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Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View
At the Aortic Valve Level

Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View At the Aortic Valve Level

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Reporting Panel

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Cardiac Pathology

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Case Study

2D Echo

Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View at the Aortic Valve Level (PSAX-AV) is one of the standard two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiographic views obtained by rotating the transducer approximately 90° clockwise from the parasternal long-axis view. It provides an en-face cross-sectional image of the aortic valve, displaying its characteristic three cusps (right coronary, left coronary, and non-coronary cusps) in the classic "Mercedes-Benz" configuration. This view also visualizes the aortic root, sinuses of Valsalva, right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), pulmonary valve, main pulmonary artery, tricuspid valve, right atrium, left atrium, and interatrial septum. The PSAX-AV view is routinely used to evaluate aortic valve morphology and function, congenital heart disease, pulmonary valve abnormalities, proximal great vessel anatomy, and atrial septal defects. It is an essential imaging plane for comprehensive assessment of valvular heart disease and Doppler evaluation during transthoracic echocardiography.

1. Introduction

The Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View at the Aortic Valve Level (PSAX-AV) is a fundamental transthoracic echocardiographic imaging plane obtained by rotating the transducer approximately 90° clockwise from the parasternal long-axis position. This view provides an en-face cross-sectional image of the aortic valve and surrounding cardiac structures. It is widely used for assessment of the aortic valve, pulmonary valve, right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), proximal pulmonary artery, atrial septum, and congenital heart disease.

Commonly Used PSAX-AV View Abbreviations

Abbreviation	Full View Name
PSAX-AV	Parasternal Short-Axis View at Aortic Valve Level
PSAX	Parasternal Short-Axis View
PLAX	Parasternal Long-Axis View
A4C	Apical Four-Chamber View
A2C	Apical Two-Chamber View
A5C	Apical Five-Chamber View
SC4C	Subcostal Four-Chamber View
SSN	Suprasternal Notch View

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2. Scanning Method

Patient Position

• Supine or left lateral decubitus position.
• Left lateral decubitus usually provides better acoustic windows.

Transducer

• Phased-array cardiac transducer.
• Frequency: 2–5 MHz.

Probe Position

• Left parasternal border.
• 3rd or 4th intercostal space.

Probe Marker

Rotate approximately 90° clockwise from PLAX so the probe marker points toward the patient's left shoulder (1–2 o'clock).

Technique

1. Begin from the parasternal long-axis view.
2. Rotate the transducer clockwise approximately 90°.
3. Adjust depth and gain.
4. Tilt slightly superiorly until the aortic valve appears centrally.
5. Optimize visualization of the RVOT, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, tricuspid valve and atrial septum.

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3. Section Structure

Structures Visualized

• Aortic Valve (Right, Left and Non-coronary Cusps)
• Aortic Root
• Sinuses of Valsalva
• Ascending Aorta
• Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT)
• Pulmonary Valve
• Main Pulmonary Artery
• Right Pulmonary Artery
• Left Atrium
• Right Atrium
• Interatrial Septum
• Tricuspid Valve

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4. Measuring Method and Normal Values

Measurements obtained from this view include the aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, proximal ascending aorta, pulmonary artery diameter and RVOT dimensions. Valve morphology and opening motion are carefully assessed in systole and diastole. Color Doppler is routinely used to evaluate valvular stenosis, regurgitation and intracardiac shunts.

Measurement	Normal Value
Aortic Annulus	18–26 mm
Sinus of Valsalva	29–45 mm (adult)
Sinotubular Junction	22–36 mm
Ascending Aorta	22–36 mm
Main Pulmonary Artery	20–30 mm
RVOT Diameter	21–35 mm

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5. Clinical Application

• Assessment of aortic valve morphology.
• Evaluation of bicuspid aortic valve.
• Assessment of aortic stenosis.
• Assessment of aortic regurgitation.
• Pulmonary valve evaluation.
• RVOT assessment.
• Detection of atrial septal defects.
• Assessment of proximal pulmonary artery.
• Evaluation of congenital heart disease.
• Guidance for Doppler examination.

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6. Diagnosable Pathology

• Bicuspid Aortic Valve
• Aortic Stenosis
• Aortic Regurgitation
• Aortic Valve Endocarditis
• Aortic Root Dilatation
• Ascending Aortic Aneurysm
• Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
• Pulmonary Regurgitation
• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
• Pulmonary Hypertension
• Congenital Aortic Valve Abnormalities
• RVOT Obstruction
• Great Vessel Anomalies

SonoAcademy Digital MCQ Examination

Topic: Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View at the Aortic Valve Level (PSAX-AV) – 2D Echocardiography

Total Questions: 10 | Total Marks: 10 | Time: 30 Minutes

Instruction: Enter your details, start the examination, answer all questions, submit the examination, and download your PDF marksheet after completion.

Time Left: 30:00

1. The Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View at the Aortic Valve Level is obtained by rotating the transducer approximately: A. 90° clockwise from PLAX B. 180° clockwise C. 45° counterclockwise D. No rotation is required

2. In the PSAX-Aortic Valve view, the probe marker is generally directed toward the: A. Left shoulder B. Right shoulder C. Umbilicus D. Left hip

3. Which structure is located in the center of the PSAX-Aortic Valve view? A. Aortic Valve B. Left Ventricle Apex C. Inferior Vena Cava D. Descending Aorta

4. The normal aortic valve in short-axis has the appearance of: A. Mercedes-Benz sign B. Bull's-eye sign C. Target lesion D. Double ring sign

5. Which valve is best evaluated in this imaging plane? A. Aortic Valve B. Mitral Valve C. Tricuspid Valve only D. None of the above

6. Which additional structure is commonly visualized anterior to the aortic valve? A. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) B. Gallbladder C. Left Kidney D. Inferior Vena Cava

7. Which congenital heart disease can be evaluated using this view? A. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) B. Appendicitis C. Cholecystitis D. Hydronephrosis

8. Which pathology is commonly diagnosed using the PSAX-Aortic Valve view? A. Bicuspid Aortic Valve B. Renal Calculus C. Liver Cirrhosis D. Pleural Effusion

9. Which vessel is commonly assessed adjacent to the pulmonary valve in this view? A. Main Pulmonary Artery B. Portal Vein C. Splenic Artery D. Femoral Artery

10. Color Doppler in the PSAX-Aortic Valve view is primarily used to evaluate: A. Valvular stenosis and regurgitation B. Gallstones C. Renal perfusion D. Hepatic fibrosis

Exam Result

Name:

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Topic: Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View at the Aortic Valve Level (PSAX-AV) – 2D Echocardiography

Total Marks: 10

Obtained Marks:

Percentage: %

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Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View PLVLA (2D Echo )

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Parasternal Left Ventricular
Long-Axis View (PLVLA,2D)

Parasternal left ventricular long-axis view. (a) Diastole. (b) Systole

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Reporting Panel

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Cardiac Pathology

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Case Study

PLVLA,2D

Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View (PLVLA) is one of the most important standard two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiographic views. It provides a longitudinal image of the heart, allowing detailed evaluation of the left ventricle, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic valve, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), aortic root, interventricular septum, left ventricular posterior wall, and ascending aorta. The PLVLA view is routinely used to assess cardiac anatomy, chamber dimensions, ventricular systolic function, wall thickness, valvular morphology, and aortic root abnormalities. It also serves as the primary reference view for M-mode measurements and quantitative assessment during a comprehensive echocardiographic examination.

1. Introduction

The Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis (PLVLA) view is one of the fundamental transthoracic echocardiographic imaging planes. It provides a long-axis section of the heart, allowing visualization of the left ventricle, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic valve, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), aortic root, interventricular septum, and left ventricular posterior wall. This view is essential for routine cardiac examination and quantitative assessment of chamber size, ventricular function, valvular morphology and aortic root pathology.

Commonly Used PLVLA View Abbreviations

Abbreviation	Full View Name
PLVLA	Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View
PSAX	Parasternal Short-Axis View
A4C	Apical Four-Chamber View
A2C	Apical Two-Chamber View
A3C / APLAX	Apical Three-Chamber View / Apical Long-Axis View
A5C	Apical Five-Chamber View
SC4C	Subcostal Four-Chamber View
IVC	Inferior Vena Cava View
SSN	Suprasternal Notch View

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2. Scanning Method

Patient Position

• Supine or left lateral decubitus position.
• Left lateral position improves visualization.

Transducer

• Phased-array cardiac probe.
• Frequency: 2–5 MHz.

Probe Position

• Left parasternal border.
• 2nd–5th intercostal space.

Probe Marker

Directed toward the patient's right shoulder (10 o'clock).

Technique

1. Place probe beside the sternum.
2. Adjust depth and gain.
3. Rotate and angle until LV, LA, MV, AV, LVOT and aortic root are visualized.
4. Freeze the best image for measurement.

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3. Section Structure

Structures Visualized

• Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT)
• Interventricular Septum (IVS)
• Left Ventricular Cavity (LV)
• Left Ventricular Posterior Wall (LVPW)
• Mitral Valve
• Left Atrium
• Aortic Valve
• Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
• Aortic Root
• Ascending Aorta
• Pericardium

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4. Measuring Method and Normal Values

Posterior–anterior dimensions of the left ventricular cavity, right ventricular cavity, and left atrial cavity can be obtained in this view. The left and right ventricular cavities are measured at the level of the mitral valve chordae during diastole. The normal left ventricular internal diameter is 38 ± 10 mm, while the normal right ventricular internal diameter is 25 ± 10 mm. The left atrial diameter is 33 ± 5 mm, measured at the middle of the left atrium during systole. The aortic valve annulus measures 20 ± 4 mm from the anterior inner edge to the posterior inner edge at the attachment of the aortic valve during systole. The aortic sinus measures 26 ± 8 mm from the anterior inner edge to the posterior inner edge at the level of the sinus of Valsalva during systole. The ascending aorta measures 25 ± 10 mm at a point 2 cm above the aortic sinus during systole. The coronary sinus measures 7 ± 4 mm in the anterior–posterior dimension from the anterior inner edge to the posterior inner edge.

Measurement	Normal Value
IVSd	6–10 mm
LVIDd	Male 42–59 mm Female 39–53 mm
LVIDs	25–40 mm
LVPWd	6–10 mm
Left Atrial Diameter	27–40 mm
Aortic Root Diameter	20–37 mm
Ejection Fraction	55–70%
Fractional Shortening	28–44%

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5. Clinical Application

• Assessment of LV size.
• Evaluation of LV systolic function.
• Wall thickness measurement.
• Mitral valve assessment.
• Aortic valve assessment.
• Aortic root measurement.
• LVOT evaluation.
• Detection of pericardial effusion.
• Follow-up of cardiomyopathy.
• Assessment of hypertensive heart disease.

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6. Diagnosable Pathology

• Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
• Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
• Regional Wall Motion Abnormality (RWMA)
• Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
• Mitral Stenosis (MS)
• Mitral Regurgitation (MR)
• Aortic Stenosis (AS)
• Aortic Regurgitation (AR)
• Aortic Root Dilatation
• Pericardial Effusion
• Infective Endocarditis
• LVOT Obstruction
• Intracardiac Mass or Thrombus

SonoAcademy Digital MCQ Examination

Topic: Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View (PLVLA) – 2D Echocardiography

Total Questions: 10 | Total Marks: 10 | Time: 30 Minutes

Instruction: Enter your details, start the examination, answer all questions, submit the examination, and download your PDF marksheet after completion.

Time Left: 30:00

1. The Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis (PLVLA) view is primarily obtained from: A. Left parasternal border B. Right parasternal border C. Subcostal region D. Suprasternal notch

2. The probe marker in the PLVLA view is directed toward the: A. Right shoulder B. Left shoulder C. Left hip D. Umbilicus

3. Which transducer is commonly used for adult PLVLA imaging? A. Phased-array probe B. Linear probe C. Curvilinear probe D. Endocavitary probe

4. Which structure is NOT normally visualized in the PLVLA view? A. Gallbladder B. Mitral Valve C. Left Atrium D. Aortic Root

5. The normal left ventricular ejection fraction is approximately: A. 55–70% B. 25–35% C. 10–20% D. 80–95%

6. Which valve is best assessed in the PLVLA view? A. Mitral Valve B. Pulmonary Valve C. Tricuspid Valve only D. None of the above

7. PLVLA is useful for evaluating: A. Left ventricular systolic function B. Fetal biometry C. Renal artery stenosis D. Gallstones

8. Which pathology can be detected using the PLVLA view? A. Left ventricular hypertrophy B. Appendicitis C. Cholecystitis D. Pleural plaque

9. Which measurement is routinely obtained in the PLVLA view? A. LVIDd B. Biparietal diameter C. Portal vein diameter D. Femoral vein diameter

10. Pericardial effusion in the PLVLA view appears as: A. Anechoic fluid surrounding the heart B. Calcified aortic valve C. Hyperechoic liver lesion D. Dilated common bile duct

Exam Result

Name:

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Topic: Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View (PLVLA) – 2D Echocardiography

Total Marks: 10

Obtained Marks:

Percentage: %

Status:

2D Echocardiography Study Guide

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2D Echo
Study Guide

2D Echocardiography Study Guide

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Reporting Panel

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Cardiac Pathology

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Case Study

H

Basic Views of B-Mode Echocardiography are standard two-dimensional ultrasound views used to evaluate cardiac chambers, valves, septa, pericardium, ventricular function, and major vessels. Proper image acquisition helps in accurate diagnosis, documentation, and follow-up of cardiac abnormalities.

🔶 Introduction

B-mode echocardiography, also called two-dimensional echocardiography, is a real-time ultrasound technique used to visualize cardiac anatomy and motion. It provides grayscale images of the heart and helps assess chamber size, wall motion, valve morphology, septal integrity, pericardium, and great vessels.

🔶 Clinical Indications

1. Chest pain or suspected cardiac disease.
2. Dyspnea or heart failure assessment.
3. Murmur evaluation.
4. Valvular heart disease.
5. Cardiomyopathy.
6. Congenital heart disease screening.
7. Pericardial effusion assessment.
8. Follow-up after cardiac treatment or surgery.

🔶 Patient Preparation

No special fasting is usually required. Explain the procedure to the patient. The patient is commonly positioned in the left lateral decubitus position to improve acoustic access. ECG leads may be attached if required. Apply adequate ultrasound gel to obtain good probe contact.

🔶 Equipment

Ultrasound Machine: Echocardiography-capable system.
Probe: Phased-array cardiac transducer, commonly 2–5 MHz in adults.
Modes: B-mode, M-mode, Color Doppler, Pulsed-Wave Doppler, Continuous-Wave Doppler, and Tissue Doppler if available.
Accessories: ECG cable, ultrasound gel, patient couch, and image recording system.

🔶 Structures Evaluated

1. Left atrium and right atrium.
2. Left ventricle and right ventricle.
3. Mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves.
4. Interventricular and interatrial septa.
5. Left ventricular outflow tract and right ventricular outflow tract.
6. Aortic root and ascending aorta.
7. Pulmonary artery.
8. Pericardium and pericardial space.

🔶 Routine Measurements

1. Left ventricular internal diameter in diastole and systole.
2. Interventricular septal thickness.
3. Posterior wall thickness.
4. Left atrial size or volume.
5. Aortic root diameter.
6. Ejection fraction estimation.
7. Right ventricular size and function.
8. Pericardial effusion measurement if present.

🔶 Normal Findings

Normal B-mode echocardiography shows normal chamber size, preserved ventricular contraction, normal valve opening and closing motion, intact septa, no obvious intracardiac mass or thrombus, no significant pericardial effusion, and normal relationship of great vessels.

🔶 Common Abnormal Findings

1. Left ventricular dilatation or hypertrophy.
2. Regional wall motion abnormality.
3. Reduced ejection fraction.
4. Valvular thickening, calcification, stenosis, or regurgitation.
5. Right ventricular enlargement.
6. Pericardial effusion.
7. Intracardiac thrombus or mass.
8. Septal defects or congenital abnormalities.

🔶 Documentation

Save representative images and clips from standard views. Document measurements, chamber sizes, valve morphology, ventricular function, septal appearance, pericardial findings, and any abnormality. Include patient details, date, study type, and final impression in the report.

🔶 Clinical Applications

B-mode echocardiography is useful for cardiac screening, assessment of heart failure, evaluation of valve disease, detection of pericardial effusion, evaluation of cardiomyopathy, follow-up of congenital heart disease, and monitoring after cardiac procedures.

🔶 Advantages

1. Non-invasive and safe.
2. Real-time cardiac imaging.
3. No ionizing radiation.
4. Portable and widely available.
5. Useful for bedside evaluation.
6. Allows assessment of anatomy and function.

🔶 Limitations

Image quality may be limited by obesity, lung interference, chest wall deformity, poor acoustic window, tachycardia, patient movement, or inability to position the patient properly. Some lesions may require Doppler, contrast echocardiography, CT, MRI, or transesophageal echocardiography for further evaluation.

🔶 Scanning Technique

A-Basic Views of B-Mode

1. Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View PLVLA

2. Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View At the Aortic Valve Level

3. Parasternal Aorta Short-Axis View Main Pulmonary Artery Long-Axis

4. Parasternal Left Ventricular Short-Axis View Mitral Valve Annulus Level

5. Parasternal Left Ventricular Short-Axis View Mitral Valve Level

6. Parasternal Left Ventricular Short-Axis View Mitral Valve Chordae Tendineae Level

7. Parasternal Left Ventricular Short-Axis View Mitral Valve Papillary Muscle Level

8. Left Ventricular Apical Level Short-Axis View

9. Parasternal Four-Chamber View

10. Apical Four-Chamber View

11. Parasternal Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Long-Axis View (1)

12. Apical Left-Heart Two-Chamber View

13. Apical Right-Heart Two-Chamber View

14. Parasternal Descending Aorta Long (Short)-Axis View

15. Coronary Sinus View

16. Long-Axis View of the Left Ventricular Right Anterior-Oblique Position

17. Long-Axis View of the Left Ventricular Apex Parasternal

18. Apical Five-Chamber View

19. Short-Axis View of the Inferior Vena Cava

20. Inferior Vena Cava Long (Short)-Axis View

21. Left Parasternal Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Long-Axis View (2)

22. Left Anterior Oblique Position Left Ventricular Apical Three-Chamber View

23. Subxiphoid Four-Chamber View

24. Subxiphoid Two-Atrium View

25. Subxiphoid Aortic Ventricular View

26. Subxiphoid Inferior Vena Cava Long-Axis View

27. Subxiphoid Ventricular Short-Axis View

28. Suprasternal Aortic Arch Short-Axis View

29. Suprasternal Superior Vena Cava Long-Axis View

30. Suprasternal Aortic Arch Short-Axis View

31. Main Pulmonary Artery Long-Axis View Subxiphoid

32. Transesophageal Two-Atrium View

33. Transesophageal Left Atrial Appendage View

34. Transesophageal Aortic Root Long-Axis View

B-Basic Tracings of M-Mode

1. Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View M-Mode, Echo Pattern of Heart Base (Aortic Root)

2. Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View M-Mode, Echo Pattern of Mitral Valve

3. Parasternal Left Ventricular Long-Axis View M-Mode, Echo Pattern of Left Ventricle

4. Great Artery Short-Axis View M-Mode Scan at Pulmonary Valve Level

5. Great Artery Short-Axis View M-Mode Scan at Aortic Valve Level

C-Spectral Doppler and Color Doppler Flow Imaging

1. Spectral Doppler of Mitral Valve Orifice Blood Flow

2. Color Doppler Flow Image of the Mitral Valve Orifice

3. Spectral Doppler of Tricuspid Valve Orifice Blood Flow

4. Tricuspid Valve Orifice Color Doppler Flow Mapping

5. Color Flow Mapping

6. Color Doppler Flow Mapping of the Pulmonary Artery Orifice

D-Pulsed-Wave (PW) Spectral Doppler

1. Apical Four-Chamber View Mitral Valve Inflow

2. Apical Four-Chamber View Tricuspid Valve Inflow

3. Apical Five-Chamber View Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT)

4. Parasternal Short-Axis View Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT)

5. Parasternal Short-Axis View Pulmonary Valve Outflow

6. Apical Five-Chamber View Aortic Valve Flow

7. Apical Four-Chamber View Pulmonary Vein Flow

8. Subcostal View Hepatic Vein Flow

9. Subcostal View Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Flow

10. Suprasternal Notch View Descending Thoracic Aorta Flow

11. Apical Four-Chamber View Left Atrial Appendage Flow

12. Parasternal Long-Axis View Ascending Aortic Flow

E-Continuous-Wave (CW) Spectral Doppler

1. Apical Five-Chamber View Aortic Valve CW Doppler

2. Apical Five-Chamber View Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) CW Doppler

3. Apical Four-Chamber View Mitral Regurgitation CW Doppler

4. Apical Four-Chamber View Tricuspid Regurgitation CW Doppler

5. Parasternal Short-Axis View Pulmonary Valve CW Doppler

6. Parasternal Short-Axis View Pulmonary Regurgitation CW Doppler

7. Apical Three-Chamber View Aortic Regurgitation CW Doppler

8. Apical Five-Chamber View Aortic Stenosis CW Doppler

9. Apical Four-Chamber View Mitral Stenosis CW Doppler

10. Parasternal Short-Axis View Pulmonary Stenosis CW Doppler

F-Power Doppler Imaging (PDI)

1. Power Doppler of Mitral Valve Blood Flow

2. Power Doppler of Tricuspid Valve Blood Flow

3. Power Doppler of Aortic Valve Blood Flow

4. Power Doppler of Pulmonary Valve Blood Flow

5. Power Doppler of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT)

6. Power Doppler of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT)

7. Power Doppler of Pulmonary Vein Flow

8. Power Doppler of Hepatic Vein Flow

9. Power Doppler of Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

10. Power Doppler of Descending Thoracic Aorta

SonoAcademy Digital MCQ Examination

Topic: Basic Views of B-Mode Echocardiography

Total Questions: 10 | Total Marks: 10 | Time: 30 Minutes

Instruction: Enter your details, start the exam, answer all questions, and download your PDF marksheet after submission.

Time Left: 30:00

1. B-mode echocardiography mainly provides: A. Real-time grayscale cardiac images B. Only blood pressure measurement C. Only ECG tracing D. Bone imaging

2. Common patient position for transthoracic echo is: A. Left lateral decubitus B. Prone only C. Standing only D. Knee-elbow position

3. Which probe is commonly used for adult echocardiography? A. Phased-array cardiac probe B. Endocavitary probe only C. Hockey-stick probe only D. Linear probe only

4. Apical four-chamber view evaluates: A. Both atria and both ventricles B. Kidney only C. Gallbladder only D. Thyroid only

5. Parasternal long-axis view commonly shows: A. LV, LA, mitral valve, aortic valve, and aortic root B. Only urinary bladder C. Only liver veins D. Only bowel loops

6. One routine measurement in echo is: A. Ejection fraction B. Femur length only C. Crown-rump length only D. Kidney stone density only

7. Pericardial effusion is fluid around the: A. Heart B. Brain C. Spleen D. Thyroid

8. B-mode echocardiography has the advantage of: A. No ionizing radiation B. High radiation dose C. Only surgical use D. No real-time imaging

9. A limitation of echocardiography is: A. Poor acoustic window B. Always perfect images C. It cannot image the heart D. It requires radiation

10. Subcostal view is useful for evaluating: A. Pericardial effusion and IVC B. Only wrist joint C. Only ankle ligament D. Only nasal bone

Exam Result

Name:

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Topic: Basic Views of B-Mode Echocardiography

Total Marks: 10

Obtained Marks:

Percentage: %

Status: