BVRMIT-105 - Table of Contents
Unit-1. Introduction to Computers
Ch-1.1
Definition of Computer
-
- Definition of computer
- Electronic programmable device
- Input of data
- Processing of data
- Storage of data
- Output of information
- Basic computer cycle
- Input → Processing → Output → Storage
- Computer applications in healthcare
- Computer applications in radiology
Ch-1.2
History of Computers
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- Development of computers
- Early calculating devices
- Abacus
- Napier's Bones
- Pascaline
- Analytical Engine
- Charles Babbage
- Father of the Computer
- Ada Lovelace
- First computer programmer
- Algorithm for the Analytical Engine
Ch-1.3
First Generation of Computers
-
- Period of first generation
- Vacuum tube technology
- Large physical size
- High power consumption
- Heat generation
- High cost
- Limited reliability
- Machine-language programming
- Examples of first-generation computers
- ENIAC
Ch-1.4
Second Generation of Computers
-
- Development of second-generation computers
- Transistor technology
- Smaller size
- Faster processing
- Improved reliability
- Reduced heat generation
- Lower power consumption
- Assembly language
- Higher-level programming languages
Ch-1.5
Third Generation of Computers
-
- Development of third-generation computers
- Integrated Circuits
- IC technology
- Smaller computer size
- Greater reliability
- Faster processing
- Lower cost
- Reduced heat generation
Ch-1.6
Fourth Generation of Computers
-
- Development of fourth-generation computers
- Microprocessor technology
- Integration of electronic components
- Small and powerful computer systems
- Personal computers
- Desktop computers
- Laptop computers
- Development of modern computing
Ch-1.7
Fifth Generation of Computers
-
- Advanced computing concepts
- Artificial intelligence
- Natural-language processing
- Advanced parallel processing
- Knowledge-based systems
- Modern AI technologies
- Applications of intelligent computing
Ch-1.8
Characteristics of Computers
-
- Speed
- Accuracy
- Storage capacity
- Automation
- Versatility
- Reliability
- Diligence
- Fast repetitive processing
- Consistent performance
Ch-1.9
Advantages of Computers
-
- High processing speed
- Accuracy
- Large storage capacity
- Automation
- Easy data processing
- Easy communication
- Research applications
- Healthcare applications
- Educational applications
- Administrative applications
- Digital radiography
- CT
- MRI
- PACS
- RIS
- Image processing
- Patient registration
- Medical reporting
- Medical records
- Teleradiology
Ch-1.10
Limitations of Computers
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- Dependence on instructions and data
- Limitations in understanding human emotions
- Incorrect input producing incorrect output
- Dependence on electricity
- Hardware failures
- Software failures
- Cybersecurity threats
- Garbage In, Garbage Out (GIGO)
- Relationship between input and output accuracy
Ch-1.11
Classification of Computers
-
- Classification according to size and performance
- Microcomputers
- Desktop computers
- Laptop computers
- Tablet computers
- Minicomputers
- Mainframe computers
- Supercomputers
- Large-scale data processing
- Weather modelling
- Scientific research
- Complex simulations
- High-performance calculations
Ch-1.12
Functional Components of a Computer
-
- Input unit
- Central Processing Unit
- Memory and storage
- Output unit
- Basic computer block diagram
- Input → CPU → Output
- Role of memory in computer operation
Ch-1.13
Input
-
- Definition of input
- Data and instructions
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Scanner
- Microphone
- Webcam
- Touchscreen
- Barcode reader
- Patient registration
- Barcode scanning
- Digital image acquisition
- Data entry
Ch-1.14
Output
-
- Definition of output
- Processed information
- Monitor
- Printer
- Speakers
- Projector
- Medical image display
- Reports and documents
Ch-1.15
Processing
-
- Definition of processing
- Central Processing Unit
- Arithmetic Logic Unit
- Arithmetic operations
- Addition
- Subtraction
- Multiplication
- Division
- Logical comparisons
- Control Unit
- Coordination of computer operations
- CPU registers
- Fast temporary storage
Ch-1.16
Hardware
-
- Definition of hardware
- Physical components of a computer
- CPU
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Monitor
- Printer
- Hard disk
- RAM
- Motherboard
Ch-1.17
Software
-
- Definition of software
- Programs and instructions
- System software
- Operating systems
- Device drivers
- Application software
- MS Word
- MS Excel
- Web browsers
- Image-processing software
- Utility software
- Backup utilities
- Antivirus software
- File-management utilities
Ch-1.18
Data and Information
-
- Definition of data
- Raw facts and figures
- Examples of data
- Definition of information
- Processed data
- Meaningful information
- Data versus information
- Data → Processing → Information
- Patient data examples
Ch-1.19
Data Storage
-
- Importance of data storage
- Primary storage
- RAM
- ROM
- Cache memory
- Secondary storage
- Hard disk
- Solid State Drive
- USB flash drive
- Memory card
- Optical media
- Data retrieval
Ch-1.20
RAM
-
- Random Access Memory
- Temporary working memory
- Fast memory access
- Volatile memory
- Use while programs are running
- Loss of stored information after power removal
Ch-1.21
ROM
-
- Read Only Memory
- Non-volatile memory
- Persistent data storage
- Information retained without power
- Difference between RAM and ROM
Ch-1.22
Number System
-
- Introduction to number systems
- Decimal number system
- Binary number system
- Hexadecimal number system
- ASCII
- Digital representation of information
- Number-system applications in computers
Ch-1.23
Decimal Number System
-
- Definition of decimal system
- Base 10
- Digits 0–9
- Decimal representation of numbers
Ch-1.24
Binary Number System
-
- Definition of binary system
- Base 2
- Binary digits 0 and 1
- Digital representation
- Binary numbers in computing
- Binary-to-decimal conversion
- Example: 1010₂ = 10₁₀
Ch-1.25
Hexadecimal Number System
-
- Definition of hexadecimal system
- Base 16
- Digits 0–9
- Letters A–F
- A = 10
- B = 11
- C = 12
- D = 13
- E = 14
- F = 15
- Hexadecimal representation in computing
Ch-1.26
ASCII
-
- American Standard Code for Information Interchange
- Character encoding
- Representation of text using numerical codes
- ASCII characters
- Alphabetic characters
- Numeric characters
- Special characters
- Example: A = 65 in standard ASCII
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