Ultrasound templates

📝 ABDOMEN TEMPLATES

🧾 WAM – Whole Abdomen (Male)

🧾 UA – Upper Abdomen (Male)

🧾 WAF – Whole Abdomen (Female)

🧾 UA – Upper Abdomen (Female)

🧾 WAP – Whole Abdomen (Pediatric)

🧾 KUB – Focused Study

🧾 KUB – With Uterus

🧾 KUB – With Prostate

🧾 Pelvis – Female

🧾 Lower Abdomen – Male

🧾 FAST – Male

🧾 FAST – Female

🧾 FAST – Pediatrics

🧾 Abdominal Doppler – Aorta & IVC

🧾 Abdominal Doppler – Portal & Hepatic

🧾 Abdominal Doppler – Renal

─── 🧾 LW/Pelvis – Lower Abdomen (Female) ───

Templates

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📄 Normal study

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You have reached the end of this First-Trimester Ultrasound topic.

Content is intended for educational, training, and clinical reference only.

Declaration:
I, R. K. Mouj, declare that the material presented in this Lower Abdomen Ultrasound report template has been prepared solely for educational and academic purposes.
Any measurements, anatomical descriptions, sonographic findings, and examples provided are illustrative in nature.
Clinical correlation, relevant laboratory investigations, follow-up imaging where indicated, and professional medical judgment are essential before making any diagnostic or management decisions.

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How to Measure Umbilical Artery S/D Ratio (Step-by-Step)

Umbilical Artery S/D Ratio

Fetal Doppler

Introduction

Umbilical artery Doppler is a key tool in fetal surveillance, especially in cases of suspected placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The S/D ratio reflects downstream placental resistance.

Patient Position

• Supine or slight left lateral position
• Use 3–5 MHz curvilinear probe

Sampling Technique

• Select a free-floating loop of umbilical cord


Free-floating loop [UC]

• Avoid fetal abdominal and placental insertion sites

• Use color Doppler for vessel identification
• Apply pulsed Doppler with angle ≤ 30°

• Sample gate: 1–2 mm

Waveform Criteria

• Obtain at least 3–5 uniform waveforms

• No fetal movement or breathing artifacts
• Clear systolic and diastolic components

Measurement

S/D ratio is calculated as:

S/D = Peak Systolic Velocity ÷ End Diastolic Velocity

Example

S = 40 cm/s, D = 10 cm/s → S/D = 4.0

Normal Values (Gestational Age)

Gestational Age (Weeks)	Normal S/D Ratio
20	< 5.0
24	< 4.5
28	< 4.0
30	< 3.8
32	< 3.6
34	< 3.4
36	< 3.2
38	< 3.0
40	< 3.0

Note: S/D ratio decreases with advancing gestational age due to reduced placental resistance.

S/D ratio Calculator

UCA Doppler

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UCA S/D Calculator

Systolic (S) Diastolic (D)

What does high S/D ratio mean?

UCA Doppler

Causes of ↑ S/D Ratio

• Placental insufficiency


↑ S/D = ↑ RI = ↑ PI → placental insufficiency


Parameter	Umbilical Artery (UA)	MCA
Resistance	↑ Increased	↓ Decreased
PI	↑ High	↓ Low
RI	↑ High	↓ Low
S/D ratio	↑ High	↓ Low
Diastolic flow	↓ Reduced / Absent	↑ Increased

Clinical Insight

Clinical Pattern Normal pregnancy → low resistance → low S/D IUGR → high resistance → high S/D Persistent high S/D → poor prognosis if untreated

Pathophysiology Placental damage → ↑ vascular resistance ↓ diastolic blood flow ↑ S/D ratio → warning sign of IUGR progression

Umbilical Artery Doppler:
S/D ratio: 6.6 (Elevated for gestational age)
End diastolic flow: Present

Interpretation:
Umbilical artery shows increased resistance with elevated S/D ratio.

Significance:
Findings are suggestive of increased placental vascular resistance, which may be associated with evolving intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and risk of fetal hypoxia.






• Preeclampsia

• Chronic fetal hypoxia

• Placental infarction / fibrosis

Common Errors

• Wrong sampling site
• High Doppler angle
• Large sample volume
• Irregular waveform

Conclusion

Accurate S/D measurement requires proper technique, correct sampling site, and consistent waveform acquisition. It plays a vital role in fetal monitoring and clinical decision-making.

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Declaration

This content is intended for academic and educational purposes only.

Ultrasound templates-Perineal and groin female

PERINEAL & GROIN

📝 Perineal and groin Male

📝 Perineal and groin Female

─── 🧾 Perineal and groin Female ──

Templates

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COUNSELING DAY

📄 Rt side Normal study

📄 Lt side Normal study

📄 BL side Normal study

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Name:

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Sex: Female Male Other

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End of Topic

You have reached the end of this First-Trimester Ultrasound topic.

Content is intended for educational, training, and clinical reference only.

Declaration:
I, R. K. Mouj, declare that the material presented in this Adult Perineal and Groin Ultrasound (Female) is intended solely for educational and academic purposes. All descriptions related to perineal and groin ultrasound technique, high-frequency probe positioning, evaluation of superficial soft tissues, inguinal canals, labial region assessment, canal of Nuck evaluation, lymph node evaluation, hernia assessment, abscess formation, sinus tract mapping, cystic and solid lesions, vascular assessment with Doppler, and example observations are illustrative in nature. Clinical examination, correlation with patient history, laboratory findings when indicated, other imaging modalities if required, institutional protocols, and professional medical judgment are essential before making any diagnostic or management decisions.

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© SonoAcademy — an educational platform dedicated to simplifying diagnostic radiography and ultrasound imaging through practical tools, structured reporting guidance, and clinically focused learning.

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