VASCULITIS & SMALL VESSEL DISEASE
1 π Takayasu Arteritis
2 π Giant Cell Arteritis
3 π Vasculitic Arterial Wall Thickening
4 π Active Arteritis
5 π Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans)
6 π Raynaud Syndrome Assessment
π TRAUMATIC ARTERIAL INJURY
1 π Arterial Wall Injury
2 π Arterial Laceration
3 π Post-Traumatic Occlusion
4 π Traumatic Pseudoaneurysm
5 π Arteriovenous Fistula
6 π Post-Procedural Arterial Complication
π AV FISTULA & DIALYSIS ACCESS
1 π Patent AV Fistula
2 π AV Fistula Maturation Assessment
3 π AV Fistula Stenosis
4 π AV Fistula Thrombosis
5 π AV Graft Assessment
6 π Dialysis Access Steal Syndrome
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post-Revascularization Follow-Up
2 π Arterial Bypass Graft Assessment
3 π Post Angioplasty Follow-Up
4 π Post Stent Evaluation
5 π Recurrent Arterial Stenosis
6 π Arterial Patency Follow-Up
π HEMODYNAMIC ABNORMALITIES
1 π Elevated Peak Systolic Velocity
2 π Spectral Broadening
3 π Post-Stenotic Turbulence
4 π Monophasic Waveform
5 π Biphasic Waveform
6 π Dampened (Tardus-Parvus) Waveform
7 π Hyperdynamic Flow State
8 π Non-Specific Arterial Doppler Abnormality
UPPER LIMB AV FISTULA DOPPLER (DIALYSIS ACCESS) USG
π
π PREOPERATIVE VESSEL MAPPING
1 π Preoperative AV Fistula Mapping
2 π Suitable Radial Artery for AVF Creation
3 π Suitable Ulnar Artery for AVF Creation
4 π Suitable Cephalic Vein for AVF Creation
5 π Suitable Basilic Vein for AVF Creation
6 π Inadequate Vessel Diameter for AVF
7 π Arterial Calcification Limiting AVF Creation
π NORMAL AV FISTULA
1 π Patent Radiocephalic AV Fistula
2 π Patent Brachiocephalic AV Fistula
3 π Patent Brachiobasilic AV Fistula
4 π Mature AV Fistula
5 π Adequate Access Flow Volume
6 π Normal AV Fistula Doppler Study
π AV FISTULA MATURATION
1 π Early AV Fistula Maturation
2 π Successful AV Fistula Maturation
3 π Delayed AV Fistula Maturation
4 π Failure of AV Fistula Maturation
5 π Inadequate Flow for Dialysis
6 π Small Diameter Outflow Vein
π AV FISTULA STENOSIS
1 π Juxta-Anastomotic Stenosis
2 π Anastomotic Stenosis
3 π Venous Outflow Stenosis
4 π Central Venous Stenosis
5 π Hemodynamically Significant Stenosis
6 π Elevated PSV at Stenosis Site
7 π Post-Stenotic Turbulence
π AV FISTULA THROMBOSIS
1 π Partial AV Fistula Thrombosis
2 π Complete AV Fistula Thrombosis
3 π Acute Thrombosed AV Fistula
4 π Chronic Thrombosed AV Fistula
5 π Residual Thrombus
6 π Recanalized AV Fistula
π ANEURYSM & PSEUDOANEURYSM
1 π AV Fistula Aneurysm
2 π Giant AV Fistula Aneurysm
3 π Anastomotic Aneurysm
4 π Pseudoaneurysm of AV Fistula
5 π Partially Thrombosed Pseudoaneurysm
6 π Multiple Cannulation-Site Pseudoaneurysms
π HIGH FLOW & LOW FLOW STATES
1 π High Flow AV Fistula
2 π Hyperdynamic AV Access
3 π Low Flow AV Fistula
4 π Critically Reduced Access Flow
5 π High Output Cardiac Risk AVF
π DIALYSIS ACCESS STEAL SYNDROME
1 π Mild Dialysis Access Steal Syndrome
2 π Moderate Dialysis Access Steal Syndrome
3 π Severe Dialysis Access Steal Syndrome
4 π Retrograde Distal Arterial Flow
5 π Distal Limb Ischemia due to AVF
π CENTRAL VENOUS ABNORMALITIES
1 π Central Venous Stenosis
2 π Central Venous Occlusion
3 π Collateral Venous Channels
4 π Subclavian Vein Stenosis
5 π Brachiocephalic Vein Obstruction
π POST INTERVENTION FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post Angioplasty Assessment
2 π Post Thrombectomy Assessment
3 π Post Surgical Revision Assessment
4 π Patent Stented Segment
5 π Recurrent Stenosis After Intervention
π AV GRAFT ASSESSMENT
1 π Patent AV Graft
2 π AV Graft Stenosis
3 π AV Graft Thrombosis
4 π AV Graft Infection
5 π AV Graft Pseudoaneurysm
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Perifistula Hematoma
2 π Perifistula Collection
3 π Access Site Infection
4 π Non-Specific AV Fistula Dysfunction
5 π Technically Limited AV Fistula Study
UPPER LIMB VASCULAR TRAUMA / PSEUDOANEURYSM STUDY USG
π
π NORMAL POST-TRAUMA VASCULAR STUDY
1 π Normal Upper Limb Vascular Study
2 π Intact Arterial Flow Following Trauma
3 π Patent Arterial Segment
4 π No Evidence of Vascular Injury
5 π Normal Post-Procedural Doppler Study
π PSEUDOANEURYSM
1 π Pseudoaneurysm
2 π Radial Artery Pseudoaneurysm
3 π Ulnar Artery Pseudoaneurysm
4 π Brachial Artery Pseudoaneurysm
5 π Axillary Artery Pseudoaneurysm
6 π Post-Catheterization Pseudoaneurysm
7 π Small Pseudoaneurysm
8 π Large Pseudoaneurysm
9 π Multilobed Pseudoaneurysm
10 π Partially Thrombosed Pseudoaneurysm
11 π Completely Thrombosed Pseudoaneurysm
12 π Pseudoaneurysm with Narrow Neck
13 π Pseudoaneurysm with Wide Neck
π ARTERIAL TRAUMA
1 π Arterial Wall Defect
2 π Partial Arterial Laceration
3 π Complete Arterial Transection
4 π Arterial Disruption
5 π Post-Traumatic Arterial Injury
6 π Penetrating Vascular Injury
7 π Blunt Vascular Injury
π ARTERIAL OCCLUSION & THROMBOSIS
1 π Acute Arterial Thrombosis
2 π Chronic Arterial Thrombosis
3 π Partial Arterial Occlusion
4 π Complete Arterial Occlusion
5 π Distal Embolic Occlusion
6 π Post-Traumatic Arterial Thrombus
π ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
1 π Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula
2 π Post-Procedural Arteriovenous Fistula
3 π High-Flow Arteriovenous Fistula
4 π Persistent Arteriovenous Communication
5 π Arterialized Venous Flow
π HEMATOMA & ACTIVE BLEEDING
1 π Soft Tissue Hematoma
2 π Perivascular Hematoma
3 π Expanding Hematoma
4 π Organized Hematoma
5 π Active Extravasation
6 π Ongoing Arterial Bleeding
π ARTERIAL DISSECTION
1 π Arterial Dissection
2 π Intimal Flap Identified
3 π True and False Lumina
4 π Flow Limiting Dissection
5 π Post-Traumatic Dissection
π POSTOPERATIVE / POST-REPAIR
1 π Patent Arterial Repair
2 π Patent Vascular Graft
3 π Post Vascular Reconstruction
4 π Post Thrombectomy Assessment
5 π Post Pseudoaneurysm Repair
6 π Recurrent Pseudoaneurysm
π THROMBIN INJECTION FOLLOW-UP
1 π Successful Thrombin Injection
2 π Complete Pseudoaneurysm Thrombosis
3 π Residual Flow Within Pseudoaneurysm
4 π Partial Thrombosis After Treatment
5 π Recanalized Pseudoaneurysm
π DIALYSIS ACCESS RELATED TRAUMA
1 π AV Fistula Pseudoaneurysm
2 π AV Graft Pseudoaneurysm
3 π Cannulation Site Aneurysm
4 π Dialysis Access Hematoma
5 π Dialysis Access Bleeding Complication
π HEMODYNAMIC FINDINGS
1 π To-and-Fro Flow Sign
2 π Yin-Yang Sign
3 π Turbulent Flow Pattern
4 π High Velocity Jet
5 π Distal Dampened Waveform
6 π Post-Stenotic Turbulence
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Foreign Body Adjacent to Vessel
2 π Vascular Compression by Hematoma
3 π Soft Tissue Swelling Around Vessel
4 π Non-Specific Vascular Injury
5 π Technically Limited Examination
SHOULDER JOINT USG
π
π NORMAL SHOULDER ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Shoulder Joint Ultrasound
2 π Normal Long Head of Biceps Tendon
3 π Normal Subscapularis Tendon
4 π Normal Supraspinatus Tendon
5 π Normal Infraspinatus Tendon
6 π Normal Teres Minor Tendon
7 π Normal Rotator Cuff
8 π Normal Subacromial-Subdeltoid Bursa
π LONG HEAD OF BICEPS TENDON
1 π Biceps Tendinosis
2 π Biceps Tenosynovitis
3 π Biceps Tendon Sheath Effusion
4 π Partial Tear of Biceps Tendon
5 π Complete Tear of Biceps Tendon
6 π Biceps Tendon Subluxation
7 π Biceps Tendon Dislocation
π ROTATOR CUFF TENDINOPATHY
1 π Supraspinatus Tendinosis
2 π Infraspinatus Tendinosis
3 π Subscapularis Tendinosis
4 π Teres Minor Tendinosis
5 π Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy
6 π Calcific Tendinopathy
π ROTATOR CUFF TEARS
1 π Partial Thickness Supraspinatus Tear
2 π Full Thickness Supraspinatus Tear
3 π Partial Thickness Infraspinatus Tear
4 π Full Thickness Infraspinatus Tear
5 π Partial Thickness Subscapularis Tear
6 π Full Thickness Subscapularis Tear
7 π Massive Rotator Cuff Tear
8 π Retracted Rotator Cuff Tear
π BURSAL PATHOLOGY
1 π Subacromial-Subdeltoid Bursitis
2 π Distended SASD Bursa
3 π Chronic Bursitis
4 π Hemorrhagic Bursitis
5 π Septic Bursitis
π IMPINGEMENT SYNDROMES
1 π Subacromial Impingement
2 π Dynamic Impingement Syndrome
3 π Coracoid Impingement
4 π Internal Shoulder Impingement
π JOINT EFFUSION & SYNOVITIS
1 π Glenohumeral Joint Effusion
2 π Mild Joint Effusion
3 π Moderate Joint Effusion
4 π Large Joint Effusion
5 π Synovitis
6 π Septic Arthritis
7 π Inflammatory Arthritis
π ACROMIOCLAVICULAR (AC) JOINT
1 π AC Joint Osteoarthritis
2 π AC Joint Effusion
3 π AC Joint Synovitis
4 π AC Joint Hypertrophy
5 π AC Joint Separation
π DEGENERATIVE & ARTHRITIC CONDITIONS
1 π Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis
2 π Rheumatoid Arthritis
3 π Crystal Arthropathy
4 π Degenerative Shoulder Joint Disease
5 π Rotator Cuff Arthropathy
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Shoulder Hematoma
2 π Muscle Tear Around Shoulder
3 π Post-Traumatic Joint Effusion
4 π Greater Tuberosity Cortical Irregularity
5 π Post-Traumatic Rotator Cuff Tear
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post Rotator Cuff Repair
2 π Recurrent Rotator Cuff Tear
3 π Postoperative Collection
4 π Postoperative Seroma
5 π Postoperative Scar Tissue
6 π Follow-Up Shoulder Ultrasound
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Paralabral Cyst
2 π Ganglion Cyst Around Shoulder
3 π Soft Tissue Calcification
4 π Deltoid Muscle Atrophy
5 π Non-Specific Shoulder Pain Study
6 π Technically Limited Examination
ELBOW JOINT USG
π
π NORMAL ELBOW ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Elbow Joint Ultrasound
2 π Normal Common Extensor Tendon
3 π Normal Common Flexor Tendon
4 π Normal Distal Biceps Tendon
5 π Normal Distal Triceps Tendon
6 π Normal Ulnar Nerve
7 π Normal Radiocapitellar Joint
8 π No Joint Effusion
π LATERAL ELBOW PATHOLOGY
1 π Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
2 π Common Extensor Tendinosis
3 π Partial Tear of Common Extensor Tendon
4 π Full Thickness Extensor Tendon Tear
5 π Calcific Lateral Epicondylitis
6 π Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
π MEDIAL ELBOW PATHOLOGY
1 π Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow)
2 π Common Flexor Tendinosis
3 π Partial Tear of Common Flexor Tendon
4 π Ulnar Collateral Ligament Sprain
5 π Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear
6 π Medial Epicondyle Avulsion Injury
π DISTAL BICEPS TENDON
1 π Distal Biceps Tendinosis
2 π Bicipitoradial Bursitis
3 π Partial Distal Biceps Tear
4 π Complete Distal Biceps Rupture
5 π Retracted Distal Biceps Tendon
π DISTAL TRICEPS TENDON
1 π Distal Triceps Tendinosis
2 π Partial Triceps Tear
3 π Complete Triceps Rupture
4 π Triceps Enthesopathy
5 π Calcific Triceps Tendinopathy
π BURSAL PATHOLOGY
1 π Olecranon Bursitis
2 π Septic Olecranon Bursitis
3 π Hemorrhagic Bursitis
4 π Chronic Olecranon Bursitis
5 π Distended Olecranon Bursa
π JOINT EFFUSION & SYNOVITIS
1 π Elbow Joint Effusion
2 π Mild Joint Effusion
3 π Moderate Joint Effusion
4 π Large Joint Effusion
5 π Synovitis
6 π Septic Arthritis
7 π Inflammatory Arthritis
π NERVE PATHOLOGY
1 π Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Ulnar Neuropathy
3 π Ulnar Nerve Enlargement
4 π Ulnar Nerve Subluxation
5 π Ulnar Nerve Dislocation
6 π Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Post-Traumatic Joint Effusion
2 π Elbow Hematoma
3 π Muscle Tear Around Elbow
4 π Ligament Injury
5 π Soft Tissue Injury
6 π Avulsion Injury
π DEGENERATIVE & ARTHRITIC CONDITIONS
1 π Elbow Osteoarthritis
2 π Rheumatoid Arthritis
3 π Crystal Arthropathy
4 π Gouty Arthritis
5 π Degenerative Joint Disease
π MASSES & CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Ganglion Cyst
2 π Synovial Cyst
3 π Lipoma
4 π Soft Tissue Mass
5 π Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
6 π Suspicious Soft Tissue Lesion
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post Tendon Repair Follow-Up
2 π Postoperative Seroma
3 π Postoperative Hematoma
4 π Postoperative Scar Tissue
5 π Recurrent Tendon Tear
6 π Follow-Up Elbow Ultrasound
WRIST & HAND USG
π
π NORMAL WRIST & HAND ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Wrist & Hand Ultrasound
2 π Normal Flexor Tendons
3 π Normal Extensor Tendons
4 π Normal Median Nerve
5 π Normal Ulnar Nerve
6 π Normal Carpal Tunnel
7 π Normal Wrist Joint
8 π No Focal Abnormality Detected
π GANGLION & CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Dorsal Wrist Ganglion
2 π Volar Wrist Ganglion
3 π Tendon Sheath Ganglion
4 π Digital Ganglion Cyst
5 π Retinacular Cyst
6 π Synovial Cyst
7 π Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst
8 π Complex Cystic Lesion
π TENOSYNOVITIS
1 π De Quervain Tenosynovitis
2 π Flexor Tenosynovitis
3 π Extensor Tenosynovitis
4 π Infective Tenosynovitis
5 π Chronic Tenosynovitis
6 π Stenosing Tenosynovitis
7 π Trigger Finger
8 π Multiple Tendon Sheath Involvement
π TENDON INJURIES
1 π Flexor Tendon Tear
2 π Partial Flexor Tendon Tear
3 π Complete Flexor Tendon Rupture
4 π Extensor Tendon Tear
5 π Partial Extensor Tendon Tear
6 π Complete Extensor Tendon Rupture
7 π Tendinosis
8 π Tendon Adhesions
π NERVE ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES
1 π Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
3 π Moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
4 π Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
5 π Median Nerve Enlargement
6 π Ulnar Neuropathy (Guyon's Canal)
7 π Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
8 π Traumatic Neuroma
π JOINT EFFUSION & SYNOVITIS
1 π Wrist Joint Effusion
2 π Radiocarpal Synovitis
3 π Intercarpal Synovitis
4 π MCP Joint Synovitis
5 π PIP Joint Synovitis
6 π Septic Arthritis
7 π Inflammatory Arthritis
8 π Rheumatoid Arthritis Changes
π DEGENERATIVE & CRYSTAL ARTHROPATHY
1 π Osteoarthritis of Wrist
2 π Thumb CMC Osteoarthritis
3 π Degenerative Joint Disease
4 π Gouty Arthropathy
5 π Tophaceous Gout
6 π CPPD Arthropathy
π MASSES & TUMORS
1 π Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
2 π Lipoma
3 π Glomus Tumor
4 π Hemangioma
5 π Vascular Malformation
6 π Soft Tissue Mass
7 π Suspicious Soft Tissue Lesion
8 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Wrist Hematoma
2 π Hand Hematoma
3 π Soft Tissue Injury
4 π Tendon Laceration
5 π Foreign Body in Hand
6 π Foreign Body Granuloma
7 π Post-Traumatic Collection
π INFECTION
1 π Cellulitis
2 π Soft Tissue Abscess
3 π Deep Palmar Space Infection
4 π Thenar Space Infection
5 π Hypothenar Space Infection
6 π Infective Flexor Tenosynovitis
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post Tendon Repair Follow-Up
2 π Recurrent Tendon Tear
3 π Postoperative Seroma
4 π Postoperative Hematoma
5 π Postoperative Scar Tissue
6 π Follow-Up Wrist & Hand Ultrasound
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Dupuytren Contracture
2 π Palmar Fibromatosis
3 π Accessory Muscle Variant
4 π Soft Tissue Calcification
5 π Non-Specific Wrist Pain Study
6 π Technically Limited Examination
CARPAL TUNNEL ASSESSMENT USG
π
π NORMAL CARPAL TUNNEL
1 π Normal Carpal Tunnel Ultrasound
2 π Normal Median Nerve
3 π Normal Median Nerve Cross-Sectional Area
4 π Normal Flexor Retinaculum
5 π Normal Flexor Tendons
6 π No Evidence of Median Nerve Entrapment
π MILD CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
1 π Mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Mild Median Nerve Enlargement
3 π Early Median Nerve Swelling
4 π Borderline Increased Median Nerve CSA
5 π Mild Median Nerve Flattening
π MODERATE CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
1 π Moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Moderate Median Nerve Enlargement
3 π Hypoechoic Swollen Median Nerve
4 π Median Nerve Flattening at Tunnel Outlet
5 π Bowing of Flexor Retinaculum
π SEVERE CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
1 π Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Marked Median Nerve Enlargement
3 π Severe Median Nerve Compression
4 π Marked Nerve Flattening
5 π Secondary Thenar Muscle Atrophy
6 π Advanced Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
π CHARACTERISTIC SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
1 π Median Nerve Enlargement at Tunnel Inlet
2 π Increased Median Nerve Cross-Sectional Area
3 π Median Nerve Flattening Ratio Increased
4 π Volar Bowing of Flexor Retinaculum
5 π Notch Sign of Median Nerve
6 π Median Nerve Edema
7 π Increased Wrist-to-Forearm Ratio
8 π Increased ΞCSA (Delta CSA)
π SECONDARY CAUSES OF CTS
1 π Flexor Tenosynovitis Causing CTS
2 π Ganglion Cyst Causing CTS
3 π Lipoma Causing CTS
4 π Persistent Median Artery
5 π Bifid Median Nerve
6 π Rheumatoid Synovitis Causing CTS
7 π Post-Traumatic CTS
π FLEXOR TENDON ABNORMALITIES
1 π Flexor Tendon Tenosynovitis
2 π Multiple Flexor Tendon Tenosynovitis
3 π Flexor Tendon Sheath Effusion
4 π Infective Tenosynovitis
5 π Hypertrophic Synovium
π SPACE-OCCUPYING LESIONS
1 π Ganglion Cyst in Carpal Tunnel
2 π Lipoma in Carpal Tunnel
3 π Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
4 π Soft Tissue Mass Compressing Median Nerve
5 π Vascular Malformation in Carpal Tunnel
π POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION
1 π Post Carpal Tunnel Release
2 π Successful Median Nerve Decompression
3 π Persistent Median Nerve Enlargement
4 π Recurrent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
5 π Postoperative Scar Tissue
6 π Incomplete Retinacular Release
π DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Median Nerve Mobility
2 π Restricted Median Nerve Excursion
3 π Dynamic Median Nerve Compression
4 π Median Nerve Adhesions
π DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
1 π Pronator Syndrome
2 π Proximal Median Neuropathy
3 π Ulnar Neuropathy
4 π Cervical Radiculopathy Correlation
5 π Double Crush Syndrome
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Bifid Median Nerve
2 π Persistent Median Artery
3 π Median Nerve Neuroma
4 π Non-Specific Median Nerve Enlargement
5 π Technically Limited Examination
TENDON / TENOSYNOVITIS EVALUATION USG
π
π NORMAL TENDON STUDY
1 π Normal Tendon Ultrasound
2 π Normal Tendon Echotexture
3 π Preserved Fibrillar Pattern
4 π Normal Tendon Thickness
5 π Normal Tendon Sheath
6 π No Tenosynovitis Detected
π TENDINOSIS / TENDINOPATHY
1 π Mild Tendinosis
2 π Moderate Tendinosis
3 π Severe Tendinosis
4 π Chronic Tendinopathy
5 π Diffuse Tendon Thickening
6 π Focal Tendon Thickening
7 π Hypoechoic Tendinopathy
8 π Tendon Degeneration
π TENOSYNOVITIS
1 π Mild Tenosynovitis
2 π Moderate Tenosynovitis
3 π Severe Tenosynovitis
4 π Acute Tenosynovitis
5 π Chronic Tenosynovitis
6 π Stenosing Tenosynovitis
7 π Proliferative Tenosynovitis
8 π Active Tenosynovitis with Hyperemia
π TENDON SHEATH ABNORMALITIES
1 π Tendon Sheath Fluid
2 π Mild Tendon Sheath Effusion
3 π Moderate Tendon Sheath Effusion
4 π Marked Tendon Sheath Effusion
5 π Tendon Sheath Thickening
6 π Hypertrophic Synovium
7 π Complex Tendon Sheath Collection
π INFLAMMATORY TENOSYNOVITIS
1 π Rheumatoid Tenosynovitis
2 π Psoriatic Tenosynovitis
3 π Seronegative Arthropathy Associated Tenosynovitis
4 π Gouty Tenosynovitis
5 π Crystal Deposition Around Tendon
6 π Inflammatory Tendon Sheath Hypervascularity
π INFECTIVE TENOSYNOVITIS
1 π Infective Tenosynovitis
2 π Pyogenic Tenosynovitis
3 π Tendon Sheath Abscess
4 π Complex Purulent Tendon Sheath Collection
5 π Infective Tendon Sheath Thickening
6 π Suspected Septic Tenosynovitis
π CALCIFIC TENDON DISEASE
1 π Calcific Tendinitis
2 π Focal Intratendinous Calcification
3 π Multiple Tendon Calcifications
4 π Calcific Tendinopathy
5 π Calcific Tenosynovitis
π TENDON TEARS
1 π Partial Thickness Tendon Tear
2 π Interstitial Tendon Tear
3 π Full Thickness Tendon Tear
4 π Complete Tendon Rupture
5 π Retracted Tendon Tear
6 π Chronic Tendon Rupture
π TRAUMATIC TENDON LESIONS
1 π Acute Tendon Injury
2 π Post-Traumatic Tenosynovitis
3 π Tendon Contusion
4 π Peritendinous Hematoma
5 π Tendon Laceration
π POSTOPERATIVE / FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post Tendon Repair
2 π Intact Repaired Tendon
3 π Recurrent Tendon Tear
4 π Postoperative Scar Tissue
5 π Tendon Adhesions
6 π Follow-Up Tenosynovitis Study
π SPECIAL CONDITIONS
1 π De Quervain Tenosynovitis
2 π Trigger Finger
3 π Intersection Syndrome
4 π Flexor Tendon Tenosynovitis
5 π Extensor Tendon Tenosynovitis
6 π Peroneal Tenosynovitis
7 π Tibialis Posterior Tenosynovitis
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Peritendinitis
2 π Paratenonitis
3 π Soft Tissue Edema Around Tendon
4 π Hypervascular Tendinopathy
5 π Non-Specific Tendon Abnormality
6 π Technically Limited Examination
Topic 12: Lower Limb
12
π Buttock Regionπ Lower Limb – Gluteal USG
π Lower Limb – Soft Tissue Study USG
π Lower Limb Venous Doppler USG
π Lower Limb Arterial Doppler USG
π Varicose Vein / Venous Reflux Study USG
π AV Fistula Doppler (Lower Limb) USG
π DVT Study USG
π Vascular Trauma / Pseudoaneurysm Study USG
π Plantar Fascia Assessment USG
π Hip Joint USG
π Knee Joint USG
BUTTOCK REGION
ππ CYSTIC / FLUID LESIONS
2 Seroma
3 Gluteal Abscess
4 Morel-LavallΓ©e Lesion
5 Epidermoid / Sebaceous Cyst
6 Chronic Organized Hematoma
7 Lymphocele
π SOLID LESIONS
8 Injection Granuloma
9 Fat Necrosis
10 Lipoma
11 Fibroma / Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
12 Neurofibroma
13 Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
14 Soft Tissue Sarcoma (Buttock)
15 Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
π INFLAMMATORY / INFECTIOUS
16 Myositis
17 Pyomyositis
18 Cellulitis
19 Injection Site Inflammatory Reaction
20 Foreign Body Granuloma
21 Tuberculous Cold Abscess
π VASCULAR LESIONS
22 Pseudoaneurysm
23 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
24 Venous Malformation
25 Hemangioma
26 Gluteal Vein Thrombosis
π MUSCULOSKELETAL / TRAUMATIC
27 Muscle Tear
28 Gluteus Medius Tendinopathy
29 Trochanteric Bursitis
30 Chronic Post-Traumatic Scar Tissue
31 Myositis Ossificans
LOWER LIMB – SOFT TISSUE STUDY USG
ππ CYSTIC / FLUID LESIONS
1 π Hematoma
2 π Seroma
3 π Abscess
4 π Morel-LavallΓ©e Lesion
5 π Epidermoid / Sebaceous Cyst
6 π Ganglion Cyst
7 π Baker’s Cyst Extension
8 π Lymphocele
9 π Chronic Organized Hematoma
10 π Post-Operative Fluid Collection
π SOLID LESIONS
11 π Lipoma
12 π Fibroma
13 π Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis
14 π Neurofibroma
15 π Schwannoma
16 π Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
17 π Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
18 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma
19 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
20 π Myxoma
π INFLAMMATORY / INFECTIOUS
21 π Cellulitis
22 π Myositis
23 π Pyomyositis
24 π Necrotizing Fasciitis
25 π Foreign Body Granuloma
26 π Tuberculous Cold Abscess
27 π Diabetic Soft Tissue Infection
28 π Sinus Tract
29 π Infected Hematoma
30 π Chronic Inflammatory Mass
π VASCULAR LESIONS
31 π Hemangioma
32 π Venous Malformation
33 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
34 π Pseudoaneurysm
35 π Venous Aneurysm
36 π Superficial Venous Thrombosis
37 π Vascularized Soft Tissue Mass
π MUSCULOSKELETAL / TRAUMATIC
38 π Muscle Tear
39 π Muscle Contusion
40 π Tendon Tear
41 π Tendinopathy
42 π Bursitis
43 π Chronic Post-Traumatic Scar Tissue
44 π Myositis Ossificans
45 π Fascial Injury
46 π Compartment Syndrome
47 π Muscle Herniation
π POST-OPERATIVE / MISCELLANEOUS
48 π Post-Surgical Scar
49 π Suture Granuloma
50 π Recurrent Soft Tissue Tumor
51 π Foreign Body Retention
52 π Soft Tissue Calcification
53 π Calcinosis Cutis
54 π Heterotopic Ossification
55 π Soft Tissue Edema
LOWER LIMB VENOUS DOPPLER USG
ππ NORMAL VENOUS ANATOMY
1 π Common Femoral Vein
2 π Femoral Vein
3 π Deep Femoral Vein
4 π Popliteal Vein
5 π Posterior Tibial Veins
6 π Peroneal Veins
7 π Anterior Tibial Veins
8 π Great Saphenous Vein
9 π Small Saphenous Vein
10 π Normal Venous Compressibility
π DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
11 π Acute Common Femoral Vein DVT
12 π Acute Femoral Vein DVT
13 π Acute Popliteal Vein DVT
14 π Acute Calf Vein DVT
15 π Extensive Lower Limb DVT
16 π Occlusive DVT
17 π Non-Occlusive DVT
18 π Floating Thrombus
19 π Recanalized DVT
20 π Chronic DVT
21 π Residual Venous Thrombus
22 π Recurrent DVT
23 π Iliac Vein Thrombosis
24 π Inferior Vena Cava Extension
25 π Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens
π SUPERFICIAL VENOUS DISEASE
26 π Great Saphenous Vein Thrombosis
27 π Small Saphenous Vein Thrombosis
28 π Superficial Thrombophlebitis
29 π Ascending Thrombophlebitis
30 π Varicose Veins
31 π Venous Reflux Disease
32 π Saphenofemoral Junction Reflux
33 π Saphenopopliteal Junction Reflux
34 π Perforator Vein Incompetence
35 π Chronic Venous Insufficiency
π POST-THROMBOTIC CHANGES
36 π Post-Thrombotic Syndrome
37 π Venous Wall Thickening
38 π Fibrotic Venous Occlusion
39 π Recanalized Chronic Thrombus
40 π Venous Collateral Formation
41 π Chronic Venous Hypertension
42 π Venous Stasis Changes
π VASCULAR ANOMALIES & MISCELLANEOUS
43 π Venous Aneurysm
44 π Popliteal Venous Aneurysm
45 π Venous Malformation
46 π Arteriovenous Fistula
47 π May-Thurner Syndrome
48 π Extrinsic Venous Compression
49 π Baker’s Cyst Compressing Vein
50 π Venous Insufficiency with Ulceration
LOWER LIMB ARTERIAL DOPPLER USG
ππ NORMAL ARTERIAL ANATOMY
1 π Common Femoral Artery
2 π Superficial Femoral Artery
3 π Deep Femoral (Profunda Femoris) Artery
4 π Popliteal Artery
5 π Anterior Tibial Artery
6 π Posterior Tibial Artery
7 π Peroneal (Fibular) Artery
8 π Dorsalis Pedis Artery
9 π Triphasic Arterial Waveform
10 π Normal Peripheral Perfusion
π ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE / PAD
11 π Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
12 π Mild Femoral Artery Stenosis
13 π Moderate Femoral Artery Stenosis
14 π Severe Femoral Artery Stenosis
15 π Common Femoral Artery Plaque
16 π Superficial Femoral Artery Occlusion
17 π Popliteal Artery Stenosis
18 π Tibial Artery Stenosis
19 π Multilevel Arterial Disease
20 π Diffuse Atherosclerotic Disease
21 π Calcified Arterial Plaque
22 π Near-Total Arterial Occlusion
23 π Complete Arterial Occlusion
24 π Collateral Vessel Formation
25 π Critical Limb Ischemia
π ACUTE ARTERIAL OCCLUSION
26 π Acute Arterial Thrombosis
27 π Acute Femoral Artery Occlusion
28 π Acute Popliteal Artery Occlusion
29 π Acute Tibial Artery Occlusion
30 π Arterial Embolism
31 π Saddle Embolus
32 π Distal Embolic Occlusion
33 π Acute Limb Ischemia
34 π Recanalized Arterial Thrombus
π ANEURYSM & PSEUDOANEURYSM
35 π Femoral Artery Aneurysm
36 π Popliteal Artery Aneurysm
37 π Thrombosed Popliteal Aneurysm
38 π Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm
39 π Post-Catheterization Pseudoaneurysm
40 π Anastomotic Pseudoaneurysm
π TRAUMA & POST-PROCEDURAL
41 π Arterial Laceration
42 π Arterial Transection
43 π Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula
44 π Penetrating Vascular Injury
45 π Post-Surgical Arterial Stenosis
46 π Bypass Graft Evaluation
47 π Bypass Graft Occlusion
48 π Bypass Graft Stenosis
π INFLAMMATORY & VASCULITIC DISORDERS
49 π Buerger Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans)
50 π Takayasu Arteritis
51 π Polyarteritis Nodosa
52 π Vasculitis with Arterial Narrowing
53 π Radiation-Induced Arteritis
π DIABETIC & DISTAL ARTERIAL DISEASE
54 π Diabetic Peripheral Arterial Disease
55 π Tibial Artery Calcification
56 π Distal Small Vessel Disease
57 π Diabetic Foot Ischemia
58 π Ischemic Ulcer-Related Arterial Disease
59 π Non-Healing Ischemic Wound
60 π Pedal Artery Insufficiency
VARICOSE VEIN / VENOUS REFLUX STUDY USG
ππ NORMAL VENOUS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
1 π Normal Great Saphenous Vein (GSV)
2 π Normal Small Saphenous Vein (SSV)
3 π Normal Saphenofemoral Junction (SFJ)
4 π Normal Saphenopopliteal Junction (SPJ)
5 π Normal Perforator Veins
6 π Competent Venous Valves
7 π Physiological Venous Flow Augmentation
8 π Normal Deep Venous System
9 π Normal Superficial Venous System
10 π No Venous Reflux Detected
π GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN REFLUX
11 π Isolated GSV Reflux
12 π Above-Knee GSV Reflux
13 π Below-Knee GSV Reflux
14 π Segmental GSV Reflux
15 π Diffuse GSV Reflux
16 π GSV Dilatation with Reflux
17 π Tortuous GSV Varicosities
18 π Recurrent GSV Reflux After Treatment
π SMALL SAPHENOUS VEIN REFLUX
19 π Isolated SSV Reflux
20 π Saphenopopliteal Junction Reflux
21 π Segmental SSV Reflux
22 π Diffuse SSV Reflux
23 π SSV Varicosities
24 π Recurrent SSV Reflux
π JUNCTIONAL REFLUX
25 π Saphenofemoral Junction Incompetence
26 π Saphenopopliteal Junction Incompetence
27 π Combined SFJ and GSV Reflux
28 π Combined SPJ and SSV Reflux
29 π Junctional Neovascularization
π PERFORATOR VEIN INCOMPETENCE
30 π Incompetent Thigh Perforator
31 π Incompetent Calf Perforator
32 π Cockett Perforator Incompetence
33 π Boyd Perforator Incompetence
34 π Dodd Perforator Incompetence
35 π Multiple Incompetent Perforators
π VARICOSE VEINS
36 π Primary Varicose Veins
37 π Secondary Varicose Veins
38 π Reticular Varicose Veins
39 π Tributary Varicosities
40 π Extensive Varicose Veins
41 π Varicosities with Thrombosis
42 π Varicosities with Edema
43 π Varicosities with Skin Changes
π CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
44 π Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)
45 π Venous Hypertension
46 π Lipodermatosclerosis
47 π Venous Eczema
48 π Hemosiderin Deposition Changes
49 π Active Venous Ulcer
50 π Healed Venous Ulcer
π POST-THROMBOTIC & POST-TREATMENT CHANGES
51 π Post-Thrombotic Syndrome
52 π Deep Venous Reflux
53 π Recanalized Venous Thrombus
54 π Residual Venous Obstruction
55 π Post-Endovenous Ablation Follow-Up
56 π Post-Laser Ablation Occluded Vein
57 π Post-Sclerotherapy Changes
58 π Recurrent Varicose Veins After Surgery
59 π Neovascular Reflux After Stripping
60 π Persistent Residual Reflux
AV FISTULA DOPPLER (LOWER LIMB) USG
ππ NORMAL AV FISTULA ASSESSMENT
1 π Patent AV Fistula
2 π Normal Arterial Inflow
3 π Normal Venous Outflow
4 π Mature AV Fistula
5 π Adequate Flow Volume
6 π Normal Anastomotic Site
7 π Laminar Flow Pattern
8 π Normal Spectral Doppler Findings
π AV FISTULA STENOSIS
9 π Anastomotic Stenosis
10 π Arterial Inflow Stenosis
11 π Venous Outflow Stenosis
12 π Juxta-Anastomotic Stenosis
13 π Segmental Venous Stenosis
14 π Severe Hemodynamically Significant Stenosis
15 π Multiple Stenotic Segments
16 π Restenosis After Angioplasty
π THROMBOSIS & OCCLUSION
17 π Partial Fistula Thrombosis
18 π Complete Fistula Thrombosis
19 π Venous Outflow Thrombosis
20 π Arterial Inflow Thrombosis
21 π Acute Thrombotic Occlusion
22 π Chronic Occluded Fistula
23 π Recanalized Thrombus
24 π Residual Intraluminal Thrombus
π ANEURYSM & PSEUDOANEURYSM
25 π True Fistula Aneurysm
26 π Venous Aneurysmal Dilatation
27 π Anastomotic Aneurysm
28 π Pseudoaneurysm
29 π Post-Puncture Pseudoaneurysm
30 π Thrombosed Pseudoaneurysm
π HIGH-FLOW & HEMODYNAMIC COMPLICATIONS
31 π High-Flow AV Fistula
32 π Excessive Flow Volume
33 π Arterial Steal Syndrome
34 π Distal Limb Ischemia
35 π Venous Hypertension
36 π Distal Venous Congestion
37 π Collateral Venous Formation
38 π Turbulent Flow at Anastomosis
π INFECTIOUS & INFLAMMATORY COMPLICATIONS
39 π AV Fistula Infection
40 π Perifistula Cellulitis
41 π Abscess Around Fistula
42 π Infected Pseudoaneurysm
43 π Soft Tissue Edema Around Fistula
π POST-PROCEDURAL & FOLLOW-UP
44 π Post-Angioplasty Follow-Up
45 π Post-Thrombectomy Assessment
46 π Post-Stent Evaluation
47 π Failing AV Fistula
48 π Non-Maturing AV Fistula
49 π Dysfunctional AV Fistula
50 π Surveillance Doppler Follow-Up
DVT STUDY USG
ππ NORMAL VENOUS FINDINGS
1 π Normal Compressible Common Femoral Vein
2 π Normal Compressible Femoral Vein
3 π Normal Compressible Popliteal Vein
4 π Normal Calf Veins
5 π Normal Venous Phasicity
6 π Normal Augmentation Response
7 π Normal Venous Flow Pattern
8 π No Evidence of DVT
π ACUTE DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
9 π Acute Common Femoral Vein DVT
10 π Acute Femoral Vein DVT
11 π Acute Deep Femoral Vein DVT
12 π Acute Popliteal Vein DVT
13 π Acute Posterior Tibial Vein DVT
14 π Acute Peroneal Vein DVT
15 π Acute Gastrocnemius Vein DVT
16 π Acute Soleal Vein DVT
17 π Extensive Lower Limb DVT
18 π Iliofemoral DVT
19 π Bilateral Lower Limb DVT
20 π Occlusive Acute DVT
21 π Non-Occlusive Acute DVT
22 π Free-Floating Thrombus
π CHRONIC DVT & POST-THROMBOTIC CHANGES
23 π Chronic Femoral Vein DVT
24 π Chronic Popliteal Vein DVT
25 π Chronic Calf Vein DVT
26 π Recanalized Thrombus
27 π Residual Venous Thrombus
28 π Fibrotic Venous Changes
29 π Venous Wall Thickening
30 π Post-Thrombotic Syndrome
31 π Chronic Venous Obstruction
32 π Venous Collateral Formation
π SUPERFICIAL VENOUS THROMBOSIS
33 π Great Saphenous Vein Thrombosis
34 π Small Saphenous Vein Thrombosis
35 π Superficial Thrombophlebitis
36 π Ascending Thrombophlebitis
37 π Superficial Venous Clot Near SFJ
38 π Superficial Venous Clot Near SPJ
π COMPLICATIONS OF DVT
39 π Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
40 π Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens
41 π Venous Gangrene
42 π Massive Venous Congestion
43 π Severe Limb Edema
44 π Venous Ulcer Formation
45 π Recurrent DVT
π SPECIAL CONDITIONS
46 π May-Thurner Syndrome
47 π Pregnancy-Associated DVT
48 π Cancer-Associated DVT
49 π Catheter-Related Venous Thrombosis
50 π Inferior Vena Cava Extension of DVT
51 π Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome
52 π Post-Surgical DVT
53 π Immobilization-Related DVT
54 π Recurrent Thromboembolic Disease
55 π Follow-Up DVT Resolution Study
VASCULAR TRAUMA / PSEUDOANEURYSM STUDY USG
ππ NORMAL VASCULAR FINDINGS
1 π Normal Arterial Flow Pattern
2 π Normal Venous Flow Pattern
3 π Intact Arterial Wall
4 π Normal Femoral Artery
5 π Normal Popliteal Artery
6 π Normal Tibial Arteries
7 π Normal Arterial Spectral Waveform
8 π Normal Distal Perfusion
π ACUTE VASCULAR INJURY
9 π Arterial Contusion
10 π Arterial Wall Disruption
11 π Partial Arterial Laceration
12 π Complete Arterial Transection
13 π Arterial Rupture
14 π Venous Laceration
15 π Vascular Injury After Fracture
16 π Penetrating Vascular Injury
17 π Blunt Vascular Trauma
18 π Crush Injury with Vascular Damage
π PSEUDOANEURYSM
19 π Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm
20 π Popliteal Artery Pseudoaneurysm
21 π Tibial Artery Pseudoaneurysm
22 π Post-Catheterization Pseudoaneurysm
23 π Post-Surgical Pseudoaneurysm
24 π Traumatic Pseudoaneurysm
25 π Pseudoaneurysm with Yin-Yang Sign
26 π Narrow-Neck Pseudoaneurysm
27 π Wide-Neck Pseudoaneurysm
28 π Thrombosed Pseudoaneurysm
29 π Partially Thrombosed Pseudoaneurysm
30 π Giant Pseudoaneurysm
π ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA (AVF)
31 π Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula
32 π Post-Procedural AV Fistula
33 π Femoral AV Fistula
34 π Popliteal AV Fistula
35 π High-Flow AV Fistula
36 π Chronic AV Fistula
π THROMBOSIS & OCCLUSION
37 π Acute Arterial Thrombosis
38 π Acute Arterial Occlusion
39 π Distal Embolic Occlusion
40 π Traumatic Arterial Spasm
41 π Recanalized Arterial Thrombus
42 π Venous Thrombosis Associated with Trauma
π HEMATOMA & ACTIVE BLEEDING
43 π Perivascular Hematoma
44 π Expanding Hematoma
45 π Pulsatile Hematoma
46 π Active Arterial Extravasation
47 π Active Venous Bleeding
48 π Chronic Organized Hematoma
π ANEURYSM & DISSECTION
49 π True Femoral Artery Aneurysm
50 π Popliteal Artery Aneurysm
51 π Thrombosed Aneurysm
52 π Traumatic Arterial Dissection
53 π Intimal Flap
π COMPLICATIONS & FOLLOW-UP
54 π Acute Limb Ischemia
55 π Distal Hypoperfusion
56 π Compartment Syndrome with Vascular Injury
57 π Post-Repair Vascular Surveillance
58 π Post-Stent Follow-Up
59 π Post-Thrombin Injection Follow-Up
60 π Healed Vascular Trauma
PLANTAR FASCIA ASSESSMENT USG
ππ NORMAL ANATOMY
1 π Normal Plantar Fascia
2 π Normal Medial Band
3 π Normal Central Band
4 π Normal Lateral Band
5 π Normal Calcaneal Insertion
6 π Normal Fascial Thickness
7 π Normal Fascial Echogenicity
8 π Normal Power Doppler Appearance
π PLANTAR FASCIITIS
9 π Early Plantar Fasciitis
10 π Acute Plantar Fasciitis
11 π Chronic Plantar Fasciitis
12 π Bilateral Plantar Fasciitis
13 π Insertional Plantar Fasciitis
14 π Non-Insertional Plantar Fasciitis
15 π Recurrent Plantar Fasciitis
16 π Plantar Fasciitis with Hyperemia
π DEGENERATIVE & CHRONIC CHANGES
17 π Plantar Fasciosis
18 π Degenerative Fascial Thickening
19 π Fibrotic Plantar Fascia
20 π Calcific Plantar Fasciopathy
21 π Enthesopathy of Calcaneal Insertion
22 π Chronic Traction Changes
23 π Plantar Fascia Scarring
π TEARS & TRAUMA
24 π Partial Plantar Fascia Tear
25 π Complete Plantar Fascia Rupture
26 π Acute Fascial Rupture
27 π Chronic Fascial Tear
28 π Post-Steroid Injection Rupture
29 π Traumatic Fascial Injury
30 π Fascial Hematoma
π CALCANEAL & ENTHESIS DISORDERS
31 π Calcaneal Spur
32 π Inferior Calcaneal Spur
33 π Enthesitis
34 π Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy Enthesitis
35 π Psoriatic Enthesitis
36 π Reactive Arthritis Enthesitis
π FIBROMATOSIS & MASS LESIONS
37 π Plantar Fibroma
38 π Plantar Fibromatosis (Ledderhose Disease)
39 π Multiple Plantar Fibromas
40 π Recurrent Plantar Fibromatosis
41 π Soft Tissue Mass Adjacent to Fascia
42 π Ganglion Cyst Near Plantar Fascia
π INFLAMMATORY & SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS
43 π Rheumatoid Enthesopathy
44 π Gout Involving Plantar Fascia
45 π Diabetic Plantar Fasciopathy
46 π Chronic Inflammatory Fasciitis
47 π Heel Fat Pad Edema
π POST-TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP
48 π Post-Steroid Injection Follow-Up
49 π Post-PRP Therapy Follow-Up
50 π Post-Surgical Plantar Fascia Release
51 π Healing Partial Tear
52 π Healing Fascial Rupture
53 π Residual Fascial Thickening
54 π Persistent Heel Pain After Treatment
55 π Resolved Plantar Fasciitis
HIP JOINT USG
ππ NORMAL ANATOMY
1 π Normal Hip Joint
2 π Normal Anterior Joint Recess
3 π Normal Femoral Head
4 π Normal Femoral Neck
5 π Normal Acetabular Rim
6 π Normal Joint Capsule
7 π Normal Iliopsoas Tendon
8 π Normal Gluteus Medius Tendon
9 π Normal Gluteus Minimus Tendon
10 π Normal Trochanteric Bursa
π JOINT EFFUSION & SYNOVITIS
11 π Hip Joint Effusion
12 π Simple Joint Effusion
13 π Complex Joint Effusion
14 π Transient Synovitis
15 π Septic Arthritis
16 π Synovial Hypertrophy
17 π Active Synovitis
18 π Rheumatoid Synovitis
19 π Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
20 π Hemarthrosis
π TENDON & MUSCLE DISORDERS
21 π Iliopsoas Tendinopathy
22 π Iliopsoas Tendon Tear
23 π Gluteus Medius Tendinopathy
24 π Gluteus Minimus Tendinopathy
25 π Gluteal Tendon Tear
26 π Adductor Tendinopathy
27 π Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy
28 π Hamstring Origin Tear
29 π Rectus Femoris Tendon Injury
30 π Muscle Strain Around Hip
π BURSAL DISORDERS
31 π Trochanteric Bursitis
32 π Iliopsoas Bursitis
33 π Ischial Bursitis
34 π Septic Bursitis
35 π Hemorrhagic Bursitis
π DEGENERATIVE & IMPINGEMENT DISORDERS
36 π Hip Osteoarthritis
37 π Degenerative Joint Disease
38 π Femoroacetabular Impingement
39 π Labral Pathology (Indirect US Findings)
40 π Osteophyte Formation
π TRAUMA
41 π Hip Contusion
42 π Soft Tissue Hematoma
43 π Muscle Hematoma
44 π Avulsion Injury
45 π Greater Trochanter Injury
46 π Occult Hip Fracture
47 π Post-Traumatic Joint Effusion
π PEDIATRIC HIP CONDITIONS
48 π Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
49 π Hip Subluxation
50 π Hip Dislocation
51 π Transient Synovitis in Child
52 π Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
53 π Legg-CalvΓ©-Perthes Disease
π MISCELLANEOUS & MASS LESIONS
54 π Lipoma Around Hip
55 π Soft Tissue Abscess
56 π Ganglion Cyst
57 π Soft Tissue Tumor
58 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
59 π Post-Operative Hip Collection
60 π Ultrasound-Guided Hip Joint Injection Assessment
KNEE JOINT USG
ππ NORMAL ANATOMY
1 π Normal Knee Joint
2 π Normal Suprapatellar Recess
3 π Normal Quadriceps Tendon
4 π Normal Patellar Tendon
5 π Normal Medial Collateral Ligament
6 π Normal Lateral Collateral Ligament
7 π Normal Medial Meniscus (Peripheral Portion)
8 π Normal Lateral Meniscus (Peripheral Portion)
9 π Normal Hoffa Fat Pad
10 π Normal Popliteal Fossa
π JOINT EFFUSION & SYNOVITIS
11 π Knee Joint Effusion
12 π Mild Joint Effusion
13 π Moderate Joint Effusion
14 π Massive Joint Effusion
15 π Synovitis
16 π Active Synovitis with Hyperemia
17 π Rheumatoid Synovitis
18 π Septic Arthritis
19 π Hemarthrosis
20 π Crystal Arthropathy
π TENDON & LIGAMENT DISORDERS
21 π Quadriceps Tendinopathy
22 π Quadriceps Tendon Tear
23 π Patellar Tendinopathy (Jumper's Knee)
24 π Partial Patellar Tendon Tear
25 π Complete Patellar Tendon Rupture
26 π Medial Collateral Ligament Injury
27 π Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury
28 π Chronic Ligament Thickening
29 π Enthesopathy
30 π Osgood-Schlatter Disease
π BURSAL DISORDERS
31 π Prepatellar Bursitis
32 π Infrapatellar Bursitis
33 π Deep Infrapatellar Bursitis
34 π Pes Anserine Bursitis
35 π Suprapatellar Bursitis
36 π Septic Bursitis
π POPLITEAL FOSSA LESIONS
37 π Baker's Cyst
38 π Complex Baker's Cyst
39 π Ruptured Baker's Cyst
40 π Hemorrhagic Baker's Cyst
41 π Popliteal Cyst with Synovitis
42 π Popliteal Soft Tissue Mass
π DEGENERATIVE & ARTHRITIC DISORDERS
43 π Osteoarthritis
44 π Degenerative Joint Disease
45 π Cartilage Thinning
46 π Osteophyte Formation
47 π Gouty Arthritis
48 π CPPD (Pseudogout)
49 π Psoriatic Arthritis
50 π Reactive Arthritis
π TRAUMA
51 π Knee Contusion
52 π Soft Tissue Hematoma
53 π Muscle Tear Around Knee
54 π Avulsion Injury
55 π Patellar Fracture (Associated Soft Tissue Findings)
56 π Post-Traumatic Effusion
π MASS LESIONS & MISCELLANEOUS
57 π Ganglion Cyst
58 π Lipoma
59 π Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)
60 π Synovial Sarcoma
61 π Soft Tissue Abscess
62 π Post-Operative Knee Collection
63 π Ultrasound-Guided Knee Joint Injection Assessment
64 π Ultrasound-Guided Knee Aspiration Assessment
ANKLE & FOOT USG
ππ NORMAL ANATOMY
1 π Normal Ankle Joint
2 π Normal Tibiotalar Joint
3 π Normal Achilles Tendon
4 π Normal Peroneal Tendons
5 π Normal Tibialis Posterior Tendon
6 π Normal Tibialis Anterior Tendon
7 π Normal Deltoid Ligament
8 π Normal Plantar Fascia
π JOINT & SYNOVIAL DISORDERS
9 π Ankle Joint Effusion
10 π Synovitis
11 π Septic Arthritis
12 π Rheumatoid Arthritis
13 π Gouty Arthritis
14 π CPPD Arthropathy
π TENDON DISORDERS
15 π Achilles Tendinopathy
16 π Partial Achilles Tear
17 π Complete Achilles Rupture
18 π Peroneal Tendinopathy
19 π Peroneal Tendon Tear
20 π Tibialis Posterior Tendinopathy
21 π Tibialis Posterior Tendon Tear
22 π Tibialis Anterior Tendinopathy
π LIGAMENT INJURIES
23 π ATFL Sprain
24 π ATFL Tear
25 π CFL Injury
26 π Deltoid Ligament Injury
27 π Syndesmotic Injury
28 π Chronic Ankle Instability
π BURSAL & CYSTIC LESIONS
29 π Retrocalcaneal Bursitis
30 π Retroachilles Bursitis
31 π Ganglion Cyst
32 π Synovial Cyst
33 π Epidermoid Cyst
π PLANTAR & HEEL DISORDERS
34 π Plantar Fasciitis
35 π Plantar Fascia Tear
36 π Plantar Fibromatosis
37 π Calcaneal Spur
38 π Heel Pad Edema
π TRAUMA
39 π Ankle Hematoma
40 π Soft Tissue Contusion
41 π Tendon Avulsion
42 π Post-Traumatic Joint Effusion
43 π Stress Fracture (Indirect Findings)
π MASSES & MISCELLANEOUS
44 π Morton's Neuroma
45 π Lipoma
46 π Soft Tissue Abscess
47 π Foreign Body
48 π Soft Tissue Tumor
49 π Diabetic Foot Soft Tissue Infection
50 π Post-Operative Collection
TENDON / TENOSYNOVITIS EVALUATION USG
ππ NORMAL TENDON ANATOMY
1 π Normal Tendon
2 π Normal Tendon Sheath
3 π Normal Fibrillar Pattern
4 π Normal Dynamic Tendon Movement
π TENOSYNOVITIS
5 π Acute Tenosynovitis
6 π Chronic Tenosynovitis
7 π Infectious Tenosynovitis
8 π Tuberculous Tenosynovitis
9 π Rheumatoid Tenosynovitis
10 π Psoriatic Tenosynovitis
11 π Gouty Tenosynovitis
12 π Stenosing Tenosynovitis
13 π De Quervain Tenosynovitis
π TENDINOPATHY
14 π Mild Tendinopathy
15 π Moderate Tendinopathy
16 π Severe Tendinopathy
17 π Calcific Tendinopathy
18 π Chronic Degenerative Tendinopathy
π TENDON TEARS
19 π Partial Thickness Tear
20 π Full Thickness Tear
21 π Complete Tendon Rupture
22 π Tendon Retraction
23 π Avulsion Injury
π TENDON INSTABILITY
24 π Tendon Subluxation
25 π Tendon Dislocation
26 π Snapping Tendon Syndrome
π MASS LESIONS & MISCELLANEOUS
27 π Ganglion Cyst Along Tendon Sheath
28 π Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
29 π Tendon Sheath Fibroma
30 π Post-Operative Tendon Repair Follow-Up
PERIPHERAL NERVE STUDY (COMMON PERONEAL) USG
ππ NORMAL ANATOMY
1 π Normal Common Peroneal Nerve
2 π Fibular Head Segment
3 π Popliteal Fossa Segment
4 π Normal Fascicular Pattern
5 π Normal Cross-Sectional Area
6 π Normal Nerve Mobility
7 π Common Peroneal Nerve Bifurcation
8 π Deep Peroneal Nerve Branch
9 π Superficial Peroneal Nerve Branch
10 π Normal Perineural Tissue
π ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHY
11 π Common Peroneal Neuropathy
12 π Fibular Neck Entrapment
13 π Compression Neuropathy
14 π Dynamic Nerve Compression
15 π Nerve Flattening at Compression Site
16 π Proximal Nerve Swelling
17 π Peroneal Tunnel Syndrome
18 π Deep Peroneal Nerve Entrapment
19 π Superficial Peroneal Nerve Entrapment
20 π Foot Drop due to Peroneal Neuropathy
π TRAUMATIC INJURY
21 π Nerve Contusion
22 π Stretch Injury
23 π Partial Nerve Tear
24 π Complete Nerve Transection
25 π Fibular Head Fracture-Related Injury
26 π Knee Dislocation-Related Nerve Injury
27 π Post-Surgical Nerve Injury
28 π Scar Entrapment Neuropathy
π INFLAMMATORY & SYSTEMIC NEUROPATHY
29 π Neuritis
30 π Chronic Inflammatory Neuropathy
31 π Diabetic Neuropathy
32 π Vasculitic Neuropathy
33 π Leprosy Neuropathy
34 π Hereditary Neuropathy
π MASS LESIONS
35 π Intraneural Ganglion Cyst
36 π Extraneural Ganglion Cyst
37 π Schwannoma
38 π Neurofibroma
39 π Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
40 π Lipoma Compressing Nerve
41 π Synovial Cyst Compression
42 π Soft Tissue Tumor Compression
π POST-OPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
43 π Nerve Repair Follow-Up
44 π Nerve Graft Assessment
45 π Post-Decompression Follow-Up
46 π Post-Traumatic Neuroma
47 π Stump Neuroma
48 π Recurrent Compression Neuropathy
π MISCELLANEOUS
49 π Nerve Edema
50 π Loss of Fascicular Architecture
51 π Increased Intraneural Vascularity
52 π Perineural Fibrosis
53 π Nerve Subluxation
54 π Accessory Peroneal Nerve Variant
55 π Ultrasound-Guided Perineural Injection Assessment
PERIPHERAL NERVE STUDY (SURAL) USG
ππ NORMAL ANATOMY
1 π Normal Sural Nerve
2 π Normal Fascicular Pattern
3 π Normal Cross-Sectional Area
4 π Sural Nerve at Mid-Calf
5 π Sural Nerve at Posterolateral Ankle
6 π Sural Nerve Adjacent to Small Saphenous Vein
7 π Normal Nerve Mobility
8 π Normal Perineural Tissue
π ENTRAPMENT & COMPRESSION NEUROPATHY
9 π Sural Neuropathy
10 π Entrapment Neuropathy
11 π Compression by Scar Tissue
12 π Compression by Ganglion Cyst
13 π Compression by Varicose Vein
14 π Compression by Soft Tissue Mass
15 π Dynamic Nerve Compression
16 π Proximal Nerve Swelling
π TRAUMATIC INJURY
17 π Nerve Contusion
18 π Stretch Injury
19 π Partial Nerve Tear
20 π Complete Nerve Transection
21 π Post-Ankle Trauma Neuropathy
22 π Sports-Related Nerve Injury
23 π Post-Fracture Nerve Injury
24 π Post-Surgical Sural Nerve Injury
π NEUROMA & POST-OPERATIVE CHANGES
25 π Traumatic Neuroma
26 π Stump Neuroma
27 π Painful Neuroma
28 π Post-Nerve Harvest Changes
29 π Nerve Repair Follow-Up
30 π Nerve Graft Assessment
π INFLAMMATORY & SYSTEMIC NEUROPATHY
31 π Neuritis
32 π Chronic Inflammatory Neuropathy
33 π Diabetic Neuropathy
34 π Vasculitic Neuropathy
35 π Leprosy Neuropathy
36 π Hereditary Peripheral Neuropathy
37 π CIDP-Related Nerve Enlargement
38 π Amyloid Neuropathy
π MASS LESIONS
39 π Schwannoma
40 π Neurofibroma
41 π Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
42 π Intraneural Ganglion Cyst
43 π Extraneural Ganglion Cyst
44 π Lipoma Compressing Nerve
45 π Soft Tissue Tumor Adjacent to Nerve
π MISCELLANEOUS
46 π Nerve Edema
47 π Loss of Fascicular Architecture
48 π Increased Intraneural Vascularity
49 π Perineural Fibrosis
50 π Nerve Calcification (Rare)
51 π Accessory Sural Nerve Variant
52 π Small Saphenous Vein–Related Nerve Irritation
53 π Chronic Neuropathic Pain Syndrome
54 π Ultrasound-Guided Perineural Injection Assessment
55 π Follow-Up Peripheral Nerve Study
PERIPHERAL NERVE STUDY (TIBIAL) USG
ππ NORMAL ANATOMY
1 π Normal Tibial Nerve
2 π Normal Fascicular Pattern
3 π Normal Cross-Sectional Area
4 π Tibial Nerve at Popliteal Fossa
5 π Tibial Nerve at Distal Leg
6 π Tibial Nerve at Tarsal Tunnel
7 π Medial Plantar Nerve Branch
8 π Lateral Plantar Nerve Branch
9 π Normal Nerve Mobility
10 π Normal Perineural Tissue
π ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHY
11 π Tibial Neuropathy
12 π Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
13 π Distal Tibial Nerve Entrapment
14 π Compression Neuropathy
15 π Dynamic Nerve Compression
16 π Nerve Flattening at Entrapment Site
17 π Proximal Nerve Swelling
18 π Baxter's Nerve Entrapment
19 π Medial Plantar Nerve Entrapment
20 π Lateral Plantar Nerve Entrapment
π TRAUMATIC INJURY
21 π Nerve Contusion
22 π Stretch Injury
23 π Partial Nerve Tear
24 π Complete Nerve Transection
25 π Ankle Trauma-Related Nerve Injury
26 π Calcaneal Fracture-Related Nerve Injury
27 π Post-Surgical Tibial Nerve Injury
28 π Scar Entrapment Neuropathy
π INFLAMMATORY & SYSTEMIC NEUROPATHY
29 π Neuritis
30 π Chronic Inflammatory Neuropathy
31 π Diabetic Neuropathy
32 π Vasculitic Neuropathy
33 π Leprosy Neuropathy
34 π CIDP-Related Nerve Enlargement
35 π Hereditary Neuropathy
36 π Amyloid Neuropathy
π MASS LESIONS
37 π Schwannoma
38 π Neurofibroma
39 π Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
40 π Intraneural Ganglion Cyst
41 π Extraneural Ganglion Cyst
42 π Lipoma Compressing Tibial Nerve
43 π Soft Tissue Tumor Compression
44 π Tarsal Tunnel Ganglion
π NEUROMA & POST-OPERATIVE CHANGES
45 π Traumatic Neuroma
46 π Stump Neuroma
47 π Painful Neuroma
48 π Nerve Repair Follow-Up
49 π Nerve Graft Assessment
50 π Post-Decompression Follow-Up
π MISCELLANEOUS
51 π Nerve Edema
52 π Loss of Fascicular Architecture
53 π Increased Intraneural Vascularity
54 π Perineural Fibrosis
55 π Nerve Subluxation
56 π Accessory Tibial Nerve Variant
57 π Ultrasound-Guided Perineural Injection Assessment
58 π Follow-Up Tibial Nerve Study
59 π Chronic Neuropathic Pain Syndrome
60 π Post-Tarsal Tunnel Release Evaluation
Topic 13: Interventional USG
13
π USG-Guided FNACπ USG-Guided Core Needle Biopsy
π USG-Guided Aspiration (Cyst/Collection)
π USG-Guided Pigtail Drainage
π USG-Guided Thoracentesis
π USG-Guided Paracentesis (Ascitic Fluid Aspiration)
π USG-Guided Joint Aspiration / Injection
π USG-Guided Nerve Block
π USG-Guided Catheter Placement
π USG-Guided Breast Intervention
π USG-Guided Thyroid FNAC / Biopsy
π USG-Guided Lymph Node FNAC / Biopsy
USG-GUIDED FNAC
π
π THYROID FNAC
1 π Thyroid Nodule FNAC
2 π TI-RADS 3 Thyroid Nodule FNAC
3 π TI-RADS 4 Thyroid Nodule FNAC
4 π TI-RADS 5 Thyroid Nodule FNAC
5 π Solid Thyroid Nodule FNAC
6 π Mixed Solid-Cystic Thyroid Nodule FNAC
7 π Recurrent Thyroid Nodule FNAC
π LYMPH NODE FNAC
1 π Cervical Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Axillary Lymph Node FNAC
3 π Inguinal Lymph Node FNAC
4 π Supraclavicular Lymph Node FNAC
5 π Suspicious Metastatic Lymph Node FNAC
6 π Necrotic Lymph Node FNAC
7 π Tubercular Lymphadenopathy FNAC
π BREAST FNAC
1 π Breast Mass FNAC
2 π Solid Breast Lesion FNAC
3 π BI-RADS 4 Breast Lesion FNAC
4 π BI-RADS 5 Breast Lesion FNAC
5 π Recurrent Breast Lump FNAC
6 π Axillary Node FNAC in Breast Carcinoma
π SALIVARY GLAND FNAC
1 π Parotid Lesion FNAC
2 π Submandibular Gland FNAC
3 π Salivary Gland Mass FNAC
4 π Cystic Salivary Lesion FNAC
5 π Recurrent Salivary Tumor FNAC
π SOFT TISSUE FNAC
1 π Soft Tissue Mass FNAC
2 π Subcutaneous Nodule FNAC
3 π Intramuscular Lesion FNAC
4 π Suspected Sarcoma FNAC
5 π Recurrent Soft Tissue Tumor FNAC
π ABDOMINAL & RETROPERITONEAL FNAC
1 π Retroperitoneal Mass FNAC
2 π Mesenteric Mass FNAC
3 π Omental Deposit FNAC
4 π Peritoneal Nodule FNAC
5 π Deep-Seated Abdominal Mass FNAC
π LIVER & PANCREATIC FNAC
1 π Liver Mass FNAC
2 π Metastatic Liver Lesion FNAC
3 π Hepatic Focal Lesion FNAC
4 π Pancreatic Mass FNAC
5 π Pancreatic Head Lesion FNAC
π PELVIC FNAC
1 π Pelvic Mass FNAC
2 π Adnexal Mass FNAC
3 π Ovarian Lesion FNAC
4 π Pelvic Lymph Node FNAC
5 π Recurrent Pelvic Tumor FNAC
π THORACIC FNAC
1 π Pleural-Based Lesion FNAC
2 π Chest Wall Mass FNAC
3 π Mediastinal Mass FNAC
4 π Supraclavicular Metastatic Node FNAC
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Complex Cystic Lesion FNAC
2 π Recurrent Cyst FNAC
3 π Infected Cyst FNAC
4 π Neck Cyst FNAC
5 π Soft Tissue Cyst FNAC
π FOLLOW-UP / REPEAT FNAC
1 π Repeat FNAC for Inconclusive Cytology
2 π Follow-Up Thyroid FNAC
3 π Follow-Up Lymph Node FNAC
4 π Residual Lesion FNAC
5 π Recurrent Mass FNAC
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful FNAC
2 π Adequate Sample Obtained
3 π Limited Cellular Yield
4 π Hemorrhagic Aspirate
5 π No Immediate Post-Procedure Complication
USG-GUIDED CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY
π
π THYROID CORE BIOPSY
1 π Thyroid Nodule Core Biopsy
2 π TI-RADS 4 Thyroid Nodule Core Biopsy
3 π TI-RADS 5 Thyroid Nodule Core Biopsy
4 π Indeterminate Thyroid Nodule Core Biopsy
5 π Repeat Biopsy after Non-Diagnostic FNAC
6 π Suspicious Thyroid Lesion Core Biopsy
π BREAST CORE BIOPSY
1 π Breast Mass Core Biopsy
2 π BI-RADS 4 Breast Lesion Core Biopsy
3 π BI-RADS 5 Breast Lesion Core Biopsy
4 π Solid Breast Lesion Core Biopsy
5 π Irregular Hypoechoic Breast Mass Biopsy
6 π Recurrent Breast Lesion Biopsy
π LYMPH NODE CORE BIOPSY
1 π Cervical Lymph Node Core Biopsy
2 π Axillary Lymph Node Core Biopsy
3 π Inguinal Lymph Node Core Biopsy
4 π Supraclavicular Lymph Node Core Biopsy
5 π Suspected Lymphoma Core Biopsy
6 π Metastatic Lymph Node Core Biopsy
π SOFT TISSUE CORE BIOPSY
1 π Soft Tissue Mass Core Biopsy
2 π Intramuscular Lesion Core Biopsy
3 π Subcutaneous Mass Core Biopsy
4 π Suspected Sarcoma Core Biopsy
5 π Recurrent Soft Tissue Tumor Biopsy
π LIVER CORE BIOPSY
1 π Focal Liver Lesion Core Biopsy
2 π Hepatic Mass Core Biopsy
3 π Metastatic Liver Lesion Core Biopsy
4 π Hepatocellular Carcinoma Biopsy
5 π Indeterminate Liver Lesion Biopsy
π RENAL CORE BIOPSY
1 π Renal Mass Core Biopsy
2 π Cortical Renal Lesion Biopsy
3 π Suspicious Renal Tumor Biopsy
4 π Recurrent Renal Mass Biopsy
5 π Ultrasound-Guided Native Kidney Biopsy
π PANCREATIC & RETROPERITONEAL BIOPSY
1 π Pancreatic Mass Core Biopsy
2 π Retroperitoneal Mass Core Biopsy
3 π Mesenteric Mass Core Biopsy
4 π Omental Deposit Core Biopsy
5 π Deep Abdominal Mass Core Biopsy
π PELVIC CORE BIOPSY
1 π Pelvic Mass Core Biopsy
2 π Adnexal Lesion Core Biopsy
3 π Pelvic Sidewall Mass Biopsy
4 π Pelvic Recurrence Core Biopsy
5 π Deep Pelvic Lesion Biopsy
π CHEST WALL & THORACIC BIOPSY
1 π Chest Wall Mass Core Biopsy
2 π Pleural-Based Lesion Biopsy
3 π Thoracic Soft Tissue Mass Biopsy
4 π Metastatic Chest Wall Deposit Biopsy
π SALIVARY GLAND BIOPSY
1 π Parotid Lesion Core Biopsy
2 π Submandibular Gland Core Biopsy
3 π Salivary Gland Tumor Biopsy
4 π Recurrent Salivary Lesion Biopsy
π FOLLOW-UP / REPEAT BIOPSY
1 π Repeat Core Biopsy
2 π Repeat Biopsy after Inconclusive Histology
3 π Residual Lesion Core Biopsy
4 π Recurrent Tumor Core Biopsy
5 π Follow-Up Targeted Biopsy
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Core Biopsy
2 π Adequate Tissue Cores Obtained
3 π Multiple Core Samples Obtained
4 π Minor Post-Biopsy Hemorrhage
5 π No Immediate Post-Procedure Complication
6 π Post-Biopsy Observation Completed
USG-GUIDED ASPIRATION (CYST / COLLECTION)
π
π SIMPLE CYST ASPIRATION
1 π Simple Cyst Aspiration
2 π Benign Appearing Cyst Aspiration
3 π Symptomatic Cyst Drainage
4 π Recurrent Cyst Aspiration
5 π Ultrasound-Guided Cyst Evacuation
π BREAST CYST ASPIRATION
1 π Simple Breast Cyst Aspiration
2 π Symptomatic Breast Cyst Drainage
3 π Large Breast Cyst Aspiration
4 π Recurrent Breast Cyst Aspiration
5 π Complex Breast Cyst Aspiration
π THYROID CYST ASPIRATION
1 π Thyroid Cyst Aspiration
2 π Predominantly Cystic Thyroid Nodule Aspiration
3 π Symptomatic Thyroid Cyst Drainage
4 π Recurrent Thyroid Cyst Aspiration
5 π Hemorrhagic Thyroid Cyst Aspiration
π SOFT TISSUE COLLECTIONS
1 π Soft Tissue Collection Aspiration
2 π Postoperative Collection Aspiration
3 π Subcutaneous Collection Drainage
4 π Intramuscular Collection Aspiration
5 π Symptomatic Fluid Collection Drainage
π SEROMA ASPIRATION
1 π Postoperative Seroma Aspiration
2 π Post-Traumatic Seroma Drainage
3 π Recurrent Seroma Aspiration
4 π Large Seroma Drainage
5 π Encapsulated Seroma Aspiration
π HEMATOMA ASPIRATION
1 π Hematoma Aspiration
2 π Organizing Hematoma Aspiration
3 π Postoperative Hematoma Drainage
4 π Post-Traumatic Hematoma Aspiration
5 π Liquefied Hematoma Drainage
π ABSCESS ASPIRATION
1 π Abscess Aspiration
2 π Soft Tissue Abscess Drainage
3 π Neck Abscess Aspiration
4 π Breast Abscess Aspiration
5 π Infected Collection Drainage
6 π Complex Abscess Aspiration
π ABDOMINAL COLLECTIONS
1 π Intra-Abdominal Collection Aspiration
2 π Subhepatic Collection Drainage
3 π Pelvic Collection Aspiration
4 π Postoperative Abdominal Collection
5 π Localized Fluid Collection Drainage
π LYMPHOCELE ASPIRATION
1 π Lymphocele Aspiration
2 π Post-Surgical Lymphocele Drainage
3 π Pelvic Lymphocele Aspiration
4 π Recurrent Lymphocele Drainage
5 π Symptomatic Lymphocele Aspiration
π GANGLION & SYNOVIAL CYSTS
1 π Ganglion Cyst Aspiration
2 π Wrist Ganglion Aspiration
3 π Synovial Cyst Aspiration
4 π Baker's Cyst Aspiration
5 π Recurrent Ganglion Cyst Drainage
π FOLLOW-UP ASPIRATION
1 π Repeat Aspiration Procedure
2 π Recurrent Collection Aspiration
3 π Residual Collection Drainage
4 π Follow-Up Collection Aspiration
5 π Interval Fluid Re-Accumulation
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Aspiration
2 π Complete Fluid Evacuation
3 π Partial Fluid Evacuation
4 π Fluid Sample Sent for Analysis
5 π No Immediate Post-Procedure Complication
6 π Procedure Completed Under Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance
USG-GUIDED PIGTAIL DRAINAGE
π
π ABDOMINAL COLLECTION DRAINAGE
1 π Intra-Abdominal Collection Pigtail Drainage
2 π Postoperative Abdominal Collection Drainage
3 π Subhepatic Collection Drainage
4 π Subphrenic Collection Drainage
5 π Localized Fluid Collection Drainage
6 π Complex Abdominal Collection Drainage
π LIVER & HEPATOBILIARY COLLECTIONS
1 π Liver Abscess Pigtail Drainage
2 π Amoebic Liver Abscess Drainage
3 π Pyogenic Liver Abscess Drainage
4 π Perihepatic Collection Drainage
5 π Biloma Drainage
6 π Post-Cholecystectomy Collection Drainage
π PANCREATIC COLLECTIONS
1 π Pancreatic Pseudocyst Drainage
2 π Acute Peripancreatic Collection Drainage
3 π Walled-Off Necrosis Drainage
4 π Infected Pancreatic Collection Drainage
5 π Post-Pancreatitis Fluid Collection Drainage
π PELVIC COLLECTIONS
1 π Pelvic Collection Pigtail Drainage
2 π Postoperative Pelvic Collection Drainage
3 π Pelvic Abscess Drainage
4 π Adnexal Collection Drainage
5 π Deep Pelvic Fluid Collection Drainage
π RETROPERITONEAL COLLECTIONS
1 π Retroperitoneal Collection Drainage
2 π Psoas Abscess Drainage
3 π Iliopsoas Collection Drainage
4 π Retroperitoneal Abscess Drainage
5 π Deep Retroperitoneal Fluid Collection Drainage
π THORACIC COLLECTIONS
1 π Pleural Collection Pigtail Drainage
2 π Loculated Pleural Effusion Drainage
3 π Empyema Drainage
4 π Infected Pleural Collection Drainage
5 π Recurrent Pleural Collection Drainage
π SOFT TISSUE COLLECTIONS
1 π Soft Tissue Abscess Drainage
2 π Intramuscular Collection Drainage
3 π Postoperative Soft Tissue Collection Drainage
4 π Complex Soft Tissue Collection Drainage
5 π Infected Soft Tissue Collection Drainage
π LYMPHOCELE & SEROMA DRAINAGE
1 π Lymphocele Pigtail Drainage
2 π Postoperative Lymphocele Drainage
3 π Large Seroma Drainage
4 π Recurrent Seroma Drainage
5 π Encapsulated Seroma Drainage
π HEMATOMA DRAINAGE
1 π Liquefied Hematoma Drainage
2 π Postoperative Hematoma Drainage
3 π Chronic Hematoma Drainage
4 π Organized Collection Drainage
5 π Post-Traumatic Hematoma Drainage
π FOLLOW-UP DRAINAGE
1 π Repeat Pigtail Drainage
2 π Catheter Repositioning
3 π Persistent Collection Drainage
4 π Residual Collection Drainage
5 π Recurrent Collection Drainage
π POST-DRAINAGE FINDINGS
1 π Significant Reduction in Collection Size
2 π Near Complete Resolution of Collection
3 π Residual Minimal Collection
4 π Catheter in Satisfactory Position
5 π Interval Improvement Following Drainage
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Pigtail Catheter Placement
2 π Ultrasound-Guided Catheter Insertion
3 π Adequate Drainage Achieved
4 π Continuous Catheter Drainage Established
5 π No Immediate Procedure Related Complication
6 π Procedure Completed Under Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance
USG-GUIDED THORACENTESIS
π
π DIAGNOSTIC THORACENTESIS
1 π Diagnostic Thoracentesis
2 π Pleural Fluid Aspiration for Analysis
3 π Initial Diagnostic Pleural Tap
4 π Unilateral Pleural Effusion Aspiration
5 π Bilateral Pleural Effusion Aspiration
π THERAPEUTIC THORACENTESIS
1 π Therapeutic Thoracentesis
2 π Large Volume Pleural Fluid Drainage
3 π Symptomatic Pleural Effusion Drainage
4 π Dyspnea Relief Thoracentesis
5 π Recurrent Pleural Effusion Drainage
π TRANSUDATIVE PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
1 π Congestive Cardiac Failure Related Effusion
2 π Hepatic Hydrothorax
3 π Nephrotic Syndrome Related Effusion
4 π Hypoproteinemia Related Effusion
5 π Transudative Pleural Effusion Aspiration
π EXUDATIVE PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
1 π Exudative Pleural Effusion Aspiration
2 π Parapneumonic Effusion
3 π Tubercular Pleural Effusion
4 π Inflammatory Pleural Effusion
5 π Autoimmune Related Pleural Effusion
π MALIGNANT PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
1 π Malignant Pleural Effusion Aspiration
2 π Suspected Metastatic Pleural Effusion
3 π Recurrent Malignant Pleural Effusion
4 π Pleural Effusion in Lung Carcinoma
5 π Pleural Effusion for Cytological Analysis
π COMPLEX PLEURAL COLLECTIONS
1 π Complex Septated Pleural Effusion
2 π Loculated Pleural Effusion
3 π Multiloculated Pleural Collection
4 π Fibrinous Pleural Effusion
5 π Complex Pleural Fluid Aspiration
π EMPYEMA & INFECTED COLLECTIONS
1 π Empyema Aspiration
2 π Infected Pleural Collection
3 π Purulent Pleural Fluid Drainage
4 π Complicated Parapneumonic Effusion
5 π Pleural Collection for Culture Analysis
π HEMOTHORAX & CHYLOTHORAX
1 π Hemothorax Aspiration
2 π Traumatic Hemothorax Drainage
3 π Postoperative Hemothorax Aspiration
4 π Chylothorax Aspiration
5 π Milky Pleural Fluid Aspiration
π SMALL OR DIFFICULT EFFUSIONS
1 π Small Pleural Effusion Aspiration
2 π Ultrasound Localized Pleural Tap
3 π Subpulmonic Effusion Aspiration
4 π Posterior Pleural Collection Aspiration
5 π Difficult Access Pleural Effusion
π FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
1 π Repeat Thoracentesis
2 π Follow-Up Pleural Drainage
3 π Recurrent Pleural Effusion Aspiration
4 π Interval Pleural Fluid Assessment
5 π Residual Pleural Collection Drainage
π POST-PROCEDURE FINDINGS
1 π Successful Pleural Fluid Aspiration
2 π Significant Reduction in Pleural Effusion
3 π Near Complete Pleural Fluid Evacuation
4 π Residual Minimal Pleural Effusion
5 π Lung Re-Expansion Observed
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Thoracentesis
2 π Adequate Fluid Sample Obtained
3 π Ultrasound-Guided Needle Placement
4 π No Immediate Procedure Related Complication
5 π Procedure Completed Under Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance
6 π Post-Procedure Observation Completed
USG-GUIDED PARACENTESIS (ASCITIC FLUID ASPIRATION)
π
π DIAGNOSTIC PARACENTESIS
1 π Diagnostic Ascitic Fluid Aspiration
2 π New-Onset Ascites Evaluation
3 π Ascitic Fluid for Biochemical Analysis
4 π Ascitic Fluid for Cytological Examination
5 π Ascitic Fluid for Microbiological Analysis
π THERAPEUTIC PARACENTESIS
1 π Therapeutic Ascitic Fluid Drainage
2 π Large Volume Paracentesis
3 π Symptomatic Ascites Drainage
4 π Tense Ascites Drainage
5 π Refractory Ascites Drainage
π CIRRHOTIC ASCITES
1 π Ascites Secondary to Liver Cirrhosis
2 π Portal Hypertension Related Ascites
3 π Decompensated Chronic Liver Disease Ascites
4 π Massive Cirrhotic Ascites
5 π Recurrent Cirrhotic Ascites
π MALIGNANT ASCITES
1 π Malignant Ascites Aspiration
2 π Ascites with Suspected Peritoneal Metastasis
3 π Ovarian Carcinoma Related Ascites
4 π Gastrointestinal Malignancy Related Ascites
5 π Cytology Directed Ascitic Fluid Aspiration
π INFECTIVE ASCITES
1 π Suspected Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
2 π Infected Ascitic Fluid Aspiration
3 π Tubercular Ascites Aspiration
4 π Ascitic Fluid for Culture and Sensitivity
5 π Suspected Secondary Peritonitis
π LOCULATED ASCITES
1 π Loculated Ascitic Collection Aspiration
2 π Complex Ascites Drainage
3 π Septated Ascitic Fluid Aspiration
4 π Encysted Peritoneal Fluid Collection
5 π Ultrasound-Guided Localized Fluid Aspiration
π POSTOPERATIVE COLLECTIONS
1 π Postoperative Ascitic Collection Aspiration
2 π Post-Surgical Peritoneal Fluid Collection
3 π Postoperative Symptomatic Fluid Drainage
4 π Persistent Postoperative Ascites
5 π Abdominal Collection Aspiration
π SPECIAL ASCITES TYPES
1 π Chylous Ascites Aspiration
2 π Hemorrhagic Ascites Aspiration
3 π Bile-Stained Ascites Aspiration
4 π Pancreatic Ascites Aspiration
5 π Protein-Rich Ascites Aspiration
π SMALL VOLUME ASCITES
1 π Small Volume Ascites Aspiration
2 π Ultrasound Localized Fluid Aspiration
3 π Minimal Ascites Sampling
4 π Deep Pelvic Ascites Aspiration
5 π Difficult Access Ascites Aspiration
π FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
1 π Repeat Paracentesis
2 π Recurrent Ascites Aspiration
3 π Interval Ascites Drainage
4 π Follow-Up Therapeutic Aspiration
5 π Residual Ascitic Fluid Drainage
π POST-PROCEDURE FINDINGS
1 π Successful Ascitic Fluid Aspiration
2 π Significant Reduction in Ascitic Fluid Volume
3 π Near Complete Ascitic Fluid Evacuation
4 π Residual Minimal Ascites
5 π Symptomatic Improvement Following Drainage
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Paracentesis
2 π Adequate Ascitic Fluid Sample Obtained
3 π Ultrasound-Guided Needle Placement
4 π No Immediate Procedure Related Complication
5 π Procedure Completed Under Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance
6 π Post-Procedure Observation Completed
USG-GUIDED JOINT ASPIRATION / INJECTION
π
π SHOULDER JOINT PROCEDURES
1 π Glenohumeral Joint Aspiration
2 π Glenohumeral Joint Steroid Injection
3 π Adhesive Capsulitis Hydrodilatation
4 π Shoulder Joint Viscosupplementation
5 π Shoulder Joint Diagnostic Injection
π ELBOW JOINT PROCEDURES
1 π Elbow Joint Aspiration
2 π Elbow Joint Steroid Injection
3 π Inflammatory Elbow Effusion Aspiration
4 π Elbow Synovitis Injection
5 π Elbow Joint Diagnostic Injection
π WRIST JOINT PROCEDURES
1 π Wrist Joint Aspiration
2 π Wrist Joint Steroid Injection
3 π Radiocarpal Joint Injection
4 π Wrist Synovitis Injection
5 π Wrist Joint Diagnostic Injection
π HIP JOINT PROCEDURES
1 π Hip Joint Aspiration
2 π Hip Joint Steroid Injection
3 π Hip Joint Diagnostic Injection
4 π Hip Synovitis Aspiration
5 π Hip Osteoarthritis Injection
π KNEE JOINT PROCEDURES
1 π Knee Joint Aspiration
2 π Knee Joint Steroid Injection
3 π Viscosupplementation Injection
4 π Knee Effusion Aspiration
5 π Knee Osteoarthritis Injection
6 π Synovial Fluid Aspiration for Analysis
π ANKLE JOINT PROCEDURES
1 π Ankle Joint Aspiration
2 π Ankle Joint Steroid Injection
3 π Ankle Synovitis Injection
4 π Ankle Effusion Aspiration
5 π Ankle Joint Diagnostic Injection
π SMALL JOINT PROCEDURES
1 π MCP Joint Injection
2 π PIP Joint Injection
3 π DIP Joint Injection
4 π First CMC Joint Injection
5 π Small Joint Aspiration
π INFLAMMATORY ARTHROPATHY
1 π Rheumatoid Arthritis Joint Aspiration
2 π Rheumatoid Synovitis Injection
3 π Psoriatic Arthritis Injection
4 π Crystal Arthropathy Aspiration
5 π Gouty Arthritis Aspiration
π SEPTIC JOINT EVALUATION
1 π Suspected Septic Arthritis Aspiration
2 π Joint Fluid for Culture & Sensitivity
3 π Purulent Joint Effusion Aspiration
4 π Septic Hip Aspiration
5 π Septic Knee Aspiration
π FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
1 π Repeat Joint Aspiration
2 π Repeat Steroid Injection
3 π Residual Joint Effusion Aspiration
4 π Postoperative Joint Collection Aspiration
5 π Follow-Up Therapeutic Injection
π POST-PROCEDURE FINDINGS
1 π Successful Joint Aspiration
2 π Successful Intra-Articular Injection
3 π Significant Reduction in Joint Effusion
4 π Adequate Medication Delivery Confirmed
5 π Symptomatic Improvement Following Injection
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Procedure
2 π Ultrasound-Guided Needle Placement
3 π Intra-Articular Needle Position Confirmed
4 π Synovial Fluid Sample Obtained
5 π No Immediate Procedure Related Complication
6 π Procedure Completed Under Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance
USG-GUIDED NERVE BLOCK
π
π UPPER LIMB NERVE BLOCKS
1 π Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block
2 π Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block
3 π Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block
4 π Axillary Brachial Plexus Block
5 π Median Nerve Block
6 π Ulnar Nerve Block
7 π Radial Nerve Block
8 π Musculocutaneous Nerve Block
π LOWER LIMB NERVE BLOCKS
1 π Femoral Nerve Block
2 π Adductor Canal Block
3 π Sciatic Nerve Block
4 π Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block
5 π Tibial Nerve Block
6 π Common Peroneal Nerve Block
7 π Saphenous Nerve Block
8 π Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block
π TRUNCAL NERVE BLOCKS
1 π TAP (Transversus Abdominis Plane) Block
2 π Rectus Sheath Block
3 π Ilioinguinal Nerve Block
4 π Iliohypogastric Nerve Block
5 π Intercostal Nerve Block
6 π Serratus Anterior Plane Block
7 π Erector Spinae Plane Block
8 π Quadratus Lumborum Block
π HEAD & NECK NERVE BLOCKS
1 π Greater Occipital Nerve Block
2 π Lesser Occipital Nerve Block
3 π Supraorbital Nerve Block
4 π Supratrochlear Nerve Block
5 π Auriculotemporal Nerve Block
6 π Cervical Plexus Block
π PAIN MANAGEMENT BLOCKS
1 π Chronic Shoulder Pain Nerve Block
2 π Chronic Hip Pain Nerve Block
3 π Chronic Knee Pain Genicular Nerve Block
4 π Neuropathic Pain Nerve Block
5 π Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Block
6 π Postoperative Pain Relief Block
π ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHY BLOCKS
1 π Carpal Tunnel Median Nerve Block
2 π Cubital Tunnel Ulnar Nerve Block
3 π Radial Tunnel Nerve Block
4 π Meralgia Paresthetica Block
5 π Tarsal Tunnel Tibial Nerve Block
π DIAGNOSTIC NERVE BLOCKS
1 π Diagnostic Peripheral Nerve Block
2 π Diagnostic Brachial Plexus Block
3 π Diagnostic Femoral Nerve Block
4 π Diagnostic Sciatic Nerve Block
5 π Pain Generator Localization Block
π THERAPEUTIC INJECTIONS
1 π Local Anesthetic Nerve Block
2 π Steroid Assisted Nerve Block
3 π Hydrodissection Procedure
4 π Perineural Injection Therapy
5 π Ultrasound-Guided Neurolysis
π FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
1 π Repeat Nerve Block
2 π Follow-Up Pain Management Block
3 π Interval Therapeutic Nerve Block
4 π Recurrent Neuropathic Pain Block
5 π Serial Nerve Block Procedure
π POST-PROCEDURE FINDINGS
1 π Successful Nerve Block
2 π Adequate Perineural Drug Spread
3 π Immediate Pain Relief Achieved
4 π Expected Sensory Block Obtained
5 π Expected Motor Block Obtained
π COMPLICATION ASSESSMENT
1 π No Immediate Procedure Related Complication
2 π Minimal Perineural Hemorrhage
3 π Mild Soft Tissue Edema
4 π Post-Injection Discomfort
5 π Procedure Well Tolerated
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Nerve Block
2 π Ultrasound-Guided Needle Placement
3 π Target Nerve Clearly Visualized
4 π Circumferential Perineural Drug Distribution
5 π Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance Utilized
6 π Procedure Completed Successfully
USG-GUIDED CATHETER PLACEMENT
π
π CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS
1 π Internal Jugular Vein Catheter Placement
2 π Right Internal Jugular Vein Cannulation
3 π Left Internal Jugular Vein Cannulation
4 π Femoral Vein Catheter Placement
5 π Difficult Venous Access Catheter Placement
6 π Emergency Central Venous Access
π PICC LINE PLACEMENT
1 π PICC Line Placement
2 π Basilic Vein PICC Placement
3 π Brachial Vein PICC Placement
4 π Cephalic Vein PICC Placement
5 π Long-Term Intravenous Access
π DIALYSIS ACCESS
1 π Temporary Hemodialysis Catheter Placement
2 π Internal Jugular Dialysis Catheter
3 π Femoral Dialysis Catheter
4 π Emergency Dialysis Access
5 π Renal Failure Catheter Placement
π DRAINAGE CATHETERS
1 π Abdominal Collection Drainage Catheter
2 π Pelvic Collection Drainage Catheter
3 π Retroperitoneal Drainage Catheter
4 π Abscess Drainage Catheter Placement
5 π Complex Fluid Collection Catheter Placement
π PLEURAL DRAINAGE CATHETERS
1 π Pleural Drainage Catheter Placement
2 π Pigtail Catheter for Pleural Effusion
3 π Empyema Drainage Catheter
4 π Loculated Pleural Collection Catheter
5 π Recurrent Pleural Effusion Catheter
π HEPATOBILIARY DRAINAGE
1 π Biloma Drainage Catheter
2 π Perihepatic Collection Drainage Catheter
3 π Liver Abscess Drainage Catheter
4 π Post-Cholecystectomy Collection Drainage
5 π Hepatobiliary Fluid Collection Drainage
π PANCREATIC COLLECTIONS
1 π Pancreatic Pseudocyst Catheter Placement
2 π Infected Pancreatic Collection Drainage
3 π Peripancreatic Collection Catheter
4 π Walled-Off Necrosis Drainage Catheter
5 π Post-Pancreatitis Collection Drainage
π LYMPHOCELE & SEROMA
1 π Lymphocele Drainage Catheter Placement
2 π Postoperative Lymphocele Catheter
3 π Large Seroma Drainage Catheter
4 π Recurrent Seroma Catheter Placement
5 π Encapsulated Fluid Collection Drainage
π FOLLOW-UP CATHETER MANAGEMENT
1 π Catheter Position Check
2 π Catheter Repositioning
3 π Catheter Exchange Procedure
4 π Persistent Collection Drainage
5 π Residual Collection Catheter Management
π POST-PLACEMENT ASSESSMENT
1 π Catheter Tip in Satisfactory Position
2 π Adequate Catheter Function
3 π Free Drainage Through Catheter
4 π Significant Reduction in Collection Size
5 π Interval Improvement Following Drainage
π COMPLICATION ASSESSMENT
1 π No Immediate Procedure Related Complication
2 π Mild Pericatheter Hemorrhage
3 π Catheter Occlusion
4 π Catheter Malposition
5 π Pericatheter Fluid Leak
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Catheter Placement
2 π Ultrasound-Guided Catheter Placement
3 π Guidewire-Assisted Catheter Placement
4 π Catheter Secured in Position
5 π Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance Utilized
6 π Procedure Completed Successfully
USG-GUIDED BREAST INTERVENTION
π
π BREAST FNAC PROCEDURES
1 π USG-Guided Breast FNAC
2 π Solid Breast Lesion FNAC
3 π BI-RADS 4 Lesion FNAC
4 π BI-RADS 5 Lesion FNAC
5 π Recurrent Breast Lesion FNAC
π CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY
1 π USG-Guided Core Needle Biopsy
2 π Breast Mass Core Biopsy
3 π BI-RADS 4 Lesion Core Biopsy
4 π BI-RADS 5 Lesion Core Biopsy
5 π Architectural Distortion Biopsy
6 π Recurrent Breast Tumor Biopsy
π BREAST CYST ASPIRATION
1 π Simple Breast Cyst Aspiration
2 π Symptomatic Breast Cyst Drainage
3 π Large Breast Cyst Aspiration
4 π Recurrent Breast Cyst Aspiration
5 π Complex Breast Cyst Aspiration
π BREAST ABSCESS DRAINAGE
1 π Breast Abscess Aspiration
2 π Lactational Breast Abscess Drainage
3 π Non-Lactational Breast Abscess Drainage
4 π Recurrent Breast Abscess Drainage
5 π Multiloculated Breast Abscess Drainage
π SEROMA & HEMATOMA MANAGEMENT
1 π Postoperative Breast Seroma Aspiration
2 π Recurrent Seroma Aspiration
3 π Breast Hematoma Aspiration
4 π Post-Biopsy Hematoma Drainage
5 π Postoperative Fluid Collection Aspiration
π LESION LOCALIZATION
1 π Preoperative Lesion Localization
2 π Ultrasound-Guided Wire Localization
3 π Non-Palpable Lesion Localization
4 π Clip Marker Placement
5 π Post-Neoadjuvant Therapy Localization
π AXILLARY INTERVENTIONS
1 π Axillary Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Axillary Lymph Node Core Biopsy
3 π Suspicious Axillary Node Sampling
4 π Metastatic Node Biopsy
5 π Targeted Axillary Node Biopsy
π VACUUM-ASSISTED PROCEDURES
1 π Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy
2 π Vacuum-Assisted Excision
3 π Benign Breast Lesion Removal
4 π Fibroadenoma Excision Procedure
5 π Residual Lesion Removal
π THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES
1 π Therapeutic Cyst Decompression
2 π Therapeutic Abscess Drainage
3 π Symptomatic Fluid Collection Drainage
4 π Palliative Malignant Collection Drainage
5 π Recurrent Fluid Collection Management
π FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
1 π Repeat FNAC
2 π Repeat Core Biopsy
3 π Follow-Up Cyst Aspiration
4 π Repeat Abscess Drainage
5 π Residual Lesion Sampling
π POST-PROCEDURE ASSESSMENT
1 π Successful Breast Intervention
2 π Adequate Tissue Sampling Obtained
3 π Complete Cyst Evacuation
4 π Significant Reduction in Collection Size
5 π Marker Clip in Satisfactory Position
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Procedure
2 π Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance Utilized
3 π Accurate Needle Placement Achieved
4 π No Immediate Procedure Related Complication
5 π Post-Procedure Observation Completed
6 π Procedure Well Tolerated
USG-GUIDED THYROID FNAC / BIOPSY
π
π THYROID FNAC
1 π Thyroid Nodule FNAC
2 π Solitary Thyroid Nodule FNAC
3 π Multiple Thyroid Nodules FNAC
4 π Dominant Thyroid Nodule FNAC
5 π Suspicious Thyroid Nodule FNAC
6 π Repeat Thyroid FNAC
π TI-RADS TARGETED FNAC
1 π TI-RADS 3 Thyroid Nodule FNAC
2 π TI-RADS 4 Thyroid Nodule FNAC
3 π TI-RADS 5 Thyroid Nodule FNAC
4 π Highly Suspicious Thyroid Nodule FNAC
5 π Interval Growth Thyroid Nodule FNAC
π CYSTIC THYROID LESIONS
1 π Thyroid Cyst Aspiration
2 π Predominantly Cystic Thyroid Nodule FNAC
3 π Complex Cystic Thyroid Lesion FNAC
4 π Recurrent Thyroid Cyst Aspiration
5 π Hemorrhagic Thyroid Cyst Aspiration
π CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY
1 π Thyroid Core Needle Biopsy
2 π Indeterminate Thyroid Nodule Core Biopsy
3 π Bethesda III Nodule Core Biopsy
4 π Bethesda IV Nodule Core Biopsy
5 π Repeat Biopsy Following Non-Diagnostic FNAC
π DIFFUSE THYROID DISEASE
1 π Hashimoto Thyroiditis FNAC
2 π Diffuse Thyroid Enlargement FNAC
3 π Focal Lesion in Thyroiditis FNAC
4 π Chronic Thyroiditis Evaluation
5 π Suspicious Background Thyroid Disease
π MALIGNANCY EVALUATION
1 π Suspected Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
2 π Suspected Follicular Neoplasm
3 π Suspicious Malignant Thyroid Nodule
4 π Thyroid Nodule with Microcalcifications
5 π Irregular Hypoechoic Thyroid Lesion
π CERVICAL LYMPH NODE SAMPLING
1 π Cervical Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Metastatic Cervical Node FNAC
3 π Suspicious Level VI Node FNAC
4 π Thyroid Cancer Nodal Staging FNAC
5 π Recurrent Disease Nodal Sampling
π POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION
1 π Thyroid Bed Lesion FNAC
2 π Recurrent Thyroid Carcinoma FNAC
3 π Post-Thyroidectomy Neck Nodule FNAC
4 π Residual Thyroid Tissue Sampling
5 π Suspicious Postoperative Mass FNAC
π FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
1 π Repeat Thyroid FNAC
2 π Follow-Up Thyroid Nodule Sampling
3 π Interval Growth Nodule FNAC
4 π Previously Non-Diagnostic FNAC Repeat
5 π Surveillance Thyroid Lesion Sampling
π POST-PROCEDURE FINDINGS
1 π Adequate Cytology Sample Obtained
2 π Adequate Core Tissue Sample Obtained
3 π Successful Target Lesion Sampling
4 π Post-Aspiration Nodule Decompression
5 π Satisfactory Procedure Completion
π COMPLICATION ASSESSMENT
1 π No Immediate Procedure-Related Complication
2 π Minimal Post-Procedural Hemorrhage
3 π Small Perithyroid Hematoma
4 π Mild Local Pain Following Procedure
5 π Procedure Well Tolerated
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Thyroid FNAC
2 π Technically Successful Thyroid Core Biopsy
3 π Ultrasound-Guided Needle Placement
4 π Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance Utilized
5 π Accurate Target Lesion Sampling
6 π Procedure Completed Successfully
USG-GUIDED LYMPH NODE FNAC / BIOPSY
π
π CERVICAL LYMPH NODE FNAC / BIOPSY
1 π Cervical Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Enlarged Cervical Node FNAC
3 π Level II Cervical Node FNAC
4 π Level III Cervical Node FNAC
5 π Level IV Cervical Node FNAC
6 π Deep Cervical Lymph Node Biopsy
π AXILLARY LYMPH NODE FNAC / BIOPSY
1 π Axillary Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Suspicious Axillary Node Biopsy
3 π Breast Cancer Nodal Staging FNAC
4 π Metastatic Axillary Node Biopsy
5 π Cortically Thickened Axillary Node FNAC
π INGUINAL LYMPH NODE FNAC / BIOPSY
1 π Inguinal Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Enlarged Inguinal Node Biopsy
3 π Reactive Inguinal Node FNAC
4 π Suspicious Inguinal Node Biopsy
5 π Metastatic Inguinal Node Sampling
π SUPRACLAVICULAR LYMPH NODE FNAC / BIOPSY
1 π Supraclavicular Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Virchow Node FNAC
3 π Enlarged Supraclavicular Node Biopsy
4 π Suspicious Supraclavicular Node Sampling
5 π Metastatic Supraclavicular Node Evaluation
π REACTIVE & INFLAMMATORY LYMPHADENOPATHY
1 π Reactive Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Chronic Reactive Lymphadenopathy
3 π Persistent Enlarged Lymph Node FNAC
4 π Inflammatory Lymph Node Sampling
5 π Nonspecific Lymphadenopathy FNAC
π TUBERCULAR & GRANULOMATOUS LYMPH NODES
1 π Tubercular Lymphadenitis FNAC
2 π Necrotic Cervical Node FNAC
3 π Granulomatous Lymphadenitis FNAC
4 π Caseating Lymph Node FNAC
5 π AFB / GeneXpert Directed Sampling
π LYMPHOMA EVALUATION
1 π Suspected Lymphoma FNAC
2 π Lymphoproliferative Disorder Evaluation
3 π Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy
4 π Core Biopsy for Suspected Lymphoma
5 π Recurrent Lymphoma Node Biopsy
π METASTATIC LYMPH NODE EVALUATION
1 π Metastatic Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Suspected Secondary Deposit in Node
3 π Head & Neck Cancer Nodal Staging
4 π Breast Cancer Nodal Assessment
5 π Known Malignancy Nodal Sampling
π CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY
1 π Lymph Node Core Needle Biopsy
2 π Ultrasound-Guided Nodal Core Biopsy
3 π Deep Seated Lymph Node Biopsy
4 π Indeterminate Lymph Node Core Biopsy
5 π Repeat Biopsy After Inconclusive FNAC
π FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
1 π Repeat Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Follow-Up Nodal Sampling
3 π Residual Enlarged Node FNAC
4 π Surveillance Nodal Biopsy
5 π Interval Growth Node Sampling
π POST-PROCEDURE FINDINGS
1 π Adequate Cytological Sample Obtained
2 π Adequate Core Tissue Sample Obtained
3 π Successful Target Node Sampling
4 π Diagnostic Material Submitted for Analysis
5 π Procedure Successfully Completed
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Technically Successful Lymph Node FNAC
2 π Technically Successful Lymph Node Biopsy
3 π Ultrasound-Guided Needle Placement
4 π Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance Utilized
5 π No Immediate Procedure-Related Complication
6 π Procedure Well Tolerated
Topic 14: Neonatal / Pediatric USG
14
π Neonatal Cranial USGπ Neonatal Abdomen USG
π Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH) Screening
π Neonatal Spine USG
π Neonatal Lung USG
π Neonatal Brain Doppler
π Pediatric KUB USG
π Intussusception USG
π Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis USG
π Pediatric Appendix USG
π Pediatric Scrotal USG
π Pediatric Soft Tissue USG
π Pediatric Perineal & Groin Male USG
NEONATAL CRANIAL USG
π
π NORMAL NEONATAL BRAIN
1 π Normal Neonatal Cranial USG
2 π Normal Premature Brain Study
3 π Normal Term Neonate Cranial USG
4 π Normal Ventricular Anatomy
5 π Normal Germinal Matrix Appearance
π INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH)
1 π Grade I Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
2 π Grade II Intraventricular Hemorrhage
3 π Grade III Intraventricular Hemorrhage
4 π Grade IV Intraventricular Hemorrhage
5 π Resolving Intraventricular Hemorrhage
π HYDROCEPHALUS
1 π Mild Ventriculomegaly
2 π Moderate Hydrocephalus
3 π Severe Hydrocephalus
4 π Post-Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus
5 π Ventricular Dilatation Follow-Up
π HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
1 π Mild HIE Changes
2 π Moderate HIE Changes
3 π Severe HIE Changes
4 π Diffuse Cerebral Edema
5 π Follow-Up HIE Evaluation
π PERIVENTRICULAR LEUKOMALACIA (PVL)
1 π Early PVL Changes
2 π Cystic PVL
3 π Bilateral PVL
4 π Diffuse White Matter Injury
5 π PVL Follow-Up Study
π CONGENITAL BRAIN ANOMALIES
1 π Agenesis of Corpus Callosum
2 π Dandy-Walker Malformation
3 π Holoprosencephaly
4 π Chiari Malformation
5 π Congenital Ventricular Abnormality
π CNS INFECTION
1 π Neonatal Meningitis
2 π Ventriculitis
3 π Congenital TORCH Infection
4 π Brain Abscess Evaluation
5 π Post-Infective Changes
π EXTRA-AXIAL COLLECTIONS
1 π Subdural Hemorrhage
2 π Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
3 π Extra-Axial Fluid Collection
4 π Chronic Subdural Collection
5 π Follow-Up Extra-Axial Collection
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Choroid Plexus Cyst
2 π Subependymal Cyst
3 π Arachnoid Cyst
4 π Porencephalic Cyst
5 π Multicystic Brain Lesion
π FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATIONS
1 π Routine Follow-Up Cranial USG
2 π Prematurity Follow-Up Scan
3 π IVH Follow-Up Evaluation
4 π Hydrocephalus Surveillance
5 π Neurological Follow-Up Study
π NORMAL CONCLUSION
1 π No Significant Abnormality Detected
2 π Normal Cranial Ultrasound Examination
3 π Age Appropriate Brain Appearance
4 π No Evidence of Hemorrhage or Hydrocephalus
5 π Unremarkable Neonatal Cranial USG
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Examination Performed Through Anterior Fontanelle
2 π Adequate Acoustic Window Obtained
3 π Real-Time Cranial Ultrasound Performed
4 π Coronal and Sagittal Images Acquired
5 π Study Successfully Completed
6 π Examination Well Tolerated
NEONATAL ABDOMEN USG
π
π NORMAL NEONATAL ABDOMEN
1 π Normal Neonatal Abdomen USG
2 π Normal Premature Neonate Abdomen
3 π Normal Term Neonate Abdomen
4 π Age Appropriate Abdominal Findings
5 π Unremarkable Neonatal Abdominal Ultrasound
π HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
1 π Neonatal Hepatomegaly
2 π Neonatal Cholestasis Evaluation
3 π Biliary Atresia Screening
4 π Neonatal Hepatic Calcifications
5 π Congenital Liver Abnormality
π GALLBLADDER & BILIARY TREE
1 π Normal Neonatal Gallbladder
2 π Contracted Gallbladder
3 π Absent Gallbladder Visualization
4 π Choledochal Cyst Evaluation
5 π Biliary Dilatation Assessment
π GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
1 π Neonatal Bowel Distension
2 π Intestinal Obstruction Evaluation
3 π Malrotation / Volvulus Assessment
4 π Meconium Ileus Evaluation
5 π Hirschsprung Disease Assessment
π NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC)
1 π Suspected NEC
2 π Pneumatosis Intestinalis
3 π Portal Venous Gas
4 π Advanced NEC Changes
5 π NEC Follow-Up Examination
π PYLORIC REGION
1 π Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
2 π Borderline Pyloric Thickening
3 π Persistent Non-Bilious Vomiting Evaluation
4 π Gastric Outlet Obstruction
5 π Normal Pyloric Study
π PANCREAS & SPLEEN
1 π Neonatal Splenomegaly
2 π Congenital Splenic Abnormality
3 π Pancreatic Enlargement
4 π Splenic Calcification
5 π Normal Pancreas and Spleen
π KIDNEYS & URINARY TRACT
1 π Neonatal Hydronephrosis
2 π Pelvicalyceal Dilatation
3 π Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
4 π Duplex Collecting System
5 π Posterior Urethral Valve Screening
π ABDOMINAL MASSES
1 π Adrenal Hemorrhage
2 π Suprarenal Mass Evaluation
3 π Neuroblastoma Screening
4 π Intra-Abdominal Cystic Lesion
5 π Abdominal Soft Tissue Mass
π FLUID COLLECTIONS
1 π Mild Ascites
2 π Moderate Ascites
3 π Massive Ascites
4 π Complex Peritoneal Fluid Collection
5 π Meconium Peritonitis
π FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATIONS
1 π Follow-Up Neonatal Abdomen USG
2 π NEC Surveillance Study
3 π Hydronephrosis Follow-Up
4 π Abdominal Mass Follow-Up
5 π Post-Treatment Ultrasound Assessment
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Real-Time Neonatal Abdominal Ultrasound Performed
2 π Adequate Visualization of Abdominal Organs
3 π Color Doppler Assessment Performed
4 π Examination Technically Adequate
5 π Study Successfully Completed
6 π Examination Well Tolerated
DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF HIP (DDH) SCREENING
π
π NORMAL HIP SCREENING
1 π Normal Bilateral Hip Ultrasound
2 π Age Appropriate Hip Development
3 π Normal Graf Type I Hip
4 π Stable Bilateral Hips
5 π No Evidence of Hip Dysplasia
π IMMATURE HIP DEVELOPMENT
1 π Graf Type IIa Hip
2 π Physiologically Immature Hip
3 π Delayed Acetabular Maturation
4 π Mild Acetabular Immaturity
5 π Follow-Up Recommended for Immature Hip
π DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF HIP
1 π Mild Hip Dysplasia
2 π Moderate Hip Dysplasia
3 π Severe Hip Dysplasia
4 π Unilateral Hip Dysplasia
5 π Bilateral Hip Dysplasia
π GRAF CLASSIFICATION
1 π Graf Type I
2 π Graf Type IIa
3 π Graf Type IIb
4 π Graf Type IIc
5 π Graf Type D
6 π Graf Type III
7 π Graf Type IV
π HIP INSTABILITY
1 π Mild Hip Instability
2 π Dynamic Subluxation
3 π Reducible Hip Dislocation
4 π Positive Dynamic Stress Examination
5 π Hip Laxity Demonstrated
π HIP DISLOCATION
1 π Subluxated Hip Joint
2 π Dislocated Hip Joint
3 π Irreducible Hip Dislocation
4 π Unilateral Hip Dislocation
5 π Bilateral Hip Dislocation
π HIGH-RISK INFANT SCREENING
1 π Breech Presentation Screening
2 π Positive Family History Screening
3 π Clinical Hip Click Evaluation
4 π High-Risk Neonatal Hip Assessment
5 π Screening Following Abnormal Clinical Examination
π POST-TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP
1 π Pavlik Harness Follow-Up
2 π Hip Reduction Follow-Up
3 π Improving Acetabular Development
4 π Stable Hip Following Treatment
5 π Persistent Dysplasia on Follow-Up
π HIP MEASUREMENTS
1 π Alpha Angle Measurement
2 π Beta Angle Measurement
3 π Acetabular Coverage Assessment
4 π Femoral Head Coverage Evaluation
5 π Standard Graf Measurements Obtained
π UNILATERAL ABNORMALITIES
1 π Right Hip Dysplasia
2 π Left Hip Dysplasia
3 π Right Hip Instability
4 π Left Hip Instability
5 π Asymmetric Hip Development
π FINAL IMPRESSION
1 π Normal Hip Ultrasound Examination
2 π Findings Consistent with DDH
3 π Immature Hip Requiring Follow-Up
4 π Hip Instability Identified
5 π Orthopedic Consultation Recommended
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Bilateral Hip Ultrasound Performed
2 π Static and Dynamic Assessment Completed
3 π Standard Graf Technique Utilized
4 π Adequate Sonographic Evaluation Obtained
5 π Examination Successfully Completed
6 π Study Well Tolerated
NEONATAL SPINE USG
π
π NORMAL NEONATAL SPINE
1 π Normal Neonatal Spine Ultrasound
2 π Normal Conus Medullaris Position
3 π Normal Filum Terminale
4 π Age Appropriate Spinal Anatomy
5 π Unremarkable Neonatal Spine Examination
π TETHERED CORD SYNDROME
1 π Low-Lying Conus Medullaris
2 π Tethered Spinal Cord
3 π Thickened Filum Terminale
4 π Reduced Cord Mobility
5 π Findings Suggestive of Tethered Cord
π SPINAL DYSRAPHISM
1 π Occult Spinal Dysraphism
2 π Closed Spinal Dysraphism
3 π Posterior Spinal Defect
4 π Congenital Spinal Canal Abnormality
5 π Complex Spinal Dysraphism
π SPINA BIFIDA
1 π Spina Bifida Occulta
2 π Suspected Spina Bifida
3 π Lumbosacral Spinal Defect
4 π Postnatal Evaluation of Spina Bifida
5 π Associated Tethered Cord Evaluation
π FILAR & LIPOMATOUS LESIONS
1 π Filar Lipoma
2 π Thickened Echogenic Filum
3 π Lipomatous Filum Terminale
4 π Lipoma Associated with Tethered Cord
5 π Intraspinal Lipomatous Lesion
π SPINAL CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Ventriculus Terminalis
2 π Filar Cyst
3 π Intraspinal Cystic Lesion
4 π Cyst Adjacent to Filum Terminale
5 π Benign Filar Cyst
π DERMAL SINUS & CUTANEOUS STIGMATA
1 π Sacral Dimple Evaluation
2 π Deep Sacral Pit Assessment
3 π Dermal Sinus Tract
4 π Cutaneous Marker of Dysraphism
5 π Hair Tuft Associated Evaluation
π MENINGOCELE & MYELOMENINGOCELE
1 π Meningocele Evaluation
2 π Myelomeningocele Assessment
3 π Postoperative Myelomeningocele Follow-Up
4 π Neural Placode Evaluation
5 π Associated Spinal Cord Abnormality
π TRAUMA & HEMATOMA
1 π Spinal Canal Hematoma
2 π Birth Trauma Evaluation
3 π Epidural Collection
4 π Post-Procedural Spinal Assessment
5 π No Evidence of Spinal Hemorrhage
π FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATIONS
1 π Follow-Up Spine Ultrasound
2 π Tethered Cord Surveillance
3 π Postoperative Follow-Up Study
4 π Interval Assessment of Spinal Lesion
5 π Serial Neonatal Spine Evaluation
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Real-Time Neonatal Spine Ultrasound Performed
2 π Sagittal and Transverse Images Obtained
3 π Conus Medullaris Adequately Visualized
4 π Filum Terminale Evaluated
5 π Examination Technically Adequate
6 π Study Successfully Completed
NEONATAL LUNG USG
π
π NORMAL NEONATAL LUNG
1 π Normal Neonatal Lung Ultrasound
2 π Normal Pleural Sliding
3 π Predominant A-Line Pattern
4 π Age Appropriate Lung Aeration
5 π Unremarkable Neonatal Lung Examination
π TRANSIENT TACHYPNEA OF THE NEWBORN (TTN)
1 π TTN with Double Lung Point Sign
2 π Bilateral B-Line Pattern
3 π Pulmonary Fluid Retention
4 π Mild TTN Changes
5 π Resolving TTN Findings
π RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)
1 π Mild Neonatal RDS
2 π Moderate Neonatal RDS
3 π Severe Neonatal RDS
4 π White Lung Appearance
5 π Diffuse Alveolar-Interstitial Syndrome
π NEONATAL PNEUMONIA
1 π Focal Lung Consolidation
2 π Multifocal Pneumonic Consolidation
3 π Air Bronchogram Within Consolidation
4 π Bilateral Pneumonia
5 π Neonatal Infective Lung Disease
π MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME (MAS)
1 π Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
2 π Patchy Lung Consolidations
3 π Bilateral Heterogeneous Lung Changes
4 π Severe MAS Findings
5 π MAS Follow-Up Examination
π PNEUMOTHORAX
1 π Right-Sided Pneumothorax
2 π Left-Sided Pneumothorax
3 π Bilateral Pneumothorax
4 π Lung Point Identified
5 π Absent Pleural Sliding Suggestive of Pneumothorax
π PLEURAL EFFUSION
1 π Small Pleural Effusion
2 π Moderate Pleural Effusion
3 π Large Pleural Effusion
4 π Bilateral Pleural Effusions
5 π Complex Pleural Collection
π ATELECTASIS
1 π Segmental Atelectasis
2 π Lobar Atelectasis
3 π Dependent Lung Collapse
4 π Compression Atelectasis
5 π Re-Expansion Follow-Up Study
π BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA / CLD
1 π Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity
2 π Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
3 π Chronic Bilateral Lung Changes
4 π Heterogeneous Pulmonary Aeration
5 π BPD Follow-Up Examination
π FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATIONS
1 π Follow-Up Lung Ultrasound
2 π Post-Surfactant Therapy Assessment
3 π NICU Serial Lung Evaluation
4 π Resolution of Pulmonary Findings
5 π Interval Improvement in Lung Aeration
π FINAL IMPRESSION
1 π Normal Neonatal Lung Ultrasound
2 π Findings Consistent with TTN
3 π Findings Consistent with RDS
4 π Findings Suggestive of Neonatal Pneumonia
5 π Correlation with Clinical Findings Recommended
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Real-Time Lung Ultrasound Performed
2 π Bilateral Lung Fields Evaluated
3 π Pleural Line and Lung Sliding Assessed
4 π Standard Neonatal Lung Ultrasound Protocol Utilized
5 π Examination Technically Adequate
6 π Study Successfully Completed
NEONATAL BRAIN DOPPLER
π
π NORMAL CEREBRAL DOPPLER
1 π Normal Neonatal Brain Doppler
2 π Normal Anterior Cerebral Artery Flow
3 π Normal Middle Cerebral Artery Flow
4 π Age Appropriate Cerebral Hemodynamics
5 π Normal Resistive Index Values
π ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY (ACA)
1 π Normal ACA Doppler Flow
2 π Elevated ACA Resistive Index
3 π Reduced ACA Resistive Index
4 π Increased ACA Peak Systolic Velocity
5 π Abnormal ACA Waveform Pattern
π MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY (MCA)
1 π Normal MCA Doppler Flow
2 π Increased MCA Flow Velocity
3 π Decreased MCA Resistive Index
4 π Cerebral Hyperemia Pattern
5 π Abnormal MCA Hemodynamics
π HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (HIE)
1 π Mild HIE Doppler Changes
2 π Moderate HIE Doppler Changes
3 π Severe HIE Doppler Changes
4 π Cerebral Hyperperfusion Pattern
5 π Reduced Cerebrovascular Resistance
π INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH)
1 π IVH with Normal Doppler Flow
2 π Altered Cerebral Perfusion
3 π Post-Hemorrhagic Doppler Assessment
4 π Cerebral Blood Flow Monitoring
5 π Follow-Up IVH Doppler Study
π HYDROCEPHALUS
1 π Hydrocephalus with Elevated RI
2 π Ventricular Dilatation Assessment
3 π Increased Intracranial Pressure Pattern
4 π Post-Shunt Doppler Evaluation
5 π Hydrocephalus Follow-Up Doppler
π CEREBRAL PERFUSION ASSESSMENT
1 π Normal Cerebral Perfusion
2 π Increased Cerebral Blood Flow
3 π Reduced Cerebral Blood Flow
4 π Global Cerebral Hyperemia
5 π Abnormal Cerebral Hemodynamics
π PREMATURE INFANT DOPPLER
1 π Preterm Brain Doppler Assessment
2 π Cerebral Hemodynamic Monitoring
3 π Low Birth Weight Infant Doppler
4 π Prematurity Related Flow Changes
5 π Serial Preterm Doppler Evaluation
π CEREBRAL VENOUS DOPPLER
1 π Normal Venous Flow Pattern
2 π Superior Sagittal Sinus Evaluation
3 π Deep Venous System Assessment
4 π Suspected Venous Congestion
5 π Cerebral Venous Flow Monitoring
π FOLLOW-UP DOPPLER STUDIES
1 π Serial Brain Doppler Monitoring
2 π Follow-Up Cerebral Perfusion Assessment
3 π HIE Follow-Up Doppler
4 π Hydrocephalus Surveillance Doppler
5 π Post-Treatment Cerebral Flow Assessment
π FINAL IMPRESSION
1 π Normal Neonatal Cerebral Doppler Study
2 π Preserved Cerebral Hemodynamics
3 π Abnormal Cerebral Blood Flow Pattern
4 π Findings Suggestive of Altered Cerebral Perfusion
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Color and Spectral Doppler Performed
2 π ACA and MCA Waveforms Obtained
3 π Resistive Index Measurements Recorded
4 π Adequate Doppler Signal Acquisition
5 π Examination Technically Adequate
6 π Study Successfully Completed
PEDIATRIC KUB USG
π
π NORMAL PEDIATRIC KUB
1 π Normal Pediatric KUB Ultrasound
2 π Normal Kidneys and Urinary Bladder
3 π Age Appropriate Renal Measurements
4 π Normal Renal Corticomedullary Differentiation
5 π Unremarkable Pediatric KUB Examination
π HYDRONEPHROSIS
1 π Mild Hydronephrosis
2 π Moderate Hydronephrosis
3 π Severe Hydronephrosis
4 π Bilateral Hydronephrosis
5 π Pelvicalyceal System Dilatation
π HYDROURETER & HYDROURETERONEPHROSIS
1 π Hydroureter
2 π Hydroureteronephrosis
3 π Distal Ureteric Dilatation
4 π Megaureter Evaluation
5 π Obstructive Uropathy Assessment
π URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
1 π UTI Screening Ultrasound
2 π Acute Pyelonephritis Evaluation
3 π Recurrent UTI Assessment
4 π Renal Parenchymal Changes
5 π Post-Infective Renal Evaluation
π VESICOURETERIC REFLUX (VUR)
1 π Suspected Vesicoureteric Reflux
2 π Renal Changes Associated with VUR
3 π Reflux Nephropathy Screening
4 π Dilated Collecting System Evaluation
5 π Follow-Up of Known VUR
π CONGENITAL RENAL ANOMALIES
1 π Duplex Collecting System
2 π Ectopic Kidney
3 π Horseshoe Kidney
4 π Renal Agenesis
5 π Congenital Renal Malformation
π CYSTIC RENAL DISEASE
1 π Simple Renal Cyst
2 π Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
3 π Polycystic Kidney Disease
4 π Bilateral Renal Cystic Disease
5 π Complex Renal Cystic Lesion
π RENAL & URETERIC CALCULI
1 π Renal Calculus
2 π Multiple Renal Calculi
3 π Ureteric Calculus
4 π Obstructing Calculus
5 π Calculus with Hydronephrosis
π URINARY BLADDER
1 π Normal Urinary Bladder
2 π Bladder Wall Thickening
3 π Cystitis Evaluation
4 π Bladder Diverticulum
5 π Post-Void Residual Assessment
π POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVE (PUV)
1 π Suspected Posterior Urethral Valve
2 π Thick-Walled Urinary Bladder
3 π Bilateral Hydroureteronephrosis
4 π Obstructive Lower Urinary Tract Changes
5 π Follow-Up PUV Evaluation
π FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATIONS
1 π Follow-Up KUB Ultrasound
2 π Hydronephrosis Surveillance
3 π Recurrent UTI Follow-Up
4 π Post-Surgical Renal Evaluation
5 π Interval Renal Growth Assessment
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Bilateral Kidneys and Urinary Bladder Evaluated
2 π Renal Measurements Obtained
3 π Urinary Bladder Adequately Assessed
4 π Real-Time Ultrasound Examination Performed
5 π Examination Technically Adequate
6 π Study Successfully Completed
INTUSSUSCEPTION USG
π
π NORMAL EXAMINATION
1 π No Evidence of Intussusception
2 π Normal Bowel Appearance
3 π No Target Sign Identified
4 π No Bowel Obstruction Detected
5 π Unremarkable Abdominal Ultrasound
π ILEOCOLIC INTUSSUSCEPTION
1 π Ileocolic Intussusception
2 π Classic Target Sign Present
3 π Doughnut Sign Demonstrated
4 π Pseudokidney Sign Present
5 π Typical Ileocolic Telescoping Bowel
π SMALL BOWEL INTUSSUSCEPTION
1 π Transient Small Bowel Intussusception
2 π Enteroenteric Intussusception
3 π Short Segment Intussusception
4 π Self-Resolving Intussusception
5 π Small Bowel Telescoping Identified
π COMPLICATED INTUSSUSCEPTION
1 π Edematous Intussuscepted Bowel
2 π Bowel Wall Thickening
3 π Trapped Mesenteric Fat
4 π Complicated Intussusception
5 π Features Suggestive of Bowel Ischemia
π BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
1 π Intussusception with Bowel Obstruction
2 π Dilated Fluid-Filled Bowel Loops
3 π Proximal Bowel Dilatation
4 π Obstructive Bowel Pattern
5 π Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction
π PATHOLOGICAL LEAD POINT
1 π Suspected Pathological Lead Point
2 π Meckel Diverticulum Lead Point
3 π Polyp Associated Intussusception
4 π Mass Related Intussusception
5 π Lead Point Not Identified
π DOPPLER VASCULARITY ASSESSMENT
1 π Preserved Bowel Wall Vascularity
2 π Reduced Bowel Wall Vascularity
3 π Absent Bowel Wall Vascularity
4 π Color Doppler Evaluation Performed
5 π Findings Suggestive of Ischemia
π FREE FLUID & PERITONEAL FINDINGS
1 π No Free Fluid Detected
2 π Minimal Free Fluid Present
3 π Moderate Free Fluid Present
4 π Complex Free Fluid Collection
5 π Peritoneal Fluid Associated with Intussusception
π POST REDUCTION ASSESSMENT
1 π Successful Reduction of Intussusception
2 π No Residual Intussusception
3 π Normal Bowel Peristalsis Following Reduction
4 π Residual Bowel Wall Edema
5 π Post Reduction Ultrasound Evaluation
π RECURRENT INTUSSUSCEPTION
1 π Recurrent Intussusception
2 π Repeat Ileocolic Intussusception
3 π Recurrent Bowel Telescoping
4 π Follow-Up for Previous Intussusception
5 π Repeat Target Sign Identified
π FINAL IMPRESSION
1 π Findings Consistent with Intussusception
2 π Ileocolic Intussusception Confirmed
3 π Small Bowel Intussusception Identified
4 π No Sonographic Evidence of Intussusception
5 π Urgent Pediatric Surgical Correlation Recommended
π PROCEDURE RELATED FINDINGS
1 π Real-Time Abdominal Ultrasound Performed
2 π Graded Compression Technique Utilized
3 π Color Doppler Assessment Performed
4 π Target Lesion Adequately Visualized
5 π Examination Technically Adequate
6 π Study Successfully Completed
HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS USG
π
π NORMAL PYLORIC ULTRASOUND
1 π Normal Pyloric Appearance
2 π Normal Gastric Emptying
3 π Normal Pyloric Muscle Thickness
4 π Normal Pyloric Channel Length
5 π No Evidence of Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
π HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
1 π Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Identified
2 π Thickened Pyloric Muscle
3 π Elongated Pyloric Canal
4 π Narrowed Pyloric Lumen
5 π Gastric Outlet Obstruction Due to HPS
π CLASSIC SONOGRAPHIC SIGNS
1 π Target Sign Demonstrated
2 π Doughnut Sign Present
3 π Cervix Sign Demonstrated
4 π Antral Nipple Sign Present
5 π Sonographic Olive Sign Identified
π PYLORIC MEASUREMENTS
1 π Pyloric Muscle Thickness > 3 mm
2 π Pyloric Channel Length > 15 mm
3 π Increased Pyloric Diameter
4 π Diagnostic Measurements for HPS
5 π Borderline Pyloric Measurements
π GASTRIC EMPTYING ASSESSMENT
1 π Delayed Gastric Emptying
2 π Failure of Pyloric Opening
3 π Persistent Gastric Distension
4 π Reduced Gastric Outflow
5 π Dynamic Evaluation of Pyloric Function
π EARLY OR EQUIVOCAL HPS
1 π Early Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
2 π Borderline Muscle Thickening
3 π Equivocal Pyloric Findings
4 π Short Interval Follow-Up Recommended
5 π Evolving Pyloric Stenosis
π DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
1 π Pylorospasm
2 π Transient Pyloric Thickening
3 π Gastroesophageal Reflux Evaluation
4 π No Definite Evidence of HPS
5 π Findings Favor Pylorospasm
π DOPPLER EVALUATION
1 π Color Doppler Assessment Performed
2 π Increased Pyloric Vascularity
3 π Preserved Pyloric Wall Vascularity
4 π Hypervascular Hypertrophied Pylorus
5 π Doppler Findings Supportive of HPS
π POST-PYLOROMYOTOMY FOLLOW-UP
1 π Status Post Pyloromyotomy
2 π Improved Gastric Emptying
3 π Residual Pyloric Thickening
4 π No Recurrent Obstruction
5 π Postoperative Follow-Up Examination
π ASSOCIATED FINDINGS
1 π Marked Gastric Distension
2 π Retained Gastric Contents
3 π Severe Gastric Outlet Obstruction
4 π Dehydration Related Clinical Correlation
5 π No Associated Abdominal Abnormality
PEDIATRIC APPENDIX USG
π
π NORMAL APPENDIX
1 π Normal Visualized Appendix
2 π Compressible Normal Appendix
3 π Appendix Diameter Within Normal Limits
4 π No Sonographic Evidence of Appendicitis
5 π Unremarkable Right Iliac Fossa Examination
π ACUTE APPENDICITIS
1 π Acute Appendicitis
2 π Non-Compressible Dilated Appendix
3 π Thick-Walled Inflamed Appendix
4 π Enlarged Appendix >6 mm
5 π Sonographic Findings Consistent with Acute Appendicitis
π EARLY APPENDICITIS
1 π Early Acute Appendicitis
2 π Mild Appendiceal Wall Thickening
3 π Borderline Appendiceal Dilatation
4 π Minimal Periappendiceal Inflammation
5 π Early Inflammatory Changes Around Appendix
π COMPLICATED APPENDICITIS
1 π Perforated Appendicitis
2 π Appendiceal Rupture Suspected
3 π Periappendiceal Collection
4 π Appendiceal Abscess
5 π Complicated Acute Appendicitis
π APPENDICOLITH
1 π Appendicolith Identified
2 π Obstructing Appendicolith
3 π Calcified Appendiceal Concretion
4 π Appendicolith with Appendicitis
5 π Echogenic Focus with Posterior Shadowing
π PERIAPPENDICEAL INFLAMMATION
1 π Echogenic Periappendiceal Fat
2 π Periappendiceal Edema
3 π Inflammatory Changes in Right Iliac Fossa
4 π Localized Mesenteric Inflammation
5 π Reactive Inflammatory Changes
π DOPPLER EVALUATION
1 π Increased Appendiceal Vascularity
2 π Hyperemia of Appendiceal Wall
3 π Color Doppler Supports Appendicitis
4 π Reduced Vascularity Suggesting Necrosis
5 π Doppler Evaluation Performed
π MESENTERIC ADENITIS
1 π Mesenteric Adenitis
2 π Multiple Enlarged Mesenteric Nodes
3 π Normal Appendix with Mesenteric Adenitis
4 π Reactive Mesenteric Lymphadenopathy
5 π Alternative Cause of Right Lower Quadrant Pain
π FREE FLUID & COLLECTIONS
1 π Minimal Free Fluid in Right Iliac Fossa
2 π Moderate Free Fluid
3 π Localized Fluid Collection
4 π Pelvic Free Fluid
5 π Complex Periappendiceal Collection
π NON-VISUALIZED APPENDIX
1 π Appendix Not Visualized
2 π No Secondary Signs of Appendicitis
3 π Limited Appendix Evaluation
4 π Appendix Obscured by Bowel Gas
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
PEDIATRIC SCROTAL USG
π
π NORMAL SCROTAL EXAMINATION
1 π Normal Bilateral Testes
2 π Age Appropriate Testicular Volume
3 π Normal Epididymis
4 π Normal Testicular Vascularity
5 π Unremarkable Scrotal Ultrasound
π TESTICULAR TORSION
1 π Acute Testicular Torsion
2 π Absent Intratesticular Blood Flow
3 π Twisted Spermatic Cord (Whirlpool Sign)
4 π Enlarged Hypoechoic Testis
5 π Findings Highly Suggestive of Testicular Torsion
π TORSION OF TESTICULAR APPENDAGE
1 π Torsion of Appendix Testis
2 π Torsion of Appendix Epididymis
3 π Small Avascular Appendage
4 π Reactive Hydrocele Present
5 π Preserved Testicular Blood Flow
π EPIDIDYMITIS & EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS
1 π Acute Epididymitis
2 π Acute Epididymo-Orchitis
3 π Enlarged Hypervascular Epididymis
4 π Increased Testicular Vascularity
5 π Inflammatory Scrotal Changes
π HYDROCELE
1 π Simple Hydrocele
2 π Bilateral Hydrocele
3 π Communicating Hydrocele
4 π Large Hydrocele
5 π Hydrocele with Internal Debris
π INGUINOSCROTAL HERNIA
1 π Reducible Inguinoscrotal Hernia
2 π Bowel Loops Within Scrotal Sac
3 π Omental Herniation
4 π Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia
5 π Communicating Processus Vaginalis
π VARICOCELE
1 π Left Varicocele
2 π Bilateral Varicocele
3 π Dilated Pampiniform Plexus Veins
4 π Reflux Demonstrated on Valsalva
5 π Grade III Varicocele
π UNDESCENDED TESTIS
1 π Undescended Testis
2 π Inguinal Testis Identified
3 π Ectopic Testis
4 π Atrophic Undescended Testis
5 π Nonvisualized Testis
π TESTICULAR LESIONS
1 π Testicular Cyst
2 π Intratesticular Mass
3 π Testicular Calcification
4 π Focal Testicular Lesion
5 π Suspicious Testicular Abnormality
π SCROTAL WALL & TRAUMA
1 π Scrotal Wall Edema
2 π Scrotal Cellulitis
3 π Testicular Trauma Evaluation
4 π Intratesticular Hematoma
5 π No Evidence of Testicular Rupture
PEDIATRIC SOFT TISSUE USG
π
π NORMAL SOFT TISSUE EXAMINATION
1 π Normal Soft Tissue Ultrasound
2 π No Focal Soft Tissue Lesion
3 π Normal Subcutaneous Tissue
4 π No Collection or Mass Identified
5 π Unremarkable Soft Tissue Examination
π CELLULITIS
1 π Soft Tissue Cellulitis
2 π Diffuse Subcutaneous Edema
3 π Cobblestone Appearance
4 π Inflammatory Soft Tissue Changes
5 π No Drainable Collection Identified
π ABSCESS
1 π Soft Tissue Abscess
2 π Complex Fluid Collection
3 π Loculated Abscess Collection
4 π Drainable Soft Tissue Collection
5 π Peripheral Hyperemia Around Collection
π LYMPH NODE EVALUATION
1 π Reactive Lymph Node
2 π Enlarged Lymph Node
3 π Reactive Lymphadenopathy
4 π Suppurative Lymphadenitis
5 π Necrotic Lymph Node
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Epidermoid Cyst
2 π Dermoid Cyst
3 π Simple Cystic Lesion
4 π Complex Cystic Lesion
5 π Congenital Cystic Soft Tissue Lesion
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Infantile Hemangioma
2 π Vascular Malformation
3 π Venous Malformation
4 π Hypervascular Soft Tissue Lesion
5 π Doppler Evaluation of Vascular Lesion
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Benign Soft Tissue Mass
3 π Well-Defined Subcutaneous Lesion
4 π Fibrofatty Soft Tissue Lesion
5 π Stable Benign Appearing Mass
π TRAUMA & HEMATOMA
1 π Soft Tissue Hematoma
2 π Post-Traumatic Collection
3 π Soft Tissue Contusion
4 π Organizing Hematoma
5 π No Active Hemorrhage Detected
π FOREIGN BODY EVALUATION
1 π Retained Foreign Body Identified
2 π Wooden Foreign Body
3 π Glass Fragment Detected
4 π Surrounding Inflammatory Changes
5 π No Foreign Body Visualized
π SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
1 π Soft Tissue Neoplasm
2 π Solid Soft Tissue Mass
3 π Indeterminate Soft Tissue Lesion
4 π Heterogeneous Soft Tissue Mass
5 π Further Evaluation Recommended
PEDIATRIC PERINEAL & GROIN MALE USG
π
π NORMAL PERINEAL & GROIN EXAMINATION
1 π Normal Pediatric Perineal Ultrasound
2 π Normal Inguinal Canal Appearance
3 π No Groin Mass Identified
4 π Normal Soft Tissue Structures
5 π Unremarkable Perineal and Groin Examination
π INGUINAL HERNIA
1 π Right Inguinal Hernia
2 π Left Inguinal Hernia
3 π Bilateral Inguinal Hernia
4 π Reducible Inguinal Hernia
5 π Indirect Inguinal Hernia
6 π Bowel Loop Within Hernial Sac
π INCARCERATED / STRANGULATED HERNIA
1 π Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia
2 π Non-Reducible Hernia
3 π Strangulated Hernia Suspected
4 π Compromised Bowel Vascularity
5 π Urgent Surgical Correlation Recommended
π HYDROCELE
1 π Communicating Hydrocele
2 π Non-Communicating Hydrocele
3 π Funicular Hydrocele
4 π Encysted Hydrocele of Cord
5 π Large Hydrocele Extending Into Groin
π UNDESCENDED TESTIS
1 π Inguinal Undescended Testis
2 π Ectopic Testis
3 π Perineal Ectopic Testis
4 π Atrophic Undescended Testis
5 π Nonvisualized Testis
π INGUINAL LYMPH NODES
1 π Reactive Inguinal Lymph Node
2 π Enlarged Inguinal Lymph Node
3 π Reactive Lymphadenopathy
4 π Suppurative Lymphadenitis
5 π Necrotic Inguinal Node
π SOFT TISSUE INFECTION
1 π Groin Cellulitis
2 π Perineal Cellulitis
3 π Groin Abscess
4 π Perineal Collection
5 π Drainable Abscess Identified
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Epidermoid Cyst
2 π Dermoid Cyst
3 π Spermatic Cord Cyst
4 π Simple Cystic Lesion
5 π Complex Cystic Lesion
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Infantile Hemangioma
2 π Venous Malformation
3 π Vascular Soft Tissue Lesion
4 π Hypervascular Groin Mass
5 π Doppler Evaluation Performed
π TRAUMA & HEMATOMA
1 π Groin Hematoma
2 π Perineal Hematoma
3 π Post-Traumatic Soft Tissue Swelling
4 π Organizing Hematoma
5 π No Active Bleeding Detected
Topic 15: Cardiac (ECHO)
15
π 2D Echocardiography (Routine Study)π 2D Echocardiography with Color Doppler
π 2D Echocardiography with Color Doppler & Spectral Doppler
π Stress Echocardiography
π Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography
π Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)
π Contrast Echocardiography
π Fetal Echocardiography
π 3D Echocardiography
π Myocardial Strain Echocardiography
π Echocardiography with Bubble Contrast Study
π Focused Echocardiography for Pericardial Disease
2D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (ROUTINE STUDY)
π2D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY WITH COLOR DOPPLER
π2D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY WITH COLOR DOPPLER & PWD/CWD
πSTRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
πDOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
πTRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (TEE)
πCONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
πFETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
π3D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
πMYOCARDIAL STRAIN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
πECHOCARDIOGRAPHY WITH BUBBLE CONTRAST STUDY
πFOCUSED ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR PERICARDIAL DISEASE
π
Topic 16: Vascular / Angiology
16
π Carotid Doppler USGπ Upper Limb Arterial Doppler USG
π Upper Limb Venous Doppler USG
π Lower Limb Arterial Doppler USG
π Lower Limb Venous Doppler / DVT USG
π Renal Doppler
π Portal Venous Doppler USG
CAROTID DOPPLER USG
πUPPER LIMB ARTERIAL DOPPLER USG
πUPPER LIMB VENOUS DOPPLER USG
πLOWER LIMB ARTERIAL DOPPLER USG
πLOWER LIMB VENOUS DOPPLER / DVT USG
πRENAL DOPPLER
πPORTAL VENOUS DOPPLER USG
π
Topic 17: Ophthalmic
17
π B-Scan (Brightness Scan) Eyeπ A-Scan (Amplitude Scan) Eye
π Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)
B-SCAN (BRIGHTNESS SCAN) EYE
πA-SCAN (AMPLITUDE SCAN) EYE
πULTRASOUND BIOMICROSCOPY (UBM)
π
Topic 18: Cheek / Buccal
18
π Carotid Doppler USGπ Upper Limb Arterial Doppler USG
π Upper Limb Venous Doppler USG
π Lower Limb Arterial Doppler USG
π Lower Limb Venous Doppler / DVT USG
π Renal Doppler
π Portal Venous Doppler USG
CAROTID DOPPLER USG
πUPPER LIMB ARTERIAL DOPPLER USG
πUPPER LIMB VENOUS DOPPLER USG
πLOWER LIMB ARTERIAL DOPPLER USG
πLOWER LIMB VENOUS DOPPLER / DVT USG
πRENAL DOPPLER
πPORTAL VENOUS DOPPLER USG
π
Topic 19: Nasal & PNS
19
π Cheek USGπ Facial Soft Tissue Lesion USG
CHEEK USG
π
π NORMAL CHEEK EXAMINATION
1 π Normal Cheek Soft Tissues
2 π Symmetrical Bilateral Cheeks
3 π No Focal Lesion Identified
4 π Normal Subcutaneous Tissue
5 π Unremarkable Cheek Ultrasound Examination
π CELLULITIS & INFLAMMATORY CHANGES
1 π Cheek Cellulitis
2 π Diffuse Soft Tissue Edema
3 π Inflammatory Soft Tissue Thickening
4 π Increased Vascularity on Doppler
5 π Acute Inflammatory Changes
π ABSCESS & COLLECTION
1 π Cheek Abscess
2 π Localized Fluid Collection
3 π Complex Collection With Internal Debris
4 π Drainable Abscess Identified
5 π Surrounding Soft Tissue Inflammation
π LYMPH NODES
1 π Reactive Lymph Node
2 π Enlarged Lymph Node
3 π Reactive Lymphadenopathy
4 π Suppurative Lymphadenitis
5 π Necrotic Lymph Node
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Epidermoid Cyst
2 π Dermoid Cyst
3 π Simple Cystic Lesion
4 π Complex Cystic Lesion
5 π Well-Defined Cystic Mass
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibrolipoma
3 π Benign Soft Tissue Nodule
4 π Well-Circumscribed Soft Tissue Mass
5 π Stable Benign Appearing Lesion
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Hemangioma
2 π Venous Malformation
3 π Vascular Soft Tissue Lesion
4 π Hypervascular Mass
5 π Doppler Evaluation Performed
π TRAUMA & HEMATOMA
1 π Cheek Hematoma
2 π Post-Traumatic Soft Tissue Swelling
3 π Organizing Hematoma
4 π Soft Tissue Contusion
5 π No Active Bleeding Detected
π PAROTID REGION FINDINGS
1 π Adjacent Parotid Gland Appears Normal
2 π Parotid Region Inflammatory Changes
3 π Parotid Region Collection
4 π Lesion Extends Toward Parotid Region
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
π SUSPICIOUS SOFT TISSUE LESIONS
1 π Irregular Soft Tissue Mass
2 π Heterogeneous Solid Lesion
3 π Suspicious Imaging Features Present
4 π Tissue Diagnosis Recommended
5 π Further Evaluation Advised
FACIAL SOFT TISSUE LESION USG
π
π NORMAL / NO SIGNIFICANT ABNORMALITY
1 π Normal Facial Soft Tissue Study
2 π No Focal Soft Tissue Lesion Detected
3 π No Collection or Abscess Seen
4 π No Significant Abnormality Detected
π INFECTION & INFLAMMATION
1 π Facial Cellulitis
2 π Facial Abscess
3 π Cheek Cellulitis
4 π Cheek Abscess
5 π Infected Soft Tissue Collection
6 π Phlegmon Formation
7 π Inflammatory Soft Tissue Swelling
8 π Post-Traumatic Inflammatory Change
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Epidermoid Cyst
2 π Sebaceous Cyst
3 π Dermoid Cyst
4 π Complex Cystic Lesion
5 π Infected Cyst
6 π Recurrent Cystic Lesion
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibroma
3 π Neurofibroma
4 π Benign Soft Tissue Nodule
5 π Benign Solid Facial Mass
6 π Well-Defined Soft Tissue Lesion
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Hemangioma
2 π Venous Malformation
3 π Lymphatic Malformation
4 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
5 π Hypervascular Soft Tissue Lesion
6 π Vascular Facial Mass
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Soft Tissue Hematoma
2 π Organizing Hematoma
3 π Post-Traumatic Collection
4 π Facial Soft Tissue Contusion
5 π Foreign Body Granuloma
6 π Retained Foreign Body
π LYMPH NODAL LESIONS
1 π Reactive Lymph Node
2 π Enlarged Cervicofacial Lymph Node
3 π Suppurative Lymphadenitis
4 π Necrotic Lymph Node
5 π Suspicious Lymphadenopathy
π MALIGNANT / SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Soft Tissue Mass
2 π Infiltrative Facial Lesion
3 π Hypervascular Suspicious Mass
4 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
5 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma Suspected
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Postoperative Collection
2 π Postoperative Seroma
3 π Postoperative Hematoma
4 π Postoperative Soft Tissue Edema
5 π Follow-Up of Known Facial Lesion
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Facial Soft Tissue Edema
2 π Subcutaneous Thickening
3 π Non-Specific Soft Tissue Lesion
4 π Indeterminate Facial Mass
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
Topic 20: Spine
20
π Cervical Spine USGπ Thoracic Spine USG
π Lumbar Spine USG
π Sacroiliac Joint USG
π Paraspinal Muscle USG
π USG-Guided Spine Intervention
CERVICAL SPINE USG
πCERVICAL SPINE USG
π
π NORMAL FINDINGS
1 π Normal Cervical Soft Tissues
2 π Normal Cervical Musculature
3 π No Focal Lesion Detected
4 π No Significant Abnormality Detected
π MUSCLE & TENDON DISORDERS
1 π Cervical Muscle Strain
2 π Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Strain
3 π Trapezius Muscle Strain
4 π Myositis
5 π Focal Muscle Tear
6 π Intramuscular Hematoma
7 π Tendinopathy
8 π Chronic Muscular Fibrosis
π INFECTION & INFLAMMATION
1 π Cervical Cellulitis
2 π Soft Tissue Abscess
3 π Deep Neck Space Infection
4 π Inflammatory Soft Tissue Swelling
5 π Phlegmon Formation
6 π Postoperative Inflammatory Changes
π LYMPH NODAL LESIONS
1 π Reactive Cervical Lymphadenopathy
2 π Enlarged Cervical Lymph Node
3 π Suppurative Lymphadenitis
4 π Necrotic Lymph Node
5 π Tubercular Lymphadenitis
6 π Metastatic Cervical Lymph Node
7 π Suspicious Cervical Lymphadenopathy
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Branchial Cleft Cyst
2 π Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
3 π Epidermoid Cyst
4 π Sebaceous Cyst
5 π Complex Cystic Lesion
6 π Infected Cyst
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibroma
3 π Neurofibroma
4 π Schwannoma
5 π Benign Soft Tissue Nodule
6 π Well-Defined Soft Tissue Mass
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Hemangioma
2 π Venous Malformation
3 π Lymphatic Malformation
4 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
5 π Hypervascular Soft Tissue Lesion
6 π Vascular Neck Mass
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Cervical Soft Tissue Hematoma
2 π Organizing Hematoma
3 π Post-Traumatic Collection
4 π Soft Tissue Contusion
5 π Retained Foreign Body
6 π Foreign Body Granuloma
π MALIGNANT / SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Soft Tissue Mass
2 π Infiltrative Cervical Lesion
3 π Hypervascular Suspicious Mass
4 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
5 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma Suspected
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Postoperative Collection
2 π Postoperative Seroma
3 π Postoperative Hematoma
4 π Postoperative Soft Tissue Edema
5 π Follow-Up of Known Cervical Lesion
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Cervical Soft Tissue Edema
2 π Subcutaneous Thickening
3 π Non-Specific Soft Tissue Lesion
4 π Indeterminate Cervical Mass
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
THORACIC SPINE USG
π
π NORMAL FINDINGS
1 π Normal Thoracic Soft Tissues
2 π Normal Paraspinal Musculature
3 π No Focal Lesion Detected
4 π No Significant Abnormality Detected
π MUSCLE & TENDON DISORDERS
1 π Thoracic Paraspinal Muscle Strain
2 π Trapezius Muscle Strain
3 π Rhomboid Muscle Strain
4 π Myositis
5 π Focal Muscle Tear
6 π Intramuscular Hematoma
7 π Tendinopathy
8 π Chronic Muscular Fibrosis
π INFECTION & INFLAMMATION
1 π Thoracic Cellulitis
2 π Paraspinal Abscess
3 π Soft Tissue Abscess
4 π Inflammatory Soft Tissue Swelling
5 π Phlegmon Formation
6 π Postoperative Inflammatory Changes
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Epidermoid Cyst
2 π Sebaceous Cyst
3 π Dermoid Cyst
4 π Complex Cystic Lesion
5 π Infected Cyst
6 π Recurrent Cystic Lesion
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibroma
3 π Neurofibroma
4 π Schwannoma
5 π Benign Soft Tissue Nodule
6 π Well-Defined Soft Tissue Mass
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Hemangioma
2 π Venous Malformation
3 π Lymphatic Malformation
4 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
5 π Hypervascular Soft Tissue Lesion
6 π Vascular Thoracic Wall Mass
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Thoracic Soft Tissue Hematoma
2 π Organizing Hematoma
3 π Post-Traumatic Collection
4 π Soft Tissue Contusion
5 π Retained Foreign Body
6 π Foreign Body Granuloma
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Postoperative Collection
2 π Postoperative Seroma
3 π Postoperative Hematoma
4 π Postoperative Soft Tissue Edema
5 π Follow-Up of Known Thoracic Lesion
π MALIGNANT / SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Soft Tissue Mass
2 π Infiltrative Thoracic Wall Lesion
3 π Hypervascular Suspicious Mass
4 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
5 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma Suspected
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Thoracic Soft Tissue Edema
2 π Subcutaneous Thickening
3 π Non-Specific Soft Tissue Lesion
4 π Indeterminate Thoracic Mass
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
LUMBAR SPINE USG
π
π NORMAL FINDINGS
1 π Normal Lumbar Soft Tissues
2 π Normal Paraspinal Musculature
3 π No Focal Lesion Detected
4 π No Significant Abnormality Detected
π MUSCLE & TENDON DISORDERS
1 π Lumbar Paraspinal Muscle Strain
2 π Erector Spinae Muscle Strain
3 π Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Strain
4 π Myositis
5 π Focal Muscle Tear
6 π Intramuscular Hematoma
7 π Tendinopathy
8 π Chronic Muscular Fibrosis
π INFECTION & INFLAMMATION
1 π Lumbar Cellulitis
2 π Paraspinal Abscess
3 π Soft Tissue Abscess
4 π Inflammatory Soft Tissue Swelling
5 π Phlegmon Formation
6 π Postoperative Inflammatory Changes
π CYSTIC LESIONS
1 π Epidermoid Cyst
2 π Sebaceous Cyst
3 π Dermoid Cyst
4 π Complex Cystic Lesion
5 π Infected Cyst
6 π Recurrent Cystic Lesion
7 π Pilonidal Cyst / Sinus Extension
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Fibroma
3 π Neurofibroma
4 π Schwannoma
5 π Benign Soft Tissue Nodule
6 π Well-Defined Soft Tissue Mass
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Hemangioma
2 π Venous Malformation
3 π Lymphatic Malformation
4 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
5 π Hypervascular Soft Tissue Lesion
6 π Vascular Lumbar Wall Mass
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Lumbar Soft Tissue Hematoma
2 π Organizing Hematoma
3 π Post-Traumatic Collection
4 π Soft Tissue Contusion
5 π Retained Foreign Body
6 π Foreign Body Granuloma
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post-Laminectomy Collection
2 π Postoperative Seroma
3 π Postoperative Hematoma
4 π Postoperative Soft Tissue Edema
5 π Follow-Up of Known Lumbar Lesion
π CONGENITAL & PEDIATRIC LESIONS
1 π Spina Bifida Occulta
2 π Dermal Sinus Tract
3 π Meningocele
4 π Myelomeningocele
5 π Tethered Cord Screening
6 π Sacral Dimple Evaluation
π MALIGNANT / SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Soft Tissue Mass
2 π Infiltrative Lumbar Lesion
3 π Hypervascular Suspicious Mass
4 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
5 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma Suspected
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Lumbar Soft Tissue Edema
2 π Subcutaneous Thickening
3 π Non-Specific Soft Tissue Lesion
4 π Indeterminate Lumbar Mass
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
SACROILIAC JOINT USG
π
π NORMAL FINDINGS
1 π Normal Sacroiliac Joint
2 π Symmetrical Sacroiliac Joints
3 π No Joint Effusion Detected
4 π No Significant Abnormality Detected
π INFLAMMATORY SACROILIITIS
1 π Active Sacroiliitis
2 π Bilateral Sacroiliitis
3 π Unilateral Sacroiliitis
4 π Synovial Hypertrophy
5 π Increased Periarticular Vascularity
6 π Enthesitis Adjacent to Sacroiliac Joint
7 π Features Suggestive of Spondyloarthropathy
π DEGENERATIVE CHANGES
1 π Degenerative Sacroiliac Arthropathy
2 π Osteoarthritic Changes
3 π Irregular Joint Margins
4 π Periarticular Calcification
5 π Chronic Degenerative Changes
π JOINT EFFUSION & SYNOVITIS
1 π Sacroiliac Joint Effusion
2 π Mild Joint Effusion
3 π Moderate Joint Effusion
4 π Synovitis
5 π Active Inflammatory Synovitis
π INFECTION
1 π Septic Sacroiliitis
2 π Sacroiliac Joint Infection
3 π Periarticular Abscess
4 π Soft Tissue Collection Adjacent to Joint
5 π Infective Inflammatory Changes
π ENTHESOPATHY
1 π Enthesitis
2 π Chronic Enthesopathy
3 π Calcific Enthesopathy
4 π Ligamentous Enthesopathy
5 π Doppler Positive Enthesitis
π TRAUMATIC LESIONS
1 π Periarticular Hematoma
2 π Post-Traumatic Soft Tissue Edema
3 π Ligamentous Injury Adjacent to SI Joint
4 π Soft Tissue Contusion
5 π Post-Traumatic Collection
π SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Lipoma
2 π Benign Soft Tissue Mass
3 π Cystic Lesion Adjacent to SI Joint
4 π Solid Soft Tissue Lesion
5 π Indeterminate Periarticular Mass
π POST-INJECTION / FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post-Injection Follow-Up
2 π No Post-Procedural Complication
3 π Post-Injection Soft Tissue Edema
4 π Follow-Up of Sacroiliitis
5 π Interval Improvement Noted
π MALIGNANT / SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Periarticular Mass
2 π Infiltrative Soft Tissue Lesion
3 π Hypervascular Suspicious Lesion
4 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
5 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma Suspected
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Periarticular Soft Tissue Edema
2 π Subcutaneous Thickening
3 π Non-Specific Periarticular Lesion
4 π Indeterminate Finding
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
PARASPINAL MUSCLE USG
π
π NORMAL FINDINGS
1 π Normal Paraspinal Muscles
2 π Symmetrical Paraspinal Muscle Bulk
3 π Normal Muscle Echotexture
4 π No Focal Lesion Detected
5 π No Significant Abnormality Detected
π MUSCLE STRAIN & TEAR
1 π Paraspinal Muscle Strain
2 π Mild Muscle Strain
3 π Partial Muscle Tear
4 π Focal Muscle Fiber Disruption
5 π Myofascial Injury
6 π Chronic Muscle Injury
π MYOSITIS & INFLAMMATION
1 π Paraspinal Myositis
2 π Focal Inflammatory Change
3 π Diffuse Muscle Edema
4 π Hypervascular Inflammatory Change
5 π Chronic Inflammatory Myopathy
π HEMATOMA & TRAUMA
1 π Intramuscular Hematoma
2 π Intermuscular Hematoma
3 π Organizing Hematoma
4 π Post-Traumatic Collection
5 π Soft Tissue Contusion
6 π Muscle Calcification After Trauma
π ABSCESS & COLLECTION
1 π Paraspinal Abscess
2 π Intramuscular Abscess
3 π Soft Tissue Collection
4 π Infected Collection
5 π Phlegmon Formation
6 π Draining Sinus Tract
π MUSCLE ATROPHY & FATTY CHANGE
1 π Paraspinal Muscle Atrophy
2 π Unilateral Muscle Atrophy
3 π Bilateral Muscle Atrophy
4 π Fatty Infiltration
5 π Chronic Denervation Change
6 π Reduced Muscle Bulk
π BENIGN SOFT TISSUE MASSES
1 π Intramuscular Lipoma
2 π Fibroma
3 π Neurofibroma
4 π Schwannoma
5 π Benign Intramuscular Mass
6 π Well-Defined Soft Tissue Lesion
π VASCULAR LESIONS
1 π Intramuscular Hemangioma
2 π Venous Malformation
3 π Lymphatic Malformation
4 π Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
5 π Hypervascular Intramuscular Lesion
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Postoperative Paraspinal Collection
2 π Postoperative Seroma
3 π Postoperative Hematoma
4 π Postoperative Muscle Edema
5 π Follow-Up of Known Paraspinal Lesion
π MALIGNANT / SUSPICIOUS LESIONS
1 π Suspicious Intramuscular Mass
2 π Infiltrative Paraspinal Lesion
3 π Hypervascular Suspicious Mass
4 π Metastatic Soft Tissue Deposit
5 π Soft Tissue Sarcoma Suspected
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Paraspinal Soft Tissue Edema
2 π Subcutaneous Thickening
3 π Foreign Body Granuloma
4 π Non-Specific Paraspinal Lesion
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
USG-GUIDED SPINE INTERVENTION
π
π DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
1 π Diagnostic Facet Joint Injection
2 π Diagnostic Medial Branch Block
3 π Diagnostic Sacroiliac Joint Injection
4 π Diagnostic Trigger Point Injection
5 π Diagnostic Paraspinal Muscle Injection
π FACET JOINT INTERVENTIONS
1 π Cervical Facet Joint Injection
2 π Thoracic Facet Joint Injection
3 π Lumbar Facet Joint Injection
4 π Bilateral Facet Joint Injection
5 π Facet Joint Injection Completed Successfully
π MEDIAL BRANCH BLOCK
1 π Cervical Medial Branch Block
2 π Thoracic Medial Branch Block
3 π Lumbar Medial Branch Block
4 π Bilateral Medial Branch Block
5 π Successful Needle Placement
π SACROILIAC JOINT INTERVENTIONS
1 π Sacroiliac Joint Injection
2 π Bilateral Sacroiliac Joint Injection
3 π Therapeutic SI Joint Injection
4 π Diagnostic SI Joint Injection
5 π Uneventful Procedure
π PARASPINAL MUSCLE INTERVENTIONS
1 π Trigger Point Injection
2 π Paraspinal Muscle Injection
3 π Myofascial Pain Injection
4 π Dry Needling Procedure
5 π Hydrodissection Procedure
π COLLECTION ASPIRATION & DRAINAGE
1 π Paraspinal Abscess Aspiration
2 π Fluid Collection Aspiration
3 π Seroma Aspiration
4 π Hematoma Aspiration
5 π Drainage Catheter Placement
π BIOPSY PROCEDURES
1 π USG-Guided Core Needle Biopsy
2 π USG-Guided FNAC
3 π Paraspinal Soft Tissue Biopsy
4 π Biopsy of Suspicious Lesion
5 π Adequate Tissue Sampling Obtained
π POST-PROCEDURE ASSESSMENT
1 π Post-Injection Assessment
2 π No Immediate Complication
3 π Successful Drug Deposition
4 π No Post-Procedural Hematoma
5 π Patient Tolerated Procedure Well
π PROCEDURE-RELATED COMPLICATIONS
1 π Post-Procedural Hematoma
2 π Vasovagal Reaction
3 π Local Soft Tissue Swelling
4 π Post-Procedural Pain Flare
5 π Suspected Infection
π FOLLOW-UP
1 π Good Clinical Response
2 π Partial Symptomatic Improvement
3 π No Significant Clinical Improvement
4 π Repeat Injection Recommended
5 π Follow-Up Assessment Advised
π MISCELLANEOUS
1 π Real-Time Ultrasound Guidance Utilized
2 π Sterile Technique Maintained
3 π Accurate Needle Placement Achieved
4 π Procedure Completed Successfully
5 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
Topic 21: NCV Study
21
π NCV Upper Limbπ NCV Lower Limb
π Carpal Tunnel Syndrome NCV
π Peripheral Neuropathy NCV
NCV UPPER LIMB
π
π NORMAL STUDY
1 π Normal Upper Limb NCV Study
2 π Normal Motor Nerve Conduction
3 π Normal Sensory Nerve Conduction
4 π No Evidence of Neuropathy
5 π Bilateral Upper Limb NCV Within Normal Limits
π MEDIAN NERVE ABNORMALITIES
1 π Mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
3 π Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
4 π Median Neuropathy at Wrist
5 π Proximal Median Neuropathy
6 π Median Axonal Neuropathy
7 π Demyelinating Median Neuropathy
π ULNAR NERVE ABNORMALITIES
1 π Ulnar Neuropathy at Elbow
2 π Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
3 π Ulnar Neuropathy at Wrist
4 π Guyon Canal Syndrome
5 π Ulnar Axonal Neuropathy
6 π Demyelinating Ulnar Neuropathy
π RADIAL NERVE ABNORMALITIES
1 π Radial Neuropathy
2 π Posterior Interosseous Neuropathy
3 π Superficial Radial Neuropathy
4 π Radial Axonal Neuropathy
5 π Demyelinating Radial Neuropathy
π BRACHIAL PLEXUS & ROOT LESIONS
1 π Brachial Plexopathy
2 π Upper Trunk Plexopathy
3 π Lower Trunk Plexopathy
4 π Features Suggestive of Cervical Radiculopathy
5 π Chronic Radiculopathy Changes
π GENERALIZED NEUROPATHY
1 π Peripheral Polyneuropathy
2 π Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
3 π Predominantly Sensory Polyneuropathy
4 π Predominantly Motor Polyneuropathy
5 π Axonal Polyneuropathy
6 π Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
π ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHIES
1 π Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
3 π Guyon Canal Syndrome
4 π Pronator Syndrome
5 π Multiple Entrapment Neuropathies
π TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURY
1 π Median Nerve Injury
2 π Ulnar Nerve Injury
3 π Radial Nerve Injury
4 π Partial Nerve Injury
5 π Severe Axonal Loss
6 π Post-Traumatic Neuropathy
π MOTOR NEURON & MYOPATHIC PATTERN
1 π Findings Suggestive of Motor Neuron Disease
2 π Neurogenic Pattern
3 π Chronic Denervation Changes
4 π Reinnervation Changes
5 π Myopathic Pattern Suggested
π FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
1 π Interval Improvement in Nerve Conduction
2 π Stable Electrophysiological Findings
3 π Progressive Neuropathy
4 π Postoperative Nerve Evaluation
5 π Follow-Up NCV Examination
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Borderline Nerve Conduction Abnormality
2 π Non-Specific Electrophysiological Findings
3 π Technical Limitation During Study
4 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
5 π EMG Correlation Recommended
NCV LOWER LIMB
π
π NORMAL STUDY
1 π Normal Lower Limb NCV Study
2 π Normal Motor Nerve Conduction
3 π Normal Sensory Nerve Conduction
4 π No Evidence of Neuropathy
5 π Bilateral Lower Limb NCV Within Normal Limits
π TIBIAL NERVE ABNORMALITIES
1 π Tibial Neuropathy
2 π Proximal Tibial Neuropathy
3 π Distal Tibial Neuropathy
4 π Tibial Axonal Neuropathy
5 π Demyelinating Tibial Neuropathy
6 π Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
π PERONEAL NERVE ABNORMALITIES
1 π Common Peroneal Neuropathy
2 π Deep Peroneal Neuropathy
3 π Superficial Peroneal Neuropathy
4 π Peroneal Neuropathy at Fibular Head
5 π Peroneal Axonal Neuropathy
6 π Demyelinating Peroneal Neuropathy
π SCIATIC NERVE & PROXIMAL LESIONS
1 π Sciatic Neuropathy
2 π Proximal Sciatic Nerve Lesion
3 π Post-Traumatic Sciatic Neuropathy
4 π Axonal Sciatic Neuropathy
5 π Severe Sciatic Nerve Dysfunction
π RADICULOPATHY & PLEXOPATHY
1 π Features Suggestive of Lumbosacral Radiculopathy
2 π Chronic Radiculopathy Changes
3 π Active Denervation Changes
4 π Lumbosacral Plexopathy
5 π Sacral Plexus Involvement
π GENERALIZED POLYNEUROPATHY
1 π Peripheral Polyneuropathy
2 π Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
3 π Predominantly Sensory Polyneuropathy
4 π Predominantly Motor Polyneuropathy
5 π Axonal Polyneuropathy
6 π Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
7 π Length-Dependent Neuropathy
π DIABETIC & METABOLIC NEUROPATHY
1 π Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
2 π Symmetrical Distal Polyneuropathy
3 π Chronic Metabolic Neuropathy
4 π Mixed Axonal-Demyelinating Neuropathy
5 π Advanced Diabetic Neuropathy
π ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHIES
1 π Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Common Peroneal Entrapment Neuropathy
3 π Deep Peroneal Entrapment
4 π Multiple Entrapment Neuropathies
5 π Focal Nerve Compression Neuropathy
π TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURY
1 π Tibial Nerve Injury
2 π Peroneal Nerve Injury
3 π Sciatic Nerve Injury
4 π Partial Nerve Injury
5 π Severe Axonal Loss
6 π Post-Traumatic Neuropathy
π FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
1 π Interval Improvement in Nerve Conduction
2 π Stable Electrophysiological Findings
3 π Progressive Neuropathy
4 π Postoperative Nerve Evaluation
5 π Follow-Up NCV Examination
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Borderline Nerve Conduction Abnormality
2 π Non-Specific Electrophysiological Findings
3 π Technical Limitation During Study
4 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
5 π EMG Correlation Recommended
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME NCV
π
π NORMAL STUDY
1 π Normal Median Nerve Conduction
2 π No Evidence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
3 π Normal Sensory and Motor Latencies
4 π Bilateral Median Nerve Study Within Normal Limits
5 π No Median Neuropathy at Wrist
π MILD CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
1 π Very Mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
3 π Sensory Latency Prolongation
4 π Mild Median Neuropathy at Wrist
5 π Early Entrapment Neuropathy
π MODERATE CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
1 π Moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Sensory and Motor Conduction Abnormality
3 π Delayed Distal Motor Latency
4 π Moderate Median Neuropathy at Wrist
5 π Bilateral Moderate CTS
π SEVERE CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
1 π Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Absent Sensory Response
3 π Markedly Delayed Motor Latency
4 π Severe Median Neuropathy at Wrist
5 π Advanced Entrapment Neuropathy
π VERY SEVERE CTS
1 π Very Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Extreme Median Neuropathy
3 π Absent Sensory and Motor Responses
4 π Severe Axonal Loss
5 π Marked Thenar Denervation
π DISTRIBUTION OF CTS
1 π Right Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Left Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
3 π Bilateral Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
4 π Asymmetrical Bilateral CTS
5 π Dominant Hand More Severely Affected
π AXONAL INVOLVEMENT
1 π Median Axonal Neuropathy
2 π Reduced CMAP Amplitude
3 π Reduced SNAP Amplitude
4 π Chronic Axonal Loss
5 π Mixed Demyelinating and Axonal Neuropathy
π COMPARATIVE NERVE STUDIES
1 π Median-Ulnar Sensory Latency Difference Abnormal
2 π Median-Radial Sensory Latency Difference Abnormal
3 π Combined Sensory Index Positive
4 π Comparative Study Supports CTS Diagnosis
5 π Borderline Comparative Abnormality
π POSTOPERATIVE & FOLLOW-UP
1 π Post-Carpal Tunnel Release Evaluation
2 π Interval Improvement in Median Nerve Conduction
3 π Persistent Median Neuropathy
4 π Recurrent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
5 π Stable Follow-Up Findings
π ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
1 π CTS with Polyneuropathy
2 π CTS with Diabetic Neuropathy
3 π Double Crush Syndrome Suspected
4 π CTS with Cervical Radiculopathy
5 π CTS with Ulnar Neuropathy
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Borderline Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
2 π Equivocal NCV Findings
3 π Technical Limitation During Study
4 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
5 π EMG Correlation Recommended
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY NCV
π
π NORMAL STUDY
1 π Normal Nerve Conduction Study
2 π No Evidence of Peripheral Neuropathy
3 π Normal Motor and Sensory Responses
4 π Normal Upper and Lower Limb NCV
5 π Study Within Normal Limits
π SENSORIMOTOR POLYNEUROPATHY
1 π Mild Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
2 π Moderate Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
3 π Severe Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
4 π Length-Dependent Polyneuropathy
5 π Generalized Sensorimotor Neuropathy
π SENSORY NEUROPATHY
1 π Pure Sensory Neuropathy
2 π Predominantly Sensory Polyneuropathy
3 π Sensory Axonal Neuropathy
4 π Reduced Sensory Nerve Action Potentials
5 π Distal Sensory Neuropathy
π MOTOR NEUROPATHY
1 π Predominantly Motor Neuropathy
2 π Motor Axonal Neuropathy
3 π Reduced Motor Response Amplitudes
4 π Generalized Motor Neuropathy
5 π Severe Motor Nerve Dysfunction
π AXONAL NEUROPATHY
1 π Mild Axonal Polyneuropathy
2 π Moderate Axonal Polyneuropathy
3 π Severe Axonal Polyneuropathy
4 π Chronic Axonal Neuropathy
5 π Diffuse Axonal Loss
π DEMYELINATING NEUROPATHY
1 π Mild Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
2 π Moderate Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
3 π Severe Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
4 π Markedly Slowed Conduction Velocities
5 π Conduction Block Present
6 π Features Suggestive of CIDP
π DIABETIC & METABOLIC NEUROPATHY
1 π Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
2 π Symmetrical Distal Polyneuropathy
3 π Chronic Metabolic Neuropathy
4 π Mixed Axonal-Demyelinating Neuropathy
5 π Advanced Diabetic Neuropathy
π TOXIC / NUTRITIONAL / HEREDITARY
1 π Alcoholic Neuropathy
2 π Nutritional Deficiency Neuropathy
3 π Drug-Induced Neuropathy
4 π Toxic Polyneuropathy
5 π Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy
6 π Features Suggestive of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
π MONONEUROPATHY & MONONEURITIS MULTIPLEX
1 π Isolated Mononeuropathy
2 π Multiple Mononeuropathies
3 π Mononeuritis Multiplex
4 π Multifocal Neuropathy
5 π Asymmetrical Peripheral Neuropathy
π FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
1 π Interval Improvement in Nerve Conduction
2 π Stable Electrophysiological Findings
3 π Progressive Peripheral Neuropathy
4 π Post-Treatment Evaluation
5 π Follow-Up NCV Examination
π MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS
1 π Borderline Neuropathy
2 π Early Peripheral Neuropathy
3 π Non-Specific Electrophysiological Findings
4 π Clinical Correlation Recommended
5 π EMG Correlation Recommended
8
Chapter 9: Ultrasound Case Study
Add your chapter content here...
9
SONOACADEMY REFERENCE SERIES
CHAPTER 10
Ultrasound Signs
Classic Sonographic Signs, Artifacts & Diagnostic Patterns
Table of Contents
10.1 Cobblestoning Sign
10.2 Snowstorm Appearance
10.3 Comet-tail Artifact
10.4 Ring-down Artifact
10.5 Dirty Shadowing (Gas)
10.6 Clean Shadowing (Stone)
10.7 Twinkle Artifact
10.8 Target / Bull's-eye Sign
10.9 Pseudokidney Sign
10.10 Doughnut Lesion Sign
10.11 Sandwich Sign
10.12 Crescent-in-Doughnut Sign
10.13 Keyboard Sign
10.14 Double Duct Sign
10.15 Starry Sky Appearance
10.16 Water Lily Sign
10.17 Wheel-within-Wheel Sign
10.18 Honeycomb Appearance
10.19 String of Pearls Sign
10.20 String of Beads Sign
10.21 Yin-Yang Sign
10.22 To-and-Fro Sign
10.23 Portal Flow Reversal
10.24 Aliasing in Doppler
10.25 Double Bubble Sign
10.26 Snowstorm Appearance (Molar)
10.27 Double Decidual Sac Sign
10.28 Halo Sign
10.29 Floating Fetus Sign
10.30 Seashore Sign
10.31 Barcode / Stratosphere Sign
10.32 Bat Sign
10.33 Lung Point Sign
10.34 Curtain Sign
10.35 Shred Sign
10.36 Hepatization of Lung
10.37 Keyhole Sign
10.38 Bear Claw Sign
10.39 Spoke Wheel Sign
10.40 Hydronephrosis Appearance
10.2 Snowstorm Appearance
10.3 Comet-tail Artifact
10.4 Ring-down Artifact
10.5 Dirty Shadowing (Gas)
10.6 Clean Shadowing (Stone)
10.7 Twinkle Artifact
10.8 Target / Bull's-eye Sign
10.9 Pseudokidney Sign
10.10 Doughnut Lesion Sign
10.11 Sandwich Sign
10.12 Crescent-in-Doughnut Sign
10.13 Keyboard Sign
10.14 Double Duct Sign
10.15 Starry Sky Appearance
10.16 Water Lily Sign
10.17 Wheel-within-Wheel Sign
10.18 Honeycomb Appearance
10.19 String of Pearls Sign
10.20 String of Beads Sign
10.21 Yin-Yang Sign
10.22 To-and-Fro Sign
10.23 Portal Flow Reversal
10.24 Aliasing in Doppler
10.25 Double Bubble Sign
10.26 Snowstorm Appearance (Molar)
10.27 Double Decidual Sac Sign
10.28 Halo Sign
10.29 Floating Fetus Sign
10.30 Seashore Sign
10.31 Barcode / Stratosphere Sign
10.32 Bat Sign
10.33 Lung Point Sign
10.34 Curtain Sign
10.35 Shred Sign
10.36 Hepatization of Lung
10.37 Keyhole Sign
10.38 Bear Claw Sign
10.39 Spoke Wheel Sign
10.40 Hydronephrosis Appearance
10
SONOACADEMY REFERENCE SERIES
CHAPTER 11
πππ©Ί
Educational Integration
Learning Strategies, Clinical Correlation & Teaching Applications
Table of Contents
11.1 Learning Objectives
11.2 Ultrasound Curriculum Structure
11.3 Clinical Integration
11.4 Case-Based Learning
11.5 Simulation Training
11.6 Standard Scanning Protocols
11.7 Competency Assessment
11.8 Image Interpretation Skills
11.9 Doppler Training
11.10 Artifact Recognition
11.11 Ultrasound Report Writing
11.12 Quality Assurance
11.13 Patient Communication
11.14 Ethics & Professionalism
11.15 Research Applications
11.16 Evidence-Based Practice
11.17 Emerging Technologies
11.18 AI in Ultrasound
11.19 Tele-Ultrasound
11.20 Future Learning Pathways
11.2 Ultrasound Curriculum Structure
11.3 Clinical Integration
11.4 Case-Based Learning
11.5 Simulation Training
11.6 Standard Scanning Protocols
11.7 Competency Assessment
11.8 Image Interpretation Skills
11.9 Doppler Training
11.10 Artifact Recognition
11.11 Ultrasound Report Writing
11.12 Quality Assurance
11.13 Patient Communication
11.14 Ethics & Professionalism
11.15 Research Applications
11.16 Evidence-Based Practice
11.17 Emerging Technologies
11.18 AI in Ultrasound
11.19 Tele-Ultrasound
11.20 Future Learning Pathways
11
Chapter 12: Reporting Elements
Add your chapter content here...
12
Chapter 13: Pelvis & Hip X-Ray Reporting
This chapter includes common radiographic findings, classifications, traumatic injuries, degenerative conditions, pediatric disorders, postoperative findings, and structured reporting elements related to pelvis and hip joint radiography.
13
Chapter 14: X-Ray Imaging Modalities & Techniques
This chapter discusses various X-ray imaging modalities and radiographic techniques used in routine and specialized practice. Topics include plain radiography, fluoroscopy, portable radiography, digital radiography (DR), computed radiography (CR), contrast studies, projection techniques, patient positioning, exposure selection, image optimization, and workflow principles used in diagnostic imaging departments.
14
Chapter 15: Advanced & Specialized Radiography
This chapter explores advanced radiographic procedures and specialized imaging applications in diagnostic radiology. Topics include trauma radiography, pediatric imaging, mobile radiography, orthopedic imaging, angiographic principles, mammography basics, interventional guidance techniques, contrast-enhanced procedures, and specialized positioning used in complex clinical situations.
15
Chapter 16: Technical Assessment & Equipment
This chapter covers the technical aspects of radiographic systems and imaging equipment used in modern radiology. Topics include X-ray tube construction, generators, detectors, grids, collimators, image receptors, PACS integration, quality assurance, calibration, maintenance principles, equipment safety, and technical troubleshooting in radiographic practice.
16
Chapter 17: Practical Classifications in X-Ray
This chapter explains commonly used classifications and grading systems in diagnostic radiography. Topics include fracture classifications, osteoarthritis grading, chest radiographic classifications, skeletal maturity assessment, trauma scoring systems, lesion categorization, alignment assessment, and structured interpretation methods used in clinical radiology.
17
Chapter 18: X-Ray Artifacts & Image Errors
This chapter discusses common radiographic artifacts, positioning mistakes, and image quality errors. Topics include motion artifacts, exposure errors, detector artifacts, processing artifacts, grid cutoff, magnification, distortion, foreign body artifacts, patient-related errors, repeat analysis, and troubleshooting methods for improving diagnostic image quality.
18
Chapter 19: Common Measurements & Positioning
19
Chapter 20: Clinical Radiography
π NORMAL & BASIC VIEWS
2 π Normal AP View
3 π Normal Lateral View
4 π Portable Chest X-Ray
5 π Trauma AP Chest
6 π Pediatric Chest X-Ray
7 π Right Decubitus View
8 π Left Decubitus View
9 π Expiratory Chest View
10 π Semi-Erect AP Chest
π AIR-SPACE / ALVEOLAR DISEASES
11 π Lobar Pneumonia
12 π Bronchopneumonia
13 π Aspiration Pneumonia
14 π Pulmonary Edema – Cardiogenic
15 π Pulmonary Edema – ARDS
16 π Pulmonary Hemorrhage
17 π Right Middle Lobe Pneumonia
18 π Left Lower Lobe Pneumonia
19 π Lingular Consolidation
20 π Posterior Basal Consolidation
π TUBERCULOSIS & INFECTIVE DISEASES
21 π Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
22 π Post-Primary Tuberculosis
23 π Fibro-Cavitary Tuberculosis
24 π Cavitary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
25 π Miliary Tuberculosis
26 π Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis
27 π Healed Pulmonary Tuberculosis
28 π Tuberculoma
29 π Endobronchial Tuberculosis
30 π Tuberculous Pleural Effusion
31 π MDR Tuberculosis
32 π XDR Tuberculosis
33 π Post-Tubercular Fibrosis
34 π Destroyed Tubercular Lung
35 π Tuberculous Bronchiectasis
36 π Disseminated Tuberculosis
37 π Paravertebral Abscess
38 π Apical Fibrotic Tuberculosis
π AIRWAY & OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES
39 π COPD with Hyperinflation
40 π Emphysema
41 π Bullous Lung Disease
42 π Bronchiectasis
43 π Endobronchial Obstruction
44 π Acute Bronchitis
45 π Chronic Bronchitis
46 π Asthmatic Bronchitis
47 π Bronchiolitis
48 π Small Airway Disease
49 π Foreign Body Aspiration
π COLLAPSE / VOLUME LOSS
50 π Lobar Collapse
51 π Segmental Collapse
52 π Complete Lung Collapse
53 π Atelectatic Band
54 π Middle Lobe Atelectasis
π INTERSTITIAL / CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE
55 π Interstitial Lung Disease
56 π Pulmonary Fibrosis
57 π Honeycomb Lung
58 π Sarcoidosis
59 π Pneumoconiosis
60 π Silicosis
π CARDIAC & VASCULAR PATHOLOGY
61 π Cardiomegaly
62 π Congestive Cardiac Failure
63 π Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
64 π Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
65 π Pericardial Effusion
66 π Aortic Unfolding
67 π Aortic Aneurysm
68 π Left Atrial Enlargement
69 π Right Atrial Enlargement
π PLEURAL DISEASES
70 π Pleural Effusion
71 π Massive Pleural Effusion
72 π Loculated Pleural Effusion
73 π Empyema
74 π Pleural Thickening
75 π Pleural Plaque
76 π Pneumothorax
77 π Tension Pneumothorax
78 π Hydropneumothorax
π MEDIASTINAL / HILAR PATHOLOGY
79 π Mediastinal Widening
80 π Mediastinal Mass
81 π Hilar Lymphadenopathy
82 π Pneumomediastinum
83 π Thymoma
84 π Retrosternal Goiter
85 π Neurogenic Tumor
86 π Hiatal Hernia
π LUNG MASSES & NEOPLASMS
87 π Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
88 π Bronchogenic Carcinoma
89 π Metastatic Lung Nodules
90 π Pancoast Tumor
π TRAUMA & CHEST WALL
91 π Rib Fracture
92 π Flail Chest
93 π Pulmonary Contusion
94 π Hemothorax
95 π Surgical Emphysema
96 π Clavicle Fracture
97 π Sternal Fracture
98 π Vertebral Collapse
99 π Chest Wall Mass
π DIAPHRAGM & SUBDIAPHRAGMATIC
100 π Elevated Hemidiaphragm
101 π Diaphragmatic Eventration
102 π Diaphragmatic Hernia
103 π Free Air Under Diaphragm
104 π Subphrenic Abscess
π ICU LINES / DEVICES / POSTOPERATIVE
105 π Endotracheal Tube Position
106 π Central Venous Catheter
107 π Intercostal Drainage Tube
108 π Nasogastric Tube Position
109 π Pacemaker / ICD
110 π Surgical Clips
111 π Post-Lobectomy Changes
112 π Postoperative Chest Changes
π OTHER / NON-SPECIFIC
113 π No Acute Cardiopulmonary Abnormality
114 π Indeterminate Chest Lesion
π Normal Lower Limb Musculoskeletal Views
π Pelvis with Both Hips AP/Lateral
π AP Pelvis View
π Standing Pelvis View
π False Profile View
π Judet Views
π Inlet Pelvis View
π Outlet Pelvis View
π Femur (AP / Lateral)
π Knee (Weight Bearing View)
π Tibia & Fibula
π Foot (AP / Oblique)
π Calcaneum (Heel Bone)
π Toes
π Trauma Lower Limb Series
π Post-operative Evaluation
π Femur Pathology
1 π Femoral Shaft Fracture
2 π Distal Femur Fracture
3 π Stress Fracture Femur
4 π Pathological Femur Fracture
5 π Osteomyelitis Femur
6 π Osteosarcoma Femur
7 π Ewing Sarcoma Femur
8 π Osteolytic Femoral Lesion
9 π Sclerotic Femoral Lesion
π Tibia & Fibula Pathology
10 π Tibial Shaft Fracture
11 π Fibular Shaft Fracture
12 π Tibia & Fibula Fracture
13 π Stress Fracture Tibia
14 π Osteomyelitis Tibia
15 π Chronic Osteomyelitis
16 π Brodie Abscess
17 π Cortical Thickening Tibia
18 π Periosteal Reaction Tibia
π Lower Limb Deformities
19 π Bowing Deformity Tibia
20 π Genu Varum
21 π Genu Valgum
22 π Limb Length Discrepancy
23 π Rotational Deformity Lower Limb
π Metabolic Bone Disorders
24 π Osteopenia Lower Limb
25 π Osteoporosis Changes
26 π Rickets
27 π Osteomalacia
28 π Paget Disease Lower Limb
π Pediatric Lower Limb Disorders
29 π Blount Disease
30 π Developmental Bowing Tibia
31 π Perthes Disease
32 π Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
π Soft Tissue Abnormalities
33 π Soft Tissue Swelling
34 π Soft Tissue Calcification
35 π Myositis Ossificans
36 π Gas in Soft Tissues
37 π Retained Foreign Body
π Postoperative Findings
38 π Intramedullary Nail Fixation
39 π Plate & Screw Fixation
40 π External Fixator
41 π Postoperative Alignment
42 π Delayed Union Fracture
43 π Nonunion Fracture
π Miscellaneous Bone Disorders
44 π Giant Cell Tumor
45 π Osteochondroma
46 π Enchondroma
47 π Bone Infarct
48 π Heterotopic Ossification
49 π Indeterminate Bone Lesion
50 π No Acute Bony Abnormality
π Normal Lower Limb Joint
π Normal Hip Joint AP/Lateral View
π Normal Pelvis with Both Hips View
π Normal Knee Joint AP/Lateral View
π Normal Weight-Bearing Knee View
π Normal Skyline Patella View
π Hip Joint Pathology
1 π Hip Osteoarthritis
2 π Bilateral Hip Osteoarthritis
3 π Hip Joint Effusion
4 π Septic Arthritis Hip
5 π Avascular Necrosis Femoral Head
6 π Hip Subluxation
7 π Posterior Hip Dislocation
8 π Developmental Dysplasia Hip
9 π Perthes Disease
10 π Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
11 π Coxa Vara
12 π Coxa Valga
π Knee Joint Pathology
13 π Knee Osteoarthritis
14 π Bilateral Knee Osteoarthritis
15 π Knee Joint Effusion
16 π Septic Arthritis Knee
17 π Rheumatoid Arthritis Knee
18 π Gouty Arthropathy Knee
19 π Chondrocalcinosis Knee
20 π Patellar Subluxation
21 π Patellar Dislocation
22 π Osgood Schlatter Disease
23 π Degenerative Joint Disease Knee
24 π Osteochondral Defect Knee
π Ankle Joint Pathology
π Normal Ankle Joint AP/Lateral View
π Normal Mortise Ankle View
25 π Ankle Osteoarthritis
26 π Ankle Joint Effusion
27 π Septic Arthritis Ankle
28 π Ankle Subluxation
29 π Ankle Dislocation
30 π Charcot Ankle Joint
31 π Degenerative Ankle Arthropathy
π Foot Joint Pathology
π Normal Foot AP/Oblique/Lateral View
π Normal Calcaneus Axial/Lateral View
π Normal Toe Joint X-Ray
32 π Hallux Valgus
33 π Hallux Rigidus
34 π Flat Foot Deformity
35 π Claw Toe Deformity
36 π Hammer Toe Deformity
37 π Tarsal Coalition
38 π Midfoot Osteoarthritis
39 π Lisfranc Joint Injury
π Additional Joint Pathologies
40 π Reactive Arthritis
41 π Psoriatic Arthropathy
42 π Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy
43 π Synovial Osteochondromatosis
44 π Periarticular Calcification
45 π Prosthesis Loosening
46 π Total Knee Replacement
47 π Total Hip Replacement
48 π Indeterminate Joint Lesion
49 π No Acute Joint Abnormality
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Chapter 21: X-Ray Case Studies
This chapter presents practical case-based learning using real-world radiographic scenarios. Topics include fracture cases, chest pathology, abdominal emergencies, orthopedic trauma, pediatric radiology cases, systematic interpretation, differential diagnosis approaches, and structured case discussion methods for improving radiographic analysis skills.
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Chapter 22: Radiological Signs
This chapter explains important radiological signs commonly encountered in diagnostic imaging. Topics include chest X-ray signs, abdominal signs, musculoskeletal signs, trauma-related signs, orthopedic alignment signs, pulmonary findings, gastrointestinal radiographic signs, and clinically important imaging patterns used in radiological diagnosis.
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Chapter 23: Educational Integration & Learning
This chapter focuses on educational strategies, structured learning systems, and practical training methods in diagnostic radiography. Topics include case-based learning, reporting exercises, anatomy correlation, radiographic interpretation methods, digital learning integration, simulation training, academic assessment, and continuous professional development in radiologic education.
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Chapter 24: X-Ray Reporting Elements
This chapter covers the essential components of structured X-ray reporting, including patient identification, examination technique, radiographic findings, anatomical assessment, impression writing, differential diagnosis, recommendations, and standardized reporting terminology. The section also explains practical approaches for trauma reporting, musculoskeletal evaluation, chest radiography interpretation, abdominal imaging assessment, and systematic documentation methods used in clinical radiology practice.
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