Ultrasound
Basics & Beyond

01 CHAPTER-1

Introduction to Ultrasound

02 CHAPTER-2

Physics of Ultrasound

03 CHAPTER-3

Ultrasound Equipment (Knobology)

04 CHAPTER-4

Doppler Ultrasound

05 CHAPTER-5

Artifacts

06 CHAPTER-6

Patient Care & Ergonomics

07 CHAPTER-7

Safety & Bioeffects

08 CHAPTER-8

Scanning Techniques

09 CHAPTER-9

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS)

10 CHAPTER-10

Advanced Ultrasound

11 CHAPTER-11

Image Interpretation

12 CHAPTER-12

Reporting & Documentation

13 CHAPTER-13

Beyond Basics

01

CHAPTER-1

Introduction to Ultrasound

• 1What is Ultrasound?
• 2History of Medical Ultrasound
• 3Advantages & Limitations
• 4Applications of Ultrasound
• 5Types of Ultrasound Examinations

02

CHAPTER 2

Physics of Ultrasound

• 1Nature of Sound Waves
• 2Frequency, Wavelength & Velocity
• 3Acoustic Impedance
• 4Reflection, Refraction & Scattering
• 5Attenuation
• 6Resolution (Axial, Lateral, Elevational)
• 7Focusing & Beam Formation
• 8Pulse-Echo Principle
• 9Time Gain Compensation (TGC)
• 10Harmonic Imaging
• 11Compound Imaging
• 12Speckle Reduction Technology

03

CHAPTER 3

Ultrasound Equipment (Knobology)

• 1Ultrasound Machine Components
• 2Transducers (Linear, Curvilinear, Phased Array, Endocavitary)
• 3Probe Selection
• 4Machine Controls (Gain, Depth, Focus, Dynamic Range)
• 5Presets & Optimization
• 6Image Orientation & Annotation
• 7Image Storage (DICOM, PACS)
• 8Machine Maintenance & Quality Assurance

04

CHAPTER 4

Doppler Ultrasound

• 1Doppler Physics
• 2Color Doppler
• 3Power Doppler
• 4Spectral Doppler
• 5Pulsed Wave vs Continuous Wave Doppler
• 6Aliasing
• 7Angle Correction
• 8Resistive & Pulsatility Indices

05

CHAPTER 5

Artifacts

• 1Reverberation
• 2Acoustic Shadowing
• 3Posterior Enhancement
• 4Mirror Image
• 5Side Lobe Artifact
• 6Grating Lobe
• 7Refraction Artifact
• 8Speed Error
• 9Slice Thickness Artifact
• 10Comet Tail & Ring Down
• 11Recognizing & Correcting Artifacts

06

CHAPTER 6

Patient Care & Ergonomics

• 1Patient Preparation
• 2Infection Control
• 3Probe Cleaning & Disinfection
• 4Sonographer Ergonomics
• 5Communication Skills
• 6Documentation Standards

07

CHAPTER 7

Safety & Bioeffects

• 1ALARA Principle
• 2Thermal Index (TI)
• 3Mechanical Index (MI)
• 4Bioeffects
• 5Ultrasound Safety Guidelines
• 6Obstetric Safety Considerations

08

CHAPTER 8

Scanning Techniques

• 1Probe Handling
• 2Scanning Planes
• 3Patient Positioning
• 4Image Optimization
• 5Measurement Techniques
• 6Reporting Basics

09

CHAPTER 9

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS)

• 1Introduction to POCUS
• 2FAST & eFAST
• 3Lung Ultrasound
• 4Cardiac Ultrasound Basics
• 5Shock Protocols
• 6Critical Care Ultrasound

10

CHAPTER 10

Advanced Ultrasound

• 13D & 4D Ultrasound
• 2Elastography
• 3Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
• 4Fusion Imaging
• 5AI in Ultrasound
• 6Robotic Ultrasound
• 7Portable & Handheld Ultrasound

11

CHAPTER 11

Image Interpretation

• 1Normal Sonographic Anatomy
• 2Common Pathological Patterns
• 3Differential Diagnosis
• 4Pitfalls in Ultrasound
• 5Case-Based Learning

12

CHAPTER 12

Reporting & Documentation

• 1Structured Reporting
• 2Measurement Standards
• 3Image Labeling
• 4Clinical Correlation
• 5Report Writing Tips

13

CHAPTER 13

Beyond Basics

• 1Research in Ultrasound
• 2Emerging Technologies
• 3Career Path in Sonography
• 4ARDMS & International Certifications
• 5Future of Ultrasound
• 6Quiz & Self-Assessment

Clinical sonography /Ultrasound

CLINICAL
SONOGR-APHY

01 CHAPTER-1

ABDOMINAL SONOGRAPHY

02 CHAPTER-2

OBSTETRIC & FETAL SONOGRAPHY

03 CHAPTER-3

TRANSVAGINAL SONOGRAPHY (TVS)

04 CHAPTER-4

PERINEAL & GROIN ULTRASOUND

05 CHAPTER-5

SCROTAL ULTRASOUND

06 CHAPTER-6

PENILE ULTRASOUND

07 CHAPTER-7

BREAST ULTRASOUND

08 CHAPTER-8

DORSAL WALL ULTRASOUND

09 CHAPTER-9

NECK ULTRASOUND

10 CHAPTER-10

UPPER LIMB ULTRASOUND

11 CHAPTER-11

LOWER LIMB ULTRASOUND

12 CHAPTER-12

INTERVENTIONAL ULTRASOUND

13 CHAPTER-13

NEONATAL & PEDIATRIC ULTRASOUND

14 CHAPTER-14

OPHTHALMIC ULTRASOUND

15 CHAPTER-15

CHEEK / BUCCAL ULTRASOUND

16 CHAPTER-16

NASAL & PARANASAL SINUS ULTRASOUND

17 CHAPTER-17

SPINE ULTRASOUND

18 CHAPTER-18

NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY (NCV) STUDY

19 CHAPTER-19

CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND (CEUS)

20 CHAPTER-20

ELASTOGRAPHY

21 CHAPTER-21

THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) ULTRASOUND

22 CHAPTER-22

FOUR-DIMENSIONAL (4D) ULTRASOUND

23 CHAPTER-23

MICROVASCULAR IMAGING (SMI / MV-FLOW)

24 CHAPTER-24

FUSION IMAGING

25 CHAPTER-25

HIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND (HFUS)

26 CHAPTER-26

AI-ASSISTED ULTRASOUND

27 CHAPTER-27

POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASOUND (POCUS)

28 CHAPTER-28

ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND (EUS)

29 CHAPTER-29

INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND (IVUS)

30 CHAPTER-30

TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER (TCD)

31 CHAPTER-31

LUNG / THORAX ULTRASOUND (LUS)

32 CHAPTER-32

CARDIAC ULTRASOUND (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY / ECHO)

33 CHAPTER-33

QUANTITATIVE ULTRASOUND (QUS)

01

CHAPTER-1

ABDOMINAL SONOGRAPHY

• ILiver
• IIGall Bladder
• IIICBD (Common Bile Duct)
• IVSpleen
• VPancreas
• VIKidneys
• VIIUreter
• VIIIAdrenal Glands
• IXAbdominal Aorta & IVC
• XStomach
• XISmall Bowel
• XIIColon
• XIIIAppendix
• XIVPeritoneum
• XVRetroperitoneum
• XVIAbdominal Wall
• XVIICEUS for Renal Masses
• XVIIICEUS for Liver Tumors
• XIXUrinary Bladder
• XXProstate
• XXIUterus
• XXIIOvary
• XXIIIAdnexa
• XXIVSequence of PID

02

CHAPTER 2

OBSTETRIC & FETAL SONOGRAPHY

• I1st Trimester Obs & Fetal
• II2nd & 3rd Trimester Obs & Fetal
• IIINT Screening
• IVSystemic Study Of Fetal Anomaly
• VDoppler Studies
• VIBiophysical Profile / NST
• VIIRMT Assessment

03

CHAPTER 3

TRANSVAGINAL SONOGRAPHY (TVS)

• ITVS – Routine Gynecological
• IITVS – Infertility Evaluation
• IIITVS – Follicular Monitoring
• IVTVS – First Trimester
• VTVS – Second Trimester
• VITVS – Third Trimester
• VIITVS – Suspected Ectopic Pregnancy

04

CHAPTER 4

PERINEAL & GROIN ULTRASOUND

• IFemale perineal & Groin
• IIMale Groin

05

CHAPTER 5

SCROTAL ULTRASOUND

• IScrotal -Gray scale
• IIScrotal -Doppler

06

CHAPTER 6

PENILE ULTRASOUND

• IFlaccid State (Grayscale)
• IIFlaccid State (Doppler)
• IIErectile State (Doppler)

07

CHAPTER 7

BREAST ULTRASOUND

• IBreast Gray-Scale (Routine)
• IIBreast Doppler
• IIIBreast Elastography

08

CHAPTER 8

DORSAL WALL ULTRASOUND

• IDorsal wall lesion

09

CHAPTER 9

NECK ULTRASOUND

• IThyroid Gray-Scale
• IINeck – Soft Tissue Study
• IIIThyroid Doppler
• IVCarotid Doppler
• VCarotid Artery Spectral Doppler

10

CHAPTER 10

UPPER LIMB ULTRASOUND

• ISoft Tissue
• IIVenous Doppler
• IIIArterial Doppler
• IVAV Fistula Doppler (Dialysis Access)
• VVascular Trauma / Pseudoaneurysm Study
• VIShoulder Joint
• VIIElbow Joint
• VIIIWrist & Hand
• IXCarpal Tunnel Assessment
• XTendon / Tenosynovitis Evaluation

11

CHAPTER 11

LOWER LIMB ULTRASOUND

• IButtock/Gluteal Region
• IISoft Tissue Study USG
• IIIVenous Doppler
• IVArterial Doppler USG
• VVaricose Vein / Venous Reflux Study
• VIAV Fistula Doppler
• VIIDVT Study
• VIIIVascular Trauma / Pseudoaneurysm Study USG
• IXPlantar Fascia Assessment
• XHip Joint
• XIKnee Joint
• XIIAnkle Joint

12

CHAPTER 12

INTERVENTIONAL ULTRASOUND

• IGuided FNAC
• IIGuided Biopsy
• IIIGuided Aspiration
• IVGuided Drainage Procedure
• VGuided Pigtail Catheter Placement
• VIGuided Thoracentesis
• VIIGuided Paracentesis
• VIIIGuided Central Venous Access
• IXGuided Joint Injection
• XGuided Soft Tissue Intervention

13

CHAPTER 13

NEONATAL & PEDIATRIC ULTRASOUND

• INeonatal Cranial
• IINeonatal Abdomen
• IIIDDH Screening
• IVNeonatal Spine
• VNeonatal Lung
• VINeonatal Brain Doppler
• VIIPediatric KUB
• VIIIIntussusception
• IXHypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
• XPediatric Appendix
• XIPediatric Scrotal
• XIIPediatric Soft Tissue
• XIIIPediatric Perineal & Groin Male

14

CHAPTER 14

OPHTHALMIC ULTRASOUND/EYE

• IB-Scan (Brightness Scan)
• IIA-Scan (Amplitude Scan)
• IIIUltrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)

15

CHAPTER 15

CHEEK / BUCCAL ULTRASOUND

• ICeek & Buccal Region

16

CHAPTER 16

NASAL & PARANASAL SINUS ULTRASOUND

• INasal & PNS

17

CHAPTER 17

SPINE ULTRASOUND

• ICervical Spine
• IIThoracic Spine
• IIILumbar Spine
• IVSacroiliac Joint
• VParaspinal Muscle
• VIGuided Spine Intervention

18

CHAPTER 18

NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY (NCV) STUDY

• INCV Upper Limb
• IINCV Lower Limb
• IIICarpal Tunnel Syndrome NCV
• IVPeripheral Neuropathy NCV

19

CHAPTER 19

CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND (CEUS)

• ICEUS Liver
• IICEUS Kidney
• IIICEUS Pancreas
• IVCEUS Spleen
• VCEUS Transplant Evaluation
• VICEUS Focal Liver Lesion Characterization
• VIICEUS Tumor Response Assessment
• VIIICEUS Vascular Study

20

CHAPTER 20

ELASTOGRAPHY

• ILiver Elastography
• IIBreast Elastography
• IIIThyroid Elastography
• IVProstate Elastography
• VLymph Node Elastography
• VIMusculoskeletal Elastography
• VIIShear Wave Elastography (SWE)
• VIIIStrain Elastography

21

CHAPTER 21

THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) ULTRASOUND

• I3D Obstetric Ultrasound
• II3D Fetal Face Assessment
• III3D Fetal Skeletal Assessment
• IV3D Gynecological Ultrasound
• V3D Uterine Anomaly Evaluation
• VI3D Breast Ultrasound
• VII3D Thyroid Ultrasound
• VIII3D Volume Rendering Techniques

22

CHAPTER 22

FOUR-DIMENSIONAL (4D) ULTRASOUND

• I4D Obstetric Ultrasound
• II4D Fetal Face Assessment
• III4D Fetal Behavior & Movement Study
• IV4D Fetal Cardiac Evaluation
• V4D Fetal Anomaly Assessment
• VI4D Gynecological Ultrasound
• VIIReal-Time Volume Imaging (4D)
• VIII4D Volume Rendering Techniques

23

CHAPTER 23

MICROVASCULAR IMAGING (SMI / MV-FLOW)

• ISMI Principles and Technology
• IIMicrovascular Imaging – Liver
• IIIMicrovascular Imaging – Thyroid
• IVMicrovascular Imaging – Breast
• VMicrovascular Imaging – Lymph Nodes
• VIMicrovascular Imaging – Kidney
• VIIMicrovascular Imaging – Testis
• VIIIMicrovascular Imaging – Musculoskeletal
• IXMV-Flow Tumor Vascularity Assessment
• XSMI vs Color & Power Doppler

24

CHAPTER 24

FUSION IMAGING

• IFusion Imaging Principles
• IIUSG–CT Fusion Imaging
• IIIUSG–MRI Fusion Imaging
• IVFusion Imaging for Liver Lesions
• VFusion Imaging for Prostate Evaluation
• VIFusion Imaging for Kidney Lesions
• VIIFusion Imaging for Pancreatic Lesions
• VIIIFusion Imaging-Guided Biopsy
• IXFusion Imaging-Guided Ablation
• XFusion Imaging Clinical Applications

25

CHAPTER 25

HIGH-FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND (HFUS)

• IHigh-Frequency Ultrasound (HFUS) Principles
• IIHFUS Skin Imaging
• IIIHFUS Dermatologic Lesions
• IVHFUS Nail Unit Evaluation
• VHFUS Facial Soft Tissue Imaging
• VIHFUS Peripheral Nerve Imaging
• VIIHFUS Small Joint Assessment
• VIIIHFUS Vascular Imaging
• IXHFUS Ophthalmic Applications
• XHFUS Clinical Applications

26

CHAPTER 26

AI-ASSISTED ULTRASOUND

• IAI-Assisted Ultrasound Introduction
• IIAI-Based Image Optimization
• IIIAI Auto-Measurement Tools
• IVAI in Obstetric Ultrasound
• VAI-Assisted Fetal Biometry
• VIAI in Breast Ultrasound
• VIIAI in Thyroid Ultrasound
• VIIIAI in Cardiac Ultrasound
• IXAI Lesion Detection & Characterization
• XAI-Assisted Report Generation
• XIAI Quality Assurance & Workflow Automation
• XIIFuture of AI in Ultrasound

27

CHAPTER 27

POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASOUND (POCUS)

• IPOCUS Introduction
• IIFAST & eFAST Examination
• IIIPOCUS Lung Ultrasound
• IVPOCUS Cardiac Ultrasound
• VIVC Assessment in POCUS
• VIShock Protocols (RUSH / BLUE)
• VIIPOCUS Abdominal Ultrasound
• VIIIPOCUS Obstetric Ultrasound
• IXUltrasound-Guided Vascular Access
• XPOCUS DVT Study
• XIPOCUS Procedural Guidance
• XIICritical Care POCUS

28

CHAPTER 28

ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND (EUS)

• IEndoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) Introduction
• IIEUS of the Upper GI Tract
• IIIEUS for Esophageal Lesions
• IVEUS for Gastric Lesions
• VEUS Pancreatic Evaluation
• VIEUS of the Biliary System
• VIIEUS of the Rectum & Anal Canal
• VIIIEUS-Guided FNA / FNB
• IXEUS-Guided Cyst Drainage
• XEUS for Tumor Staging
• XITherapeutic EUS Procedures
• XIIAdvanced EUS Applications

29

CHAPTER 29

INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND (IVUS)

• IIVUS Introduction
• IIIVUS Coronary Artery Imaging
• IIIIVUS Peripheral Artery Imaging
• IVIVUS Vessel Wall Assessment
• VIVUS Atherosclerotic Plaque Analysis
• VIIVUS Lesion Characterization
• VIIIVUS for Stent Planning
• VIIIIVUS Post-Stent Evaluation
• IXIVUS-Guided Interventions
• XClinical Applications of IVUS
• XIAdvanced IVUS Techniques
• XIIIVUS Case Studies

29

CHAPTER 29

INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND (IVUS)

• IIVUS Introduction
• IIIVUS Coronary Artery Imaging
• IIIIVUS Peripheral Artery Imaging
• IVIVUS Vessel Wall Assessment
• VIVUS Atherosclerotic Plaque Analysis
• VIIVUS Lesion Characterization
• VIIIVUS for Stent Planning
• VIIIIVUS Post-Stent Evaluation
• IXIVUS-Guided Interventions
• XClinical Applications of IVUS
• XIAdvanced IVUS Techniques
• XIIIVUS Case Studies

30

CHAPTER 30

TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER (TCD)

• ITranscranial Doppler (TCD) Introduction
• IIIntracranial Artery Anatomy & TCD Windows
• IIIMiddle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Doppler
• IVAnterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Doppler
• VPosterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) Doppler
• VIVertebrobasilar System Doppler
• VIITCD for Vasospasm Monitoring
• VIIITCD in Stroke Evaluation
• IXMicroembolus Detection (MES)
• XTCD in Brain Death Assessment
• XIPediatric & Sickle Cell Disease TCD
• XIIAdvanced TCD Applications

31

CHAPTER 31

LUNG / THORAX ULTRASOUND (LUS)

• ILung / Thorax Ultrasound (LUS) Introduction
• IILung Anatomy & Ultrasound Artifacts
• IIIA-Lines & B-Lines Assessment
• IVPleural Effusion Evaluation
• VPneumothorax Assessment
• VILung Consolidation & Pneumonia
• VIIInterstitial Syndrome & Pulmonary Edema
• VIIICritical Care Lung Ultrasound
• IXLung Ultrasound in COVID-19 & Viral Pneumonia
• XDiaphragm Ultrasound Assessment
• XIUltrasound-Guided Thoracic Procedures
• XIIAdvanced Lung Ultrasound Applications

32

CHAPTER 32

CARDIAC ULTRASOUND (ECHO)

• I2D Echo Routine
• IIStress Echo
• IIIDobutamine Stress Echo
• IVTransesophageal Echo (TEE)
• VContrast Echo
• VIFetal Echo
• VII3D Echo
• VIIIStrain Echo
• IXBubble Study
• XPericardial Assessment

33

CHAPTER 33

Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS)

• IQuantitative Ultrasound (QUS) Introduction
• IIQUS Physics & Principles
• IIIBone Density Assessment (QUS)
• IVLiver Fat Quantification
• VLiver Fibrosis Quantification
• VITumor Characterization with QUS
• VIIMuscle Quality Assessment
• VIIIQuantitative Backscatter Analysis
• IXAttenuation Coefficient Imaging
• XClinical Applications of QUS