π ABDOMEN TEMPLATES
π§Ύ WAM – Whole Abdomen (Male)
π§Ύ UA – Upper Abdomen (Male)
π§Ύ WAF – Whole Abdomen (Female)
π§Ύ UA – Upper Abdomen (Female)
π§Ύ WAP – Whole Abdomen (Pediatric)
π§Ύ KUB – Focused Study
π§Ύ KUB – With Uterus
π§Ύ KUB – With Prostate
π§Ύ Pelvis – Female
π§Ύ Lower Abdomen – Male
π§Ύ FAST – Male
π§Ύ FAST – Female
π§Ύ FAST – Pediatrics
π§Ύ Abdominal Doppler – Aorta & IVC
π§Ύ Abdominal Doppler – Portal & Hepatic
π§Ύ Abdominal Doppler – Renal
─── π§Ύ WAM – Whole Abdomen (Male) ───
Templates
▸
π Normal study
π Hepatomegaly nonspecific
π Hepatic steatosis Grade 1
π Hepatic steatosis Grade 2
π Hepatic steatosis Grade 3
π Focal fatty sparing
π Focal fatty infiltration
π Acute hepatitis
π Chronic hepatitis
π Chronic active hepatitis
π Autoimmune hepatitis
π Alcoholic hepatitis
π Toxic hepatitis (drug-induced)
π Granulomatous hepatitis
π Cirrhosis compensated
π Cirrhosis decompensated
π Macronodular cirrhosis
π Micronodular cirrhosis
π Post-hepatitic cirrhosis
π Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
π Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis (SBC)
π Cryptogenic cirrhosis
π Cardiac cirrhosis
π Congestive hepatopathy
π Passive hepatic congestion
π Hepatic fibrosis
π Early fibrosis
π Advanced fibrosis
π Iron overload (Hemochromatosis)
π Wilsons disease
π Glycogen storage disease
π Hepatic amyloidosis
π Sarcoidosis (hepatic involvement)
π Niemann Pick disease
π Gauchers disease
π Portal hypertension secondary effect
π Hepatomegaly due to leukemia
π Hepatomegaly due to lymphoma
π Diffuse metastatic infiltration
π Infiltrative hepatopathy nonspecific
π Fat sparing in cirrhotic liver
π Simple hepatic cyst
π Multiple hepatic cysts
π Giant hepatic cyst
π Septated hepatic cyst
π Hemorrhagic cyst
π Infected hepatic cyst
π Hydatid cyst Type I (simple)
π Hydatid cyst Type II (daughter cysts)
π Hydatid cyst Type III (calcified)
π Hydatid cyst Type IV (complex)
π Polycystic liver disease
π Biliary hamartomas (Von Meyenburg complex)
π Choledochal cyst (intrahepatic extension)
π Cystadenoma
π Cystadenocarcinoma
π Biliary cystadenoma
π Biliary cystadenocarcinoma
π Post-traumatic cyst
π Post-biopsy cystic change
π Parasitic cyst (non-hydatid)
π Fungal abscess (mycotic cyst)
π Pneumatocyst (gas cyst)
π Lymphatic cyst
π Caroli disease
π Caroli syndrome
π Cystic metastasis
π Cystic degeneration in metastasis
π Peribiliary cysts
π Cavernous transformation (post-thrombotic cystic change)
π Hepatic lymphangioma
π Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) solitary
π Massive HCC
π HCC Mosaic pattern
π HCC multinodular
π HCC diffuse infiltrative
π Fibrolamellar carcinoma
π Cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic)
π Combined HCC cholangiocarcinoma
π Angiosarcoma
π Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
π Hepatoblastoma (pediatric)
π Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma
π Metastases hyperechoic
π Metastases hypoechoic
π Metastases target / bull’s eye type
π Metastases calcified
π Metastases cystic / necrotic
π Metastases diffuse infiltrative
π Metastases hypervascular
π Neuroendocrine metastasis
π Melanoma metastasis
π Breast carcinoma metastasis
π Colon carcinoma metastasis
π Pancreatic metastasis
π Lung carcinoma metastasis
π Gastric metastasis
π Renal carcinoma metastasis
π Ovarian carcinoma metastasis
π Sarcomatous metastasis
π Adrenal metastasis
π Lymphangitic carcinomatosis (hepatic)
π Secondary lymphoma (hepatic spread)
π Metastatic cholangiocarcinoma
π Recurrent post-resection HCC
π Post-radiofrequency ablation recurrence
π Amoebic abscess
π Pyogenic abscess
π Fungal abscess
π Tubercular abscess
π Mixed infection abscess
π Post traumatic abscess
π Post surgical abscess
π Infected cyst
π Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, E)
π Liver fluke infestation (Clonorchis)
π Schistosomiasis
π Toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans)
π Brucellosis hepatic abscess
π Leptospirosis
π Typhoid liver (parenchymal mottling)
π Cytomegalovirus hepatitis
π Epstein Barr virus hepatitis
π Fungal microabscesses (Candida)
π Actinomycosis hepatic
π Bartonellosis hepatic
π Syphilitic hepatitis
π HIV-related hepatopathy
π Post-COVID hepatitis
π Granulomatous hepatitis
π Inflammatory pseudotumor
π Cholangitic abscess
π Cholangiohepatitis
π Perihepatitis
π Periportal inflammation
π Post-viral cirrhosis
π Portal hypertension
π Cavernous transformation of portal vein
π Portal vein thrombosis partial
π Portal vein thrombosis complete
π Hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd Chiari)
π Inferior vena cava obstruction
π Hepatic artery thrombosis
π Hepatic artery aneurysm
π Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm
π Hepatic infarction
π Segmental perfusion defect
π Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
π Arterioportal shunt
π Post-TIPS changes
π Collateral veins (recanalized umbilical vein)
π Coronary vein dilatation
π Splenic vein thrombosis (hepatic effect)
π Hepatofugal portal flow
π Hepatopetal reversal
π Hepatic congestion (cardiac failure)
π Peliosis hepatis (vascular form)
π Sinusoidal dilatation
π Hemangiomatosis (diffuse)
π Pseudolesions due to perfusion variant
π Arterial steal phenomenon
π Hypoperfusion in sepsis
π Hyperemic response to inflammation
π Post-transplant hepatic artery stenosis
π Hepatic vein stenosis post-transplant
π Portal steal syndrome
π Intrahepatic biliary dilatation
π Obstructive jaundice (extrahepatic)
π Choledocholithiasis with intrahepatic dilatation
π Mirizzi syndrome (hepatic effect)
π Biliary sludge in ducts
π Cholangitis (acute)
π Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
π Sclerosing cholangitis (primary)
π Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
π Intrahepatic cholestasis
π Cholestasis of pregnancy
π Bile duct stricture (post-surgical)
π Biliary leak / biloma
π Biliary atresia (residual effect in adults)
π Post-liver transplant biliary obstruction
π Peribiliary cysts
π Cystic duct remnant dilatation
π Post-ERCP changes
π Post-cholecystectomy biliary dilatation
π Choledochocele (intrahepatic extension)
π Caroli disease
π Biliary papillomatosis
π Intraductal cholangiocarcinoma
π Biliary cast syndrome
π Bile reflux hepatopathy
π Hepatic laceration
π Subcapsular hematoma
π Intraparenchymal hematoma
π Hemoperitoneum from liver rupture
π Post biopsy hematoma
π Post ablation cavity
π Post surgical collection
π Post drainage residual cavity
π Post cholecystectomy fluid collection
π Post TIPS pseudoaneurysm
π Post transplant vascular thrombosis
π Post transplant biliary obstruction
π Post radiofrequency ablation scar
π Post embolization necrosis
π Post chemotherapy fatty change
π Post radiation fibrosis
π Post traumatic pseudoaneurysm
π Post laparoscopic trocar injury
π Foreign body granuloma
π Surgical clip artifact mimicking lesion
π Agenesis of left hepatic lobe
π Agenesis of right hepatic lobe
π Hypoplasia of hepatic lobe
π Accessory hepatic lobe
π Riedels lobe
π Congenital hepatic cyst
π Caroli disease
π Polycystic liver disease
π Congenital hepatic fibrosis
π Congenital biliary dilatation
π Biliary atresia (infantile, post-surgical follow-up)
π Aberrant hepatic duct
π Double hepatic artery (variant)
π Portal vein duplication
π Aberrant portal venous drainage
π Aberrant hepatic veins
π Congenital AV malformation
π Situs anomalies with liver malposition
π Heterotaxy-related hepatic displacement
π Persistent fetal vascular channels
π Secondary hepatic metastases (any origin)
π Hepatic infiltration by lymphoma
π Amyloidosis secondary to myeloma
π Leukemic infiltration
π Sarcoidosis (systemic)
π Sepsis-related hepatic hypoperfusion
π Shock liver (ischemic hepatitis)
π Hyperplasia secondary to hormone therapy
π Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (methotrexate, amiodarone)
π Steroid-induced hepatic steatosis
π Radiation-induced hepatic injury
π Post-transfusion hemosiderosis
π Post-transplant rejection
π Fatty liver of pregnancy
π HELLP syndrome (hepatic form)
π Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
π Preeclampsia-associated hepatic hematoma
π Sickle-cell hepatopathy
π Hemophilic pseudotumor (hepatic)
π Disseminated intravascular coagulation liver changes
π Systemic lupus erythematosus hepatopathy
π Rheumatoid hepatitis
π End-stage liver disease (ESLD)
π Post-necrotic liver collapse
π Idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension
π Right heart failure (congestive hepatopathy)
π Constrictive pericarditis (hepatic congestion pattern)
π Tricuspid regurgitation (pulsatile hepatic veins)
π Inferior vena cava obstruction (secondary hepatic venous dilatation)
π Portal hypertension secondary to splenic vein thrombosis
π Pancreatic carcinoma causing secondary biliary obstruction
π Gallbladder carcinoma infiltrating liver
π Ampullary carcinoma causing secondary intrahepatic dilatation
π Duodenal tumor compressing bile duct
π Lymph node metastases at porta hepatis causing biliary obstruction
π Porta hepatis fibrosis (post-inflammatory)
π Hepatic compression by adjacent abscess (subphrenic)
π Hepatic compression by diaphragmatic hernia
π Pleural effusion causing sonographic attenuation over right lobe
π Ascites-induced floating liver artifact
π Perihepatic inflammatory reaction (secondary peritonitis)
π Renal tumor invasion into IVC causing hepatic congestion
π Adrenal tumor compressing upper IVC
π Retroperitoneal fibrosis with hepatic venous stasis
π Post-surgical hepatic distortion (post-cholecystectomy adhesions)
π Normal gallbladder
π Physiologic distension (fasting state)
π Contracted gallbladder (post-meal)
π Physiologic sludge layering (transient)
π Normal variant — Phrygian cap
π Normal septate gallbladder
π Normal junctional fold
π Post-prandial wall thickening (transient)
π Posture-dependent bile layering
π Physiologic gas or microbubbles (artifact)
π Simple gallstones (mobile, shadowing)
π Multiple gallstones (gravel)
π Impacted neck/cystic duct stone
π Giant solitary stone
π Floating cholesterol stones
π Microcalculi / microlithiasis
π Sludge balls (non-shadowing echogenic material)
π Layering biliary sludge
π Tumefactive sludge (mass-like, no shadow)
π Gallstone with bile–sludge complex
π Porcelain gallbladder (calcified wall)
π Contracted stone-filled gallbladder (WES sign)
π Milk-of-calcium bile (echogenic bile with shadow)
π Postural change test (stone mobility)
π Gallbladder wall echo-shadow complex
π Cystic duct stone
π Bouveret syndrome (gastric outlet obstruction)
π Mirizzi syndrome (extrinsic CBD compression)
π Gallstone ileus (ectopic stone in bowel)
π Stone impaction with perforation
π Acute calculous cholecystitis (thick wall, stones, hyperemia)
π Acute acalculous cholecystitis (critically ill, sludge, wall thickening)
π Chronic cholecystitis (fibrotic, contracted, thick wall)
π Gangrenous cholecystitis (irregular wall, intraluminal membranes)
π Emphysematous cholecystitis (air foci, dirty shadow)
π Suppurative cholecystitis (abscess formation)
π Necrotizing cholecystitis
π Hemorrhagic cholecystitis
π Post-infective chronic cholecystitis
π Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC)
π Eosinophilic cholecystitis
π Follicular cholecystitis
π Tuberculous cholecystitis
π Typhoid cholecystitis
π Parasitic cholecystitis (Ascaris / Clonorchis)
π Fungal cholecystitis (Candida, Aspergillus)
π Viral cholecystitis (CMV, EBV)
π Post-radiation cholecystitis
π Chronic adhesive cholecystitis
π Post-stent inflammatory reaction
π Chemical cholecystitis (post-contrast injury)
π Autoimmune cholecystitis (IgG4-related)
π Post-trauma wall inflammation
π Diabetic cholecystitis (often emphysematous)
π Cholecystitis in sickle cell crisis (ischemic)
π Cholecystitis in pregnancy (biliary stasis-related)
π Post-cholecystostomy infection
π Bacterial empyema
π Sepsis-related wall thickening
π Chronic catarrhal cholecystitis
π Pericholecystic abscess
π Gallbladder perforation — localized (contained)
π Gallbladder perforation — generalized (peritonitis)
π Intraluminal hemorrhage / clot
π Pericholecystic fluid collection
π Cholecystohepatic fistula
π Cholecystoduodenal fistula
π Cholecystocolic fistula
π Cholecystocutaneous fistula (abdominal wall tract)
π Empyema (pus-filled gallbladder)
π Phlegmonous cholecystitis
π Sepsis with portal pyaemia
π Bile leak / biliary peritonitis
π Hepatic abscess secondary to perforation
π Subhepatic abscess
π Peritoneal abscess from rupture
π Septic thrombophlebitis (portal)
π Chronic fibrotic adhesion to liver
π Post-perforation biloma
π Peritoneal pseudocyst from bile leak
π Cholesterol polyp (<10 mm, echogenic, non-shadowing)
π Adenomatous polyp
π Inflammatory polyp
π Hyperplastic polyp
π Fibroepithelial polyp
π Multiple small polyps (cholesterolosis)
π Sessile broad-based polyp (adenoma)
π Polyp with vascular stalk (Doppler flow visible)
π Polypoid adenomyomatous nodule
π Granulomatous polyp (TB/sarcoid)
π Lipomatous polyp (rare)
π Pseudopolyp in XGC
π Post-inflammatory polyp
π Villous adenoma (rare)
π Solitary benign polyp (stable on follow-up)
π Segmental adenomyomatosis
π Fundal adenomyomatosis
π Diffuse adenomyomatosis
π Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses (comet-tail artifact)
π Cholesterolosis (strawberry gallbladder)
π Adenomyoma (localized thickening)
π Adenomatous hyperplasia
π Xanthogranulomatous focus
π Post-inflammatory adenomyomatous change
π Adenomyomatosis with stones
π Adenoma (precursor lesion)
π Papilloma (intraluminal echogenic mass)
π Myxoma
π Leiomyoma
π Lipoma
π Hemangioma
π Fibroma
π Granular cell tumor
π Lymphangioma
π Hamartoma
π Adenocarcinoma (most common primary)
π Papillary adenocarcinoma
π Mucinous adenocarcinoma
π Signet-ring cell carcinoma
π Squamous carcinoma
π Adenosquamous carcinoma
π Undifferentiated carcinoma
π Small cell carcinoma (neuroendocrine)
π Large cell carcinoma
π Sarcomatoid carcinoma
π Cholangiocarcinoma invading gallbladder
π Mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma
π Metastatic carcinoma (melanoma, renal, breast)
π Lymphoma involving gallbladder
π Metastatic hepatic carcinoma infiltration
π Carcinoma in situ (dysplastic mucosa)
π Post-chronic cholecystitis carcinoma
π Porcelain gallbladder carcinoma
π Gallbladder cancer with liver invasion
π Gallbladder cancer with bile duct invasion
π Gallbladder cancer with duodenal invasion
π Gallbladder cancer with hepatic hilum involvement
π Gallbladder cancer with peritoneal metastases
π Gallbladder cancer with lymphatic spread
π Recurrent carcinoma (post-surgery bed)
π Simple cyst of gallbladder wall
π Intramural cystic degeneration
π Cystic adenomyoma
π Parasitic cyst (Echinococcus in wall)
π Pericholecystic cyst (bile or seroma)
π Cystic duct cyst (Type II choledochal cyst)
π Gallbladder duplication cyst
π Intraluminal cystic mass (retention cyst)
π Mucocoele (overdistended mucus-filled gallbladder)
π Giant mucocoele with compression effect
π Blunt trauma with wall hematoma
π Lacerated gallbladder wall
π Intraluminal blood clot
π Post-cholecystectomy fluid collection
π Post-cholecystectomy stump inflammation
π Post-cholecystectomy abscess
π Post-drain tract infection
π Post-biliary stent migration
π Post-T-tube sinus tract
π Post-ERCP cholangitis with GB distension
π Post-sphincterotomy bile reflux
π Post-portal vein embolization ischemic GB
π Post-radiofrequency ablation thermal injury
π Post-laparoscopy gas artifact
π Post-cholecystectomy stump carcinoma
π Postoperative adhesive phlegmon
π Iatrogenic perforation
π Post-mesh inflammatory reaction
π Post-surgical fibrosis and scar
π Residual cystic duct stone
π Agenesis of gallbladder
π Hypoplasia
π Duplication (double gallbladder)
π Septate gallbladder
π Phrygian cap deformity
π Bilobed gallbladder
π Floating gallbladder (mesenteric variant)
π Left-sided gallbladder
π Intrahepatic gallbladder
π Ectopic gallbladder (suprahepatic, retrohepatic, retropancreatic)
π Accessory gallbladder (rare duplication type)
π Cystic duct anomaly (low insertion / multiple ducts)
π Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (APBJ)
π Choledochal cyst (type I–V involvement)
π Gallbladder diverticulum
π Ischemic cholecystitis (arterial occlusion)
π Venous congestion (portal hypertension)
π Cystic artery thrombosis
π Wall infarction (necrosis)
π Portal pyaemia (secondary infection)
π Post-embolization ischemia
π Wall varices (portal hypertension)
π Hemorrhagic wall necrosis
π Subserosal hematoma
π Arteriovenous malformation (rare)
π Ascites-related wall thickening
π Cirrhotic edema of GB wall
π CHF-related gallbladder wall edema
π Renal failure with hypoalbuminemic wall edema
π Sepsis-related diffuse wall thickening
π Hypoproteinemia-related distension
π Portal hypertension with pericholecystic varices
π Hepatitis-associated wall edema
π Pancreatitis causing secondary cholecystitis
π Pericholecystic abscess secondary to hepatic abscess
π Duodenal ulcer perforation affecting GB wall
π Colon carcinoma invading gallbladder fossa
π Hepatocellular carcinoma invading gallbladder
π Cholangiocarcinoma spreading to gallbladder
π Ovarian carcinoma invading via peritoneum
π Pancreatic carcinoma compressing cystic duct
π Metastatic peritoneal implants near GB
π GB wall thickening from adjacent hepatic abscess
π Post-radiation cholecystopathy
π Peritoneal carcinomatosis involving GB surface
π GB torsion (floating GB with absent flow)
π GB volvulus (rotation of cystic duct/artery)
π GB herniation into diaphragm
π Post-infarct GB rupture
π Cholecystoenteric fistula without stones
π GB distension from prolonged fasting
π GB pseudomass (artifact)
π Subserosal edema (systemic)
π GB wall calcinosis (porcelain variant)
π GB cholesterol polyposis
π Physiologic respiratory caliber change of CBD
π Post-prandial transient dilation (physiologic)
π Age-related mild CBD dilation (elderly)
π Post-cholecystectomy compensated dilation (expected)
π CBD with normal periductal fat / no wall thickening
π Patent distal bile duct with normal flow on Doppler (no color filling defect)
π Refluxing sludge into CBD (transient, physiologic in some)
π Single mobile CBD stone (shadowing, mobility)
π Multiple CBD stones (stacked / conglomerate)
π Impacted stone at distal CBD / ampulla (non-mobile, obstructive)
π Mirizzi-type pattern with cystic duct stone compressing CBD
π Sludge in CBD (non-shadowing, layering)
π Tumefactive sludge (mass-like intraductal echogenicity)
π Sludge ball causing intermittent obstruction (ball-valve)
π Pigment stones (small, mobile, variable shadowing)
π Cholesterol stones in CBD (usually small)
π Migrated gallstone from gallbladder into CBD
π Residual post-ERCP stone
π Retained post-op stone (post-cholecystectomy)
π Choledocholithiasis with upstream biliary dilation
π Parallel channel calculus (intra- and extrahepatic mixed)
π Stone with acoustic shadow masked by surrounding gases (difficult)
π Stone in common hepatic duct (proximal CBD extension)
π Intra-CBD microlithiasis (high-res/HDUS detectable)
π Sludge-related cholestasis (obstructive function)
π Impacted periampullary stone (may mimic ampullary mass)
π Floating stone attached to mucosal plaque
π External compression from pancreatic head carcinoma
π Compression by ampullary carcinoma (distal obstruction)
π Periportal lymph node compression (metastatic or inflammatory)
π Mirizzi syndrome — cystic duct/gallbladder neck stone compressing CBD
π Choledochal cyst causing mass effect on distal CBD (adjacent type)
π Duodenal mass/ulcer with secondary compression of CBD
π Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm compressing proximal duct
π Portal vein cavernoma with biliary compression (portal biliopathy)
π Gallbladder carcinoma invading the hepatocystic triangle and compressing CBD
π Pancreatic pseudocyst with pressure on distal CBD
π Metastatic deposit at porta hepatis compressing CBD
π Periampullary duodenal diverticulum (Lemmel’s syndrome) compressing CBD
π Post-inflammatory periductal fibrosis encasing CBD
π Omental / omental-cake mass pressing on extrahepatic duct
π Adhesional band / scar tissue at porta compressing duct
π Hepatic hydatid cyst at porta compressing CBD
π Retroperitoneal mass (e.g., lymphoma) compressing distal CBD
π Cystic lesion of porta hepatis causing extrinsic narrowing
π Benign biliary stricture — post-cholecystectomy (anastomotic)
π Benign biliary stricture — post-ERCP / instrumentation
π Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) — extrahepatic dominant strictures
π Secondary sclerosing cholangitis (ischemic, infective, autoimmune)
π Ischemic biliary stricture (post-transplant ischemia)
π Post-radiation biliary stricture
π IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (autoimmune)
π Chronic pancreatitis–related fibrotic distal stricture
π Traumatic transection with resultant stricture
π Recurrent cholangitis leading to scarring and stricture
π Post-biliary surgery anastomotic stricture
π Periductal scarring from tuberculosis (fibrotic stricture)
π Post-ERCP papillotomy stenosis with CBD narrowing
π Chemical injury induced stricture (caustic injury)
π Biliary-enteric surgical anastomosis narrowing (hepaticojejunostomy stricture)
π Congenital ductal ring / stenosis (rare pediatric intrinsic narrowing)
π Distal extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (distal Klatskin type)
π Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumour — proximal obstruction)
π Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (type I–IV variants)
π Intraductal papillary neoplasm of bile duct (IPNB) — intraductal mass with mucin
π Intraductal cholangiocarcinoma (papillary/intraductal growth)
π Adenocarcinoma arising in choledochal cyst
π Metastatic tumor to CBD (rare direct invasion)
π Primary squamous or adenosquamous carcinoma of CBD (rare)
π Neuroendocrine tumor involving distal CBD (rare)
π Carcinoma invading ampulla with upstream CBD dilation
π Cholangiocarcinoma with hilar lymph node bulk compressing ducts
π Malignant infiltrative periductal thickening (sonographic mural thickening)
π Mucin-secreting malignant intraductal tumor (mucin plugs, dilation)
π Recurrent cholangiocarcinoma (post-resection bed)
π Cystic intraductal neoplasm presenting as focal CBD mass
π Adenosarcoma / sarcomatous transformation in biliary tree (rare)
π Periductal tumor causing eccentric luminal narrowing
π Extensive intraductal tumor with upstream intrahepatic dilation
π Ampullary carcinoma (causing distal CBD obstruction)
π Ampullary adenoma with malignant potential
π Ampullary papilloma / polyp
π Ampullary hyperplasia / inflammation (benign)
π Ampullary duplication cyst / diverticulum causing obstructive symptoms
π Pancreatic head tumor at ampulla compressing CBD
π Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) with secondary biliary obstruction
π Ampullary adenocarcinoma invading CBD lumen
π Ampullary carcinoid (neuroendocrine)
π Chronic periampullary scarring (post-ERCP / ulcer)
π Periampullary duodenal diverticulum with inflamed mucosa
π Post-sphincterotomy scar with functional obstruction
π Acute ascending cholangitis (ductal dilation, intraductal debris)
π Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC) / Oriental cholangiohepatitis (intraductal stones & strictures)
π Suppurative cholangitis with pus in CBD (complex echoes)
π Acalculous cholangitis (infection without stones)
π Chronic cholangitis with biliary wall thickening (PSC/secondary)
π Pyogenic infection with intraductal gas (pneumobilia with infection)
π Emphysematous cholangitis (gas in biliary tree with sepsis)
π Fungal cholangitis (Candida in immunocompromised)
π Tuberculous cholangitis (fibrotic strictures)
π Parasitic cholangitis (Clonorchis, Opisthorchis)
π Post-ERCP cholangitis (iatrogenic infection)
π Cholangitis in biliary-enteric anastomosis (ascending infection)
π Infantile neonatal cholangitis (congenital biliary anomalies)
π Post-operative ascending cholangitis (after biliary surgery)
π Cholangitis with portal pyaemia (septic thrombosis)
π Immunosuppression-related cholangitis (post-transplant)
π Clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis) with CBD filling defects and ductal dilation
π Opisthorchiasis (similar distal/extrahepatic involvement)
π Fascioliasis (rare, ductal wall inflammation / debris)
π Ascariasis (tubular echogenic linear structures in CBD)
π Echinococcal daughter cysts in extrahepatic ducts (rare)
π Parasitic sludge / balls causing intermittent obstruction
π Liver fluke–induced cholangitis and strictures
π Parasitic granulomatous periductal reaction (chronic)
π Migrating helminth causing transient CBD obstruction
π Mixed parasitic-bacterial secondary infection of CBD
π Post-ERCP retained debris / stone — causing obstruction
π Post-ERCP perforation / leak causing periductal collection
π Post-sphincterotomy stenosis or scarring (CBD narrowing)
π Post-operative biliary leak with biloma tracking along CBD
π Biliary stent migration into or through CBD (intraductal tubular echogenicity)
π Stent occlusion with sludge within CBD stent
π Post-transplant ischemic cholangiopathy (intra/extrahepatic)
π Post-cholecystectomy clip-related obstruction at cystic duct remnant
π Biliary-enteric anastomotic stricture (hepaticojejunostomy narrowing)
π Iatrogenic transection with biloma and stricture formation
π Thermal injury (ablation) causing CBD wall necrosis / stricture
π Post-ERCP sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (functional CBD dilation)
π Post-drainage inflammatory mass around CBD
π Port-related hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm compressing duct (after interventions)
π Post-stent cholangitis (infection of stented duct)
π Retained surgical gauze / foreign body compressing CBD
π Traumatic CBD transection (blunt / penetrating trauma)
π Post-traumatic CBD hematoma causing luminal narrowing
π Hemobilia (blood in biliary tree with echogenic intraductal material)
π Post-blunt trauma bile leak with periductal fluid
π Iatrogenic bleeding into CBD after ERCP causing echogenic casts
π CBD pseudoaneurysm eroding into duct (rare)
π Biliary fistula formation secondary to trauma
π CBD compression by hematoma in porta hepatis
π Choledochal cyst — Type I (fusiform CBD dilation)
π Choledochal cyst — Type II (diverticulum of CBD)
π Choledochal cyst — Type III (choledochocele, intraduodenal)
π Choledochal cyst — Type IV (multiple intra + extrahepatic cysts)
π Choledochal cyst — Type V (Caroli disease primarily intrahepatic)
π Anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction (APBJ) with long common channel
π Congenital CBD duplication (rare)
π Congenital biliary atresia variants involving extrahepatic duct
π Congenital stenosis of CBD (rare)
π Ectopic drainage of CBD (anomalies into stomach/duodenum)
π Wandering / floating CBD (positional variant)
π Accessory bile duct receptors communicating with CBD (ducts of Luschka variants)
π Congenital hypoplasia of distal CBD
π Neonatal choledocholithiasis (rare sonographically detectable)
π Periductal ischemia causing stricture (post-transplant ischemic cholangiopathy)
π Portal biliopathy — portal cavernoma compressing/encasing CBD with periductal collaterals
π Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm compressing distal CBD (rare)
π Hemobilia from hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm with intraductal echoes
π Post-embolization ischemic biliary injury (after hepatic artery embolization)
π Biliary varices (periductal collaterals) causing filling defects or extrinsic compression
π Venous thrombosis of periductal venous plexus with secondary edema
π Periductal hyperemia (inflammatory vascularity on Doppler)
π Secondary malignant invasion of CBD from adjacent organs (pancreas, gallbladder, stomach)
π Lymphoma encasing porta hepatis and compressing CBD
π Metastatic lymph nodes with extrinsic compression (gastric, colon, breast)
π Retroperitoneal fibrosis extending to porta causing CBD narrowing
π Sarcoidosis with granulomatous periductal disease
π Tuberculous periportal lymphadenopathy compressing CBD
π Amyloid deposition in biliary wall (rare)
π Systemic vasculitis causing ischemic biliary strictures
π Intraductal papillary neoplasm (IPNB) with extensive mucin hypersecretion manifested as CBD mucin plugs
π Biliary hamartoma prolapsing into extrahepatic duct (rare)
π Eosinophilic cholangitis with prominent periductal eosinophilic infiltrate and wall thickening
π Plasma cell (IgG4) cholangiopathy predominantly involving extrahepatic duct (isolated IgG4-SC variant)
π Mesenchymal tumor of CBD (very rare sarcoma)
π Lymphangioleiomyomatosis-like lesion of porta (very rare)
π Primary retroperitoneal mucinous tumor invading CBD (case reports)
π Benign biliary epithelial proliferation (reactive) mimicking mass
π Physiologic mild enlargement in tall individuals
π Transient hyperemia (post-meal / exercise)
π Accessory spleen (splenunculus, near hilum)
π Splenosis (post-trauma ectopic splenic nodules)
π Wandering spleen (ptotic, mobile spleen)
π Normal hilar vessels (radiating pattern on Doppler)
π Transient contraction / expansion (volume variation)
π Postural change of splenic position
π Mild splenic border scalloping (normal variant)
π Mild to moderate splenomegaly (non-specific)
π Massive splenomegaly (>20 cm, diffuse disease)
π Congestive splenomegaly (portal hypertension, CHF)
π Infective splenomegaly (malaria, typhoid, EBV, HIV)
π Hematologic splenomegaly (leukemia, lymphoma)
π Infiltrative splenomegaly (amyloidosis, Gaucher’s)
π Chronic liver disease–related congestive spleen
π Tropical splenomegaly syndrome
π Autoimmune splenomegaly (SLE, rheumatoid)
π Post-transfusion splenomegaly
π Post-splenectomy regrowth (splenosis hyperplasia)
π Hypersplenism with cytopenia
π Sarcoid splenomegaly
π Secondary to myelofibrosis
π Idiopathic splenomegaly (non-specific)
π Simple cyst (epithelial, congenital)
π Post-traumatic pseudocyst (no epithelial lining)
π Hydatid cyst (Echinococcus granulosus)
π Multiloculated hydatid cyst (daughter cysts)
π Calcified cyst (inactive hydatid)
π Epidermoid cyst (true congenital)
π Parasitic cyst (other parasites, rare)
π Lymphangioma (multicystic, septated)
π Hemangiomatous cyst
π Pancreatic pseudocyst extension into spleen
π Abscess with liquefaction (pseudocyst appearance)
π Post-infarct cystic degeneration
π Cystic metastasis (ovary, melanoma, rare)
π Post-hematoma cystic evolution
π Post-splenectomy fluid collection (residual cavity)
π Congenital dermoid cyst (rare)
π Cystic hamartoma
π Cystic necrosis in lymphoma
π Subcapsular cystic lesion (hematoma sequela)
π Echinococcal rupture with peritoneal spill
π Pyogenic abscess (echogenic debris, gas echoes)
π Multiple small microabscesses (bacterial/fungal)
π Tuberculous abscess (hypoechoic, necrotic nodes)
π Fungal abscess (Candida “bull’s-eye” lesions)
π Typhoid abscess
π Brucella abscess (rare, multiple small lesions)
π Parasitic abscess (amoebic / hydatid rupture)
π Septic embolic abscess (endocarditis source)
π Post-traumatic infected hematoma
π Post-splenectomy stump abscess
π Post-surgery collection (localized)
π HIV-related microabscesses (Mycobacterium avium)
π Melioidosis abscess (multiple, target sign)
π Salmonella splenic abscess
π Tubercular granulomas (hypoechoic nodules)
π Syphilitic gummatous lesions (rare)
π Typhus-related abscess (rare)
π Actinomycotic abscess
π Septic pylephlebitis with secondary abscess
π Fungal granuloma with calcifications
π Post-sepsis splenic microabscesses
π Cryptococcal abscess (immunosuppressed)
π Post-catheter-related seeding abscess
π Splenic abscess secondary to pancreatitis
π Post-endocarditis septic emboli
π Subcapsular hematoma
π Intraparenchymal hematoma
π Splenic rupture (capsular breach, free fluid)
π Splenic laceration (linear hypoechoic defect)
π Splenic fracture (fragmented parenchyma)
π Active bleeding (Doppler jet into peritoneum)
π Pseudoaneurysm (post-trauma vascular lesion)
π Post-traumatic abscess
π Post-traumatic infarction
π Post-trauma pseudocyst formation
π Post-embolization infarct
π Delayed rupture (capsule disruption later)
π Perisplenic fluid (localized hemoperitoneum)
π Hemoperitoneum from splenic rupture
π Post-procedure puncture injury
π Iatrogenic trauma (biopsy-related)
π Post-drain catheter tract injury
π Rib fracture–related splenic laceration
π Blunt trauma partial tear
π Post-traumatic scarring / fibrosis
π Segmental infarction (wedge-shaped hypoechoic area)
π Global splenic infarction (no flow on Doppler)
π Multiple small infarcts (embolic)
π Post-traumatic infarction
π Sickle cell–related infarction
π Post-embolization infarction
π Post-surgery ischemic necrosis
π Vasculitic infarction (SLE, PAN)
π Portal vein thrombosis with splenic ischemia
π Splenic artery thrombosis
π Splenic vein thrombosis (backflow stasis)
π Splenic torsion (wandering spleen infarct)
π Transplant-related infarction
π Post-radiation infarction
π Post-chemotherapy avascular necrosis
π Hemangioma (most common benign tumor)
π Cavernous hemangioma (heterogeneous echotexture)
π Capillary hemangioma (small, echogenic)
π Hamartoma (isoechoic, increased Doppler flow)
π Littoral cell angioma (multiple small nodules)
π Lymphangioma (multicystic lesion)
π Angiosarcoma (malignant vascular tumor)
π Hemangiopericytoma
π Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
π Splenic vein aneurysm
π Splenic artery aneurysm
π Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm (post-trauma/pancreatitis)
π Thrombosed aneurysm
π Peliosis lienis (blood-filled spaces)
π Splenic varices (portal hypertension)
π Splenic congestion (venous stasis)
π Splenic steal phenomenon
π Post-transplant vascular occlusion
π Portal hypertensive splenopathy (collaterals)
π Splenic infarct with reperfusion flow
π Hemangioma (see vascular section)
π Hamartoma (splenoma)
π Lymphangioma
π Lipoma
π Fibroma
π Myelolipoma
π Leiomyoma
π Schwannoma
π Teratoma (rare)
π Hemangiopericytoma (benign type)
π Granulomatous pseudotumor (TB/sarcoid)
π Focal nodular hyperplasia (ectopic type)
π Inflammatory pseudotumor
π Calcified benign nodule (old granuloma)
π Splenic regenerative nodule (post-infarct)
π Primary lymphoma (focal/multifocal/diffuse)
π Secondary lymphoma (most common malignant)
π Splenic metastasis (melanoma, lung, breast, ovary, colon)
π Angiosarcoma (primary malignant vascular tumor)
π Hemangioendothelioma (intermediate malignant)
π Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
π Fibrosarcoma
π Leiomyosarcoma
π Osteogenic sarcoma metastasis
π Adenocarcinoma metastasis
π Choriocarcinoma metastasis
π Carcinoid metastasis
π Melanoma metastasis (commonest)
π Post-chemotherapy recurrent lymphoma
π Splenic leukemia infiltration (CML/CLL)
π Histiocytic sarcoma
π Kaposi sarcoma (HIV-related)
π Myeloid sarcoma (chloroma)
π Malignant lymphoma with necrotic center
π Multiple metastatic nodules (cannonball pattern)
π Secondary invasion from left kidney/adrenal/pancreas
π Splenic plasmacytoma
π Post-radiation sarcoma
π Metastatic carcinosarcoma
π Splenic carcinoma-like mass (rare)
π Amyloidosis (increased echogenicity, granular)
π Gaucher’s disease (coarse echotexture, splenomegaly)
π Niemann–Pick disease (hyperechoic)
π Myelofibrosis (massive spleen, inhomogeneous)
π Leukemic infiltration (diffuse hypo- or hyperechoic)
π Lymphoproliferative disorder (homogeneous enlargement)
π Sarcoidosis (multiple hypoechoic nodules)
π Histiocytosis X
π Extramedullary hematopoiesis (hypoechoic foci)
π Metabolic storage disorder (glycogen / lipid)
π Amyloid nodules with calcifications
π Post-chemotherapy fibrotic replacement
π Storage disease–related infarction
π Post-bone marrow transplant infiltration
π Sickle cell disease (autosplenectomy phase)
π Portal hypertension–related congestion
π Mononucleosis (diffuse enlargement)
π AIDS-related splenic disease
π Splenic peliosis (blood-filled cavities)
π Splenic hemosiderosis (increased echogenicity)
π Post-splenectomy residual splenic tissue (splenosis)
π Post-splenectomy abscess at bed
π Post-embolization infarct
π Post-biopsy hematoma
π Post-drain infection
π Post-transplant vascular occlusion
π Post-surgical seroma
π Post-trauma residual cavity
π Post-radiofrequency ablation scar
π Post-chemotherapy atrophic spleen
π Accessory spleen (splenunculus)
π Polysplenia (multiple small spleens)
π Asplenia (congenital absence)
π Splenic cleft (notch variant)
π Wandering spleen (long pedicle)
π Ectopic spleen (pelvic, thoracic)
π Congenital cyst
π Congenital splenic hypoplasia
π Double spleen (bilobed)
π Situs anomalies (asplenia/polysplenia syndromes)
π Portal hypertension (congestive splenomegaly)
π Cirrhosis-related hypersplenism
π CHF causing splenic congestion
π Renal failure–related splenic edema
π Endocarditis (embolic abscesses)
π Sepsis (microabscesses)
π SLE (vasculitic infarcts)
π PAN (multiple infarcts)
π Amyloidosis (granular echotexture)
π Sarcoidosis (nodular hypoechoic foci)
π Malaria (diffuse enlargement, coarse texture)
π Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis)
π HIV-related splenomegaly
π Hematologic malignancy (diffuse infiltration)
π Portal pyaemia with infarcts
π Peliosis lienis (blood-filled cavities)
π Splenic torsion (wandering spleen twisted pedicle)
π Splenic abscess from pancreatic tail fistula
π Splenic metastasis from thyroid (reported)
π Splenic rupture during pregnancy (pathologic)
π Drug-induced hypersplenism (phenytoin, etc.)
π Splenic calcification (old granuloma, healed abscess)
π Splenic cyst with daughter cyst (ruptured hydatid)
π Splenic involvement in sickle crisis (acute sequestration)
π Post-infective splenic fibrosis
π Small/atrophic pancreas (age-related)
π Fatty (lipomatous) infiltration of pancreas (increased echogenicity)
π Hyperplastic pancreatic head (normal variant)
π Pancreas divisum (ductal variant — suspect on indirect signs)
π Annular pancreas (circumferential pancreatic tissue around duodenum)
π Accessory pancreatic tissue (ectopic)
π Short bulky pancreas (morphologic variant)
π Focal lobulation (developmental contour)
π Prominent pancreatic uncinate process (variant)
π Early interstitial edematous pancreatitis (enlarged hypoechoic gland)
π Acute necrotizing pancreatitis (non-enhancing / complex areas)
π Peripancreatic fat stranding (echogenic fat)
π Peripancreatic fluid collections (simple)
π Acute peripancreatic phlegmon (ill-defined hypoechoic mass)
π Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (echogenic foci, heterogeneous)
π Acute-on-chronic pancreatitis flare
π Edematous tail predominant pancreatitis
π Focal pancreatitis (mimics mass)
π Mild interstitial pancreatitis (subtle wall thickening, minimal fluid)
π Reactive gallbladder wall thickening with pancreatitis
π Reactive biliary dilation (transient)
π Portal/mesenteric venous thrombosis as complication
π Splenic vein thrombosis secondary to pancreatitis
π MRCP/US-visible dilated main pancreatic duct in acute setting
π Peripancreatic vascular erosion (early)
π Acute sterile peripancreatic collection (APC)
π Acute infected collection (suspicion on gas/debris)
π Early walled-off necrosis formation (sonographic precursor)
π Peritoneal fluid / hemoperitoneum in severe pancreatitis
π Pancreatic ascites (duct leak)
π Pseudocyst formation (early)
π Biliary pancreatitis (gallstone-related changes)
π Alcohol-related acute pancreatitis pattern
π Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis appearance (often similar to other causes)
π Iatrogenic acute pancreatitis (post-ERCP)
π Traumatic acute pancreatitis (blunt abdominal injury)
π Pediatric acute pancreatitis variants
π Edematous periportal cuffing (inflammatory spread)
π Reactive duodenal wall thickening
π Pancreatic pseudocyst (simple / complex)
π Walled-off necrosis (WON) — complex heterogeneous collection
π Acute necrotic collection (ANC) — non-liquid components
π Infected pancreatic necrosis (gas, septations, debris)
π Hemorrhagic necrosis / intralesional hemorrhage
π Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) — indirect signs
π Pancreatic fistula (pancreatic-cutaneous / internal fistula)
π Pancreatic ascites from ductal disruption
π Biliary-enteric / pancreatico-enteric fistula
π Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm secondary to necrosis
π Pseudoaneurysm rupture leading to hemobilia / hemoperitoneum
π Portal vein thrombosis from inflammation
π Arterial erosion with active bleeding (visible flow)
π Compression of adjacent bowel / gastric outlet obstruction
π Cholangitis secondary to biliary obstruction from edema
π Subphrenic / perihepatic abscess from rupture
π Retroperitoneal abscess tracking from collections
π External pancreatic fistula after drainage
π Sequestration of necrotic debris (walled cavities)
π Post-necrosis scarring and calcification
π Chronic fluid cavity with epithelialized wall (matures pseudocyst)
π Pancreatic duct hemorrhage (hematoma within duct)
π Bacterial superinfection of collections
π Ischemic bowel from inflammatory thrombosis
π Esophageal/gastric variceal formation from splenic vein thrombosis
π Chronic calcific pancreatitis (parenchymal echogenic foci with shadowing)
π Chronic atrophic pancreas (reduced size, echogenic fibrotic gland)
π Dilated main pancreatic duct (MPD) with irregularity / stones
π Intraductal calculi (echogenic with shadow)
π Branch duct ectasia / irregular side branches
π Parenchymal calcifications (punctate → coarse)
π Honeycomb / lobulated fibrotic architecture
π Pseudotumoral focal chronic pancreatitis (mimics mass)
π Autoimmune pancreatitis (diffuse enlargement, hypoechoic, sausage-shaped)
π Pancreatic duct strictures (fibrotic)
π Multiple pseudocysts from chronic disease
π Pancreatic ductal irregularity with upstream atrophy
π Chronic inflammatory mass in head (inflammatory mass)
π Fibrotic bands and parenchymal heterogeneity
π Secondary biliary obstruction (from fibrosis)
π Fistulae from chronic inflammation
π Steatopancreatitis (fat-related chronic change)
π Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency associated changes
π Chronic pancreatitis with portal hypertension features
π Parenchymal cystic degeneration (chronic)
π Pancreaticopleural fistula (pleural effusion with enzyme cause)
π Calcified pancreatic ducts (visible on US in late disease)
π Chronic pain syndrome with sonographic scarring
π Post-lavage/resolution scarring pattern
π Chronic operative changes (post-resection fibrotic bed)
π Ductal calcifications with shadowing
π Diffuse heterogeneous echotexture from chronic injury
π Multiple small pseudocysts in chronic setting
π Atrophic fibrotic tail with calcified ducts
π Main pancreatic duct (MPD) dilation (obstructive sign)
π Pancreatic duct stones (echogenic intraductal shadows)
π Stricture of MPD (benign vs malignant suspicion)
π Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (functional with intermittent dilation)
π Mucinous ductal obstruction (IPMN-related mucin)
π Ampullary stenosis causing upstream dilation
π Double duct sign (concurrent CBD + MPD dilation) — indirect US finding
π Branch duct ectasia (side-branch IPMN suspicion)
π Obstructive pancreatitis around ductal obstruction
π Pancreatolithiasis with upstream parenchymal changes
π External compression of MPD by mass / node
π Pancreas divisum with dominant dorsal duct dilation indicators
π Pancreaticojejunal anastomosis stenosis (post-op)
π Intraductal papillary tumor causing filling defects / mucus casts
π Choledocho-pancreatic duct anomalies causing recurrent obstruction
π Duct leak visualized as peripancreatic fluid from MPD disruption
π Pancreatic ductal hypertension with cyst formation
π Chronic ductal stricturing with upstream atrophy
π Microlithiasis within duct (high-res detection)
π False lumen / false passage after instrumentation
π Simple retention cyst (anechoic, thin wall)
π Pseudocyst (post-inflammatory)
π Serous cystadenoma (microcystic / honeycomb)
π Mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) (macrocystic, septated)
π Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) — main/branch duct variants
π Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) with cystic degeneration (young females)
π Cystic neuroendocrine tumor (rare)
π Cystic metastasis (ovary, etc.)
π Lymphoepithelial cyst (rare)
π Echinococcal (hydatid) cyst in pancreas (rare)
π Cystic lymphangioma of pancreas
π Post-traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst (mature)
π Hemorrhagic cyst / hematoma cavity
π Cystic degeneration in adenocarcinoma (necrotic center)
π Mucin plug with ductal dilatation (IPMN sign)
π Multiloculated congenital cyst (rare)
π Dermoid / teratomatous cystic lesion (rare)
π Cystadenofibroma (benign mixed lesion)
π Mucinous cyst with mural nodule (suspicious)
π Cystic lesion with calcified wall (chronic / parasitic)
π Cyst with internal septations and debris (complex cyst)
π Branch-duct IPMN cluster of side-branch cysts
π Cystic neoplasm with enhancing solid component
π Small simple cysts in elderly pancreas
π Congenital multilocular cystic lesion
π Cystic lymphangiomatous change
π Pancreatic pseudocyst with internal debris
π Complex cystic mass suspicious for malignancy
π Hydatid cyst with daughter cysts in pancreas
π Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) — head, body, tail presentations
π Mass-forming pancreatitis vs carcinoma differentiation (sonographic mimic)
π Tubular/papillary adenocarcinoma variants
π Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (malignant mucinous lesion)
π Acinar cell carcinoma (solid hypoechoic mass)
π Adenosquamous carcinoma (aggressive variant)
π Colloid (mucinous non-invasive) carcinoma involvement
π Undifferentiated carcinoma (rare)
π Sarcomatoid carcinoma (rare)
π Anaplastic carcinoma (poor prognosis)
π Invasive IPMN with solid components
π Ductal carcinoma causing double-duct sign
π Metastasis to pancreas (renal cell, melanoma, lung)
π Periampullary carcinoma involving pancreatic head
π Carcinoma with vascular encasement (SMA/SMV)
π Locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (infiltrative)
π Posterior wall invasion into retroperitoneum
π Recurrent pancreatic carcinoma (post-resection bed)
π Cystic degeneration within carcinoma (necrosis)
π Calcified tumor (rare treated or prior hemorrhagic tumor)
π Perineural invasion signs (sonographic indirect)
π Carcinoma with biliary obstruction and cholestasis
π Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (can mimic neoplasm)
π Desmoplastic large mass with low vascularity (typical PDAC)
π Microscopic perivascular invasion evident indirectly
π Carcinoma invading adjacent organs (duodenum, stomach)
π Tumor thrombus in portal/splenic vein from pancreatic tumor
π Multifocal exocrine tumors (rare)
π Post-treatment recurrent mass (scar vs tumor)
π Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET) — insulinoma, gastrinoma, nonfunctional types
π Functioning pNET (insulinoma: small, hypervascular lesion)
π Gastrinoma (often small, may be multiple)
π VIPoma / glucagonoma / somatostatinoma (rare endocrine NETs)
π Nonfunctional pNET (larger, heterogeneous)
π Metastatic NET deposits to liver/lymph nodes (secondary signs)
π Cystic neuroendocrine tumor (rare cystic change)
π Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1) related pancreatic tumors
π NET with calcification or hemorrhage (complex echotexture)
π Hypervascular small NET on Doppler (typical)
π Malignant NET with local invasion
π Neuroendocrine tumor with cystic degeneration (SPN overlap)
π Metastatic behavior with nodal spread
π VIPoma causing secretory diarrhea clinical clues
π Insulinoma with small, well-defined hypoechoic nidus
π Gastrinoma associated with duodenal lesions
π NEC (neuroendocrine carcinoma) — high grade, aggressive
π Metastatic NET to pancreas (rare primaries elsewhere)
π Multiple small hypervascular NETs (MEN1 pattern)
π Functioning NET with biochemical syndrome correlation
π Splenic vein thrombosis (from pancreatitis / tumor)
π SMV/portal vein thrombosis (extension)
π Pseudoaneurysm of splenic / pancreaticoduodenal / gastroduodenal artery
π Hemorrhagic pancreatic necrosis (echogenic areas)
π Hemobilia / hemosuccus pancreaticus (bleeding into duct)
π Pancreatic arteriovenous malformation (rare)
π Venous congestion of pancreas (cardiac/portal)
π Ischemic pancreatitis (vascular compromise)
π Subcapsular splenic hematoma related to pancreatic pseudoaneurysm rupture
π Hematoma tracking along retroperitoneum
π Post-embolization vascular changes / thrombosis
π Aneurysm eroding into pancreatic duct (rare)
π Hyperemia of gland on Doppler (inflammation)
π Hypoperfusion pattern in systemic shock affecting pancreas
π Active arterial bleeding into collections (visualized on Doppler)
π Pancreatic abscess (pyogenic)
π Fungal pancreatic infection (Candida/Aspergillus)
π Tuberculous pancreatic involvement (rare focal lesions)
π Parasitic infestation (Echinococcus hydatid cyst)
π Amoebic abscess (rare extension)
π Post-instrumentation infected collections
π Septic thrombophlebitis with pancreatic involvement
π Disseminated fungal microabscesses (immunocompromised)
π Bacterial seeding from perforation causing pancreatic abscess
π Infection superimposed on cystic neoplasm
π Post-ERCP pancreatitis (edema / collections)
π Post-biopsy hematoma or tract seeding
π Post-ablation cavity / thermal necrosis (HIFU / RFA)
π Post-drainage tract residual cavity
π Post-stent erosion into pancreatic head
π Postoperative fluid collection (after Whipple / distal pancreatectomy)
π Post-surgical pancreatic fistula / leak
π Anastomotic stricture after pancreaticojejunostomy
π Suture granuloma in resection bed
π Port-site metastasis (laparoscopy seeding)
π Iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm (from instrumentation)
π Post-radiation pancreatitis / fibrosis
π Chemical pancreatitis (ERCP contrast reaction)
π Post-ERCP retained stone in pancreatic duct
π Seeding of tumor cells along biopsy tract (rare)
π Blunt pancreatic trauma — laceration (hypoechoic cleft)
π Pancreatic duct disruption from trauma (fluid leak)
π Traumatic pancreatic hematoma (intraparencymal)
π Traumatic transection of pancreas (severe)
π Traumatic pseudocyst formation (post-injury)
π Penetrating injury with fistula formation
π Pancreatic contusion with edema only
π Traumatic AV fistula / pseudoaneurysm formation
π Post-trauma pancreatitis
π Pancreatic injury with retroperitoneal air (indicator of perforation)
π Pancreas divisum (dominant dorsal duct drainage variant)
π Annular pancreas (encircling duodenum)
π Ectopic / heterotopic pancreas (stomach, duodenum)
π Accessory pancreatic tissue (intra-mural or subserosal)
π Congenital cystic pancreatic lesions (rare)
π Agenesis of dorsal pancreas (partial agenesis)
π Cystic fibrosis–related pancreatic changes (childhood atrophy)
π Heterotopic pancreatic rest causing mass-like lesion
π Neonatal focal enlargement (transient hypertrophy)
π Developmental ductal anomalies causing obstruction
π Fatty infiltration (steatopancreatitis related to metabolic syndrome)
π Amyloid deposition in pancreas (rare, hypoechoic nodules)
π Hemochromatosis pancreatic changes (echogenicity changes)
π Metastatic disease to pancreas (breast, lung, RCC)
π Systemic granulomatous disease (sarcoid nodules)
π Endocrine disorders with pancreatic involvement (MEN syndromes)
π Autoimmune pancreatitis (IgG4 disease systemic involvement)
π Hypertriglyceridemia-related pancreatitis pattern
π Viral pancreatitis (mumps, coxsackie, CMV)
π Paraneoplastic pancreatic changes (rare)
π Omental / mesenteric inflammatory deposits adjacent to pancreas
π Retroperitoneal fluid tracking from pancreatic leak
π Inflammatory involvement of transverse mesocolon
π Posterior gastric wall infiltration from pancreatic mass
π Posterior mediastinal extension (rare pancreatic pseudocyst tracking)
π Left subphrenic extension / subdiaphragmatic collection
π Perisplenic extension / splenic hilum involvement
π Retrocrural extension of collections
π Compression of adjacent vessels (SMA/SMV) by mass / collection
π Peripancreatic lymphadenopathy (reactive / metastatic)
π Normal abdominal aorta (caliber, pulsatility, triphasic flow in branches)
π Normal IVC (collapsible with respiration, anteroposterior diameter variation)
π Normal aortic tapering (proximal → distal)
π Normal aortic bifurcation anatomy (common iliacs)
π Normal IVC confluence and hepatic vein inflow pattern
π IVC respiratory variation (collapsibility index) — physiologic
π Aortic kinking (tortuosity without pathology, elderly)
π Duplicate IVC / persistent left IVC (anatomic variant)
π Retroaortic left renal vein (variant affecting IVC imaging)
π Aortic ectasia (mild age-related dilation not aneurysmal)
π Aortoiliac length/angulation variants (clinical relevance for EVAR)
π Prominent venous collaterals (physiologic in some individuals)
π Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) — infrarenal classic type
π Juxtarenal aortic aneurysm
π Pararenal / suprarenal aortic aneurysm
π Thoracoabdominal aneurysm extension visualized infradiaphragmatically
π Saccular aortic aneurysm
π Fusiform aortic aneurysm
π Mycotic (infected) aneurysm of aorta (aneurysm with periaortic fluid/gas)
π Dissected aneurysm with contained rupture
π Inflammatory aortic aneurysm (periaortic fibrotic rind / hypoechoic mantle)
π Aneurysm with intraluminal thrombus (mural thrombus layering)
π Aneurysm with focal wall calcification / plaque burden
π Aneurysm with endoleak post-EVAR (type I–III presentations on duplex)
π Giant aneurysm (>10 cm) with mass effect
π Rapidly expanding aneurysm (serial growth on surveillance)
π Aneurysm with contained retroperitoneal rupture (periaortic hematoma)
π Aneurysm with free rupture into peritoneum (massive hemoperitoneum)
π Aorto-caval fistula secondary to ruptured AAA (continuous flow, venous turbulence)
π Aneurysm compressing adjacent structures (duodenum, IVC, ureter)
π Intra-aneurysmal flow patterns (laminar vs turbulent on Doppler)
π Penetrating aortic ulcer evolving into saccular aneurysm
π Island/false aneurysm (pseudoaneurysm) adjacent to aortic graft or branch
π Aortic neck thrombus (relevance for EVAR fixation)
π Iliac artery aneurysm (common/extending from aorta)
π Isolated iliac aneurysm with aortic sparing
π Aortic ectasia after cardiopulmonary disease (diffuse)
π Aneurysm with peripheral embolic sequelae (distal hypoechoic thrombus)
π Aneurysm with mural calcified plaque producing acoustic shadow
π Aneurysm with branch involvement/embolization
π End-organ ischemic sequelae from aneurysm thrombus
π Classic aortic dissection with true and false lumen (intimal flap)
π Infrarenal aortic dissection (limited to abdominal aorta)
π Retrograde dissection extension from thoracic aorta into abdomen
π Chronic dissection with thrombosed false lumen
π Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU) visualized as focal wall defect
π Intramural hematoma (crescentic hypoechoic wall thickening)
π Dissection causing branch vessel compromise (renal/mesenteric ischemia clues)
π Intimal flap oscillation and Doppler differences between lumina
π Dissection with secondary aneurysmal dilation of false lumen
π Complicated dissection with rupture (peri-aortic fluid/hematoma)
π Iatrogenic aortic dissection after endovascular manipulation
π Flap-associated thrombus (risk of embolization)
π Delayed chronic dissection with aortic remodeling
π Dissecting aneurysm communication to IVC (rare aorto-caval fistula)
π Mobile intimal flap producing intermittent obstruction (dynamic Doppler effect)
π Imaging pitfalls: reverberation/artifact mimicking flap — need color/angle interrogation
π Dissection-related pseudoaneurysm at branch origin
π Aortic intimal tears with adjacent perivascular hematoma
π Atherosclerotic aortic stenosis / severe plaque causing luminal narrowing
π Aortoiliac occlusive disease (Leriche type) — flow acceleration and loss of distal waveform
π Thrombotic aortic occlusion (acute limb ischemia presentation)
π Aortic mural plaque with ulceration and overlying thrombus
π Aortic calcific disease with severe luminal compromise (shadowing)
π Takayasu arteritis–related suprarenal stenosis (wall thickening + stenosis)
π Aortic coarctation (adult residual lesions at takeoff segments)
π Post-surgical graft stenosis at anastomosis
π Arterial embolus lodged in distal abdominal aorta
π Aortic atheroembolism source lesions (mobile plaque)
π Aortic occlusion secondary to dissection flap covering ostia
π Extrinsic compression causing functional aortic narrowing (tumor/hematoma)
π In-stent restenosis in aortic stent (post-EVAR/iliac stent)
π Fibromuscular dysplasia involvement of visceral aortic branches (rare)
π Aortic ring or band compressive anomaly (congenital surgical sequela)
π Chronic aortoiliac stenosis with collateral formation (epigastric/mesenteric collaterals)
π Aortic luminal narrowing with high-velocity jet on Doppler
π Aortic occlusive disease producing low-resistance distal spectra
π Hemodynamic impact of proximal aortic stenosis on renal/mesenteric flow
π Progressive plaque ulceration with embolic risk
π Takayasu arteritis — aortic wall thickening, 'macaroni sign' in proximal segments
π Giant cell (temporal) arteritis involvement of abdominal aorta (aorto-arteritis)
π IgG4-related periaortitis / retroperitoneal fibrosis with periaortic soft tissue
π Infective (mycotic) aortitis with wall edema and periaortic fluid
π Aortic sarcoidosis (rare granulomatous aortitis)
π Aortic periarteritis of autoimmune origin with concentric thickening
π Periaortic inflammatory mantle (fibrotic tissue encasing aorta)
π Periarterial hyperemia on Doppler indicating active inflammation
π Retroperitoneal fibrosis causing medial deviation and entrapment of ureters + encasing aorta
π Chronic periaortitis with hydronephrosis (secondary ureteric obstruction)
π Perianeurysmal inflammation in inflammatory AAA subtype
π Radiation-induced aortitis (post pelvic radiotherapy)
π Post-infective inflammatory mass at aortic wall (resolving abscess)
π Vasculitic stenosis vs atherosclerotic focal plaque — wall morphology differentiation
π Aortic adventitial neovascularity in active vasculitis (Doppler clue)
π Periaortic inflammatory pseudotumor mimicking malignancy
π Mycotic (infected) aneurysm — saccular outpouching with periaortic fluid/gas
π Aortic wall abscess / periaortic phlegmon
π Bacterial aortitis (Staph / Salmonella classic organisms)
π Tuberculous aortitis with adjacent necrotic nodes/fistulae
π Fungal aortitis (immunocompromised)
π Aortoenteric fistula (secondary to infection or graft erosion — air/fluid, communication)
π Periaortic gas suggesting infection or fistula
π Septic emboli from aortic infective focus producing distal infarcts
π Infected arterial graft with perigraft fluid and gas (post EVAR/open repair)
π Retroperitoneal abscess contiguous with aortic wall
π Periaortic sinus/fistula to GI tract (enteric communication)
π Chronic infected aortic thrombus (organized with central necrosis)
π Blunt traumatic aortic injury at abdominal segment (contusion, intimal flap)
π Penetrating injury with aortic laceration/rupture (free retroperitoneal hematoma)
π Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm of aorta or iliac branch
π Traumatic aorto-caval fistula (continuous turbulent flow, high-output signs)
π Traumatic IVC laceration with massive hemoperitoneum/retroperitoneal hematoma
π Subacute organizing hematoma compressing aorta/IVC
π Traumatic thrombosis of IVC from adjacent hematoma
π Traumatic dissection limited to abdominal aorta
π Rupture of mycotic aneurysm with peritoneal/retroperitoneal blood
π Penetrating aortic injury with enteric contamination (risk of aortoenteric fistula)
π Traumatic avulsion of aortic branch origin (renal/mesenteric)
π Iatrogenic vessel injury post endovascular cannulation (pseudoaneurysm)
π Traumatic compression of IVC causing venous hypertension
π Traumatic retroperitoneal compartment syndrome with aortic compression
π Post-traumatic aortic stenosis from scarring
π Traumatic venous–arterial fistulous communications
π EVAR (endovascular aortic aneurysm repair) — normal stent appearance on US surveillance
π Endoleak Type I (attachment site) — high-velocity flow at proximal/distal seal zones
π Endoleak Type II (branch backflow) — low-velocity flows in aneurysm sac from lumbar/IMA on duplex
π Endoleak Type III (device defect/connector) — turbulent flow from graft component defect
π Endoleak Type IV (graft porosity) — rare, transient sac flow
π Endoleak Type V (endotension) — sac expansion without demonstrable leak
π Graft migration (movement of stent graft) — change in relations on serial exams
π Graft limb occlusion (iliac limb thrombosis) — absent flow in limb
π Graft infection — perigraft fluid, gas, sac expansion
π Graft kinking or fracture — altered flow patterns and acceleration
π Type II persistent sac perfusion with sac enlargement — indication for reintervention
π Anastomotic pseudoaneurysm after open repair — focal sac at suture line
π Disconnection between modular EVAR components — focal leak jet
π Iliac stent restenosis (peak systolic velocity elevation)
π Post-EVAR aneurysm sac thrombosis pattern (echogenic thrombus layering)
π Endovascular coil migration causing branch compromise (mesenteric/renal)
π Open graft (Dacron) degeneration with pseudoaneurysm formation
π Stent-graft induced new entry (SINE) and device–related dissection
π Graft-endoleak Doppler waveform patterns classification guidance
π Graft limb kinking with limb ischemia
π Acute IVC thrombosis (echogenic intraluminal clot, absent flow)
π Chronic organized IVC thrombus (echogenic adherent wall thrombus)
π Propagation of lower extremity DVT into IVC (continuous thrombus)
π IVC filter thrombosis / occlusion (thrombus around filter)
π Malpositioned IVC filter (migration, tilt) — filter visualization & flow effect
π IVC tumor thrombus (e.g., RCC extension into renal vein → IVC)
π Bland thrombus vs tumor thrombus discrimination (internal vascularity on Doppler favors tumor)
π Septic thrombus / suppurative thrombophlebitis of IVC (gas/debris)
π Budd–Chiari–like IVC obstruction (hepatic vein outflow obstruction)
π IVC compression by extrinsic mass (lymph node, tumor, aneurysm)
π IVC membrane/web (congenital narrowing / membranous obstruction)
π IVC agenesis / hypoplasia — collateral development on sonography
π Abdominal varices from IVC obstruction (paravertebral/epigastric collaterals)
π Floating venous thrombus (mobile echo within lumen — embolic risk)
π IVC wall invasion by malignancy (loss of compressibility, irregular wall)
π IVC aneurysm / focal venous ectasia (rare)
π Renal vein thrombosis extending into IVC (post-nephrotic syndrome)
π IVC tumor thrombus with pulsatile flow when communicated with arterial fistula
π Post-traumatic IVC pseudoaneurysm (rare)
π Venous stent thrombosis (in IVC/iliac stents)
π IVC septum with turbulent flow (congenital membrane remnant)
π Diagnosis pitfalls: acoustic shadowing from calcified thrombus
π Sequelae: lower limb edema, renal dysfunction from outflow obstruction
π IVC involvement in systemic thrombotic disorders (antiphospholipid, malignancy)
π IVC dilation with congestive heart failure (reduced collapsibility, hepatic venous reflux)
π IVC collapse indicating hypovolemia (high collapsibility index)
π Hepatic vein waveform alteration reflecting right-sided pressures (retrograde flow)
π Portal hypertension effects with dilated IVC/portal-venous backflow
π Cardiac tamponade/acute RV failure clues on IVC (plethora, no collapse)
π Venous reflux into IVC from tricuspid regurgitation (pulsatile flow)
π IVC flow patterns post-volume resuscitation (dynamic change)
π Low-velocity IVC flow in venous stasis states (risk for thrombosis)
π Ventilated patient IVC measurement artifacts (positive-pressure ventilation effects)
π IVC diameter variability with respiration in obstructive lung disease
π IVC intraluminal churning suggesting tumor/vegetation movement
π IVC–aorta diameter ratio as part of volume status assessment
π Retroperitoneal hematoma compressing IVC and/or aorta
π Large retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy compressing IVC/aorta (metastatic/TB)
π Pancreatic pseudocyst or mass compressing vessels (portal confluence region)
π Omental/mesenteric cake or mass displacing vessels
π Uterine fibroid / pelvic mass compressing iliac veins and distal IVC
π Right adrenal/renal upper-pole mass compressing IVC
π Psoas abscess with mass effect on iliac vessels
π Periaortic fibrosis (retroperitoneal fibrosis encasing aorta + IVC)
π Aortic aneurysm compressing adjacent IVC (aorto-caval compression)
π Large hepatic mass (HCC/metastasis) compressing IVC at hepatic confluence
π External catheter tip/phlegmon causing IVC compression
π Iliac artery aneurysm compressing adjacent iliac vein/ureter
π Congenital aortic coarctation (abdominal variant residual lesions)
π Abdominal aortic hypoplasia (congenital narrowing)
π Persistent left IVC / duplicated IVC (recognised on US)
π Congenital IVC interruption with azygos continuation (neonatal)
π Aortic arch variants with abdominal sequelae (rare)
π Neonatal aortic thrombus (umbilical catheter complication)
π Neonatal IVC clot from sepsis / lines
π Aortic malformation (arteriovenous malformation presenting in childhood)
π Congenital aorto-caval fistula (rare)
π Congenital IVC webs / membranes (Budd–Chiari phenocopy)
π Developmental iliac artery anomalies (affecting aortic branching)
π Pediatric abdominal aortic aneurysm (rare etiologies, e.g., infection, connective tissue disease)
π Retroperitoneal tumor invading aortic adventitia/IVC wall (sarcoma, lymphoma)
π RCC with renal vein → IVC tumor thrombus (levels I–IV staging)
π Hepatic tumor invading IVC / hepatic veins (HCC Budd–Chiari association)
π Lymphoma encasing aorta/IVC (soft tissue mass with vessel compression)
π Retroperitoneal metastasis eroding into vessel lumen (distal embolic risk)
π Peri-aortic nodal conglomerate mimicking aortic aneurysm on transverse view
π Leiomyosarcoma of IVC (primary venous sarcoma)
π Paraganglioma adjacent to aorta producing hypervascular mass
π Mesothelioma/mesenteric sarcoma causing vessel encasement
π Tumor invasion causing loss of normal vessel wall delineation on US
π Neuroblastoma with encasement of abdominal vessels in children
π GIST with aortic contact and displacement (mimic)
π Aortic intramural sarcoma (very rare malignant intimal tumor)
π Aortic cholesterol emboli source lesions visualized as ulcerating plaque
π Aortoenteric fistula without prior graft (primary fistula — rare)
π IgG4-related perivascular pseudotumor involving both aorta + IVC
π Adventitial cystic disease of iliac artery (rare cause of stenosis)
π Spontaneous aortic thrombosis in hypercoagulable state (case-level)
π Infectious IVC pseudoaneurysm (very rare)
π Aortic stump blowout post ligation (rare surgical catastrophe)
π Congenital cystic adventitial disease of iliac vessels
π Vasculitis causing isolated IVC phlebitis (exceptional)
π Perivascular Langerhans cell histiocytosis (case reports)
π Collagen vascular disease producing focal aortic wall calcific bands
π Normal empty stomach (collapsed, folded rugal pattern)
π Normal distended stomach (anechoic lumen after oral fluid)
π Physiologic antral contraction and gastric peristalsis (cine)
π Normal gastric wall thickness (≤3–5 mm depending on distention)
π Physiologic air/gas shadowing in lumen (normal artifact)
π Normal transient pyloric spasm (infants)
π Normal gastric emptying pattern (age/meal dependent)
π Postprandial antral wall prominence (physiologic hypertrophy)
π Physiologic fundal pocket of fluid (dependent layering)
π Minimal physiologic peristaltic fluid echoes (fine debris)
π Normal gastric wall stratification (five layers on high-resolution / endoscopic ultrasound)
π Transient gastroesophageal reflux (visualized as reflux jet on Doppler)
π Acute erosive gastritis (mucosal irregularity, focal wall thickening)
π Chronic non-atrophic gastritis (diffuse mild wall thickening)
π Chronic atrophic gastritis (mucosal thinning, loss of folds)
π H. pylori–associated gastritis (hyperemia, nodular thickening)
π Eosinophilic gastritis (segmental hypoechoic wall thickening)
π Reactive (chemical) gastritis (post-NSAID/alkali exposure)
π Hypertrophic (Menetrier-like) gastritis (marked rugal thickening)
π Granulomatous gastritis (TB, Crohn’s—focal transmural changes)
π Autoimmune gastritis (fundal predominant atrophy)
π Lymphocytic gastritis (nodular/patchy thickening)
π Gastric mucosal edema (fluid-dependent thickening)
π Hypertrophic rugal disease (marked fold enlargement)
π Radiation gastritis (mucosal irregularity, ulceration)
π CMV/viral gastritis (immunocompromised — focal hypoechoic area)
π Chemical burn gastritis (irregular echotexture)
π Erosive gastropathy with focal echogenic debris (blood/clot)
π Antral gastritis with pyloric spasm (dynamic outflow effect)
π Follicular gastritis with nodular mucosal echogenicity
π Gastritis with reactive perigastric fat stranding (severe inflammation)
π Gastric wall hyperemia on color Doppler (active inflammation)
π Gastric ulcer (focal mucosal defect, focal wall thickening)
π Duodenal bulb ulcer (seen at proximal stomach/duodenal interface)
π Perforated gastric/duodenal ulcer (free fluid, pneumoperitoneum — indirect on US)
π Penetrating ulcer with adjacent inflammatory phlegmon (hypoechoic juxtaluminal mass)
π Bleeding ulcer (echogenic intraluminal clot or fluid)
π Chronic healed ulcer with scarring and wall retraction
π Gastric outlet stenosis from chronic peptic disease (antral narrowing, upstream dilation)
π Gastric ulcer with submucosal abscess (localized complex collection)
π Ulcer with adjacent gastric wall edema and hyperemia
π Gastrocolic fistula secondary to penetrating ulcer (air/fluid in colon/stomach communicating)
π Duodenal diverticulum with adjacent ulceration (mimic)
π Marginal ulcer at gastrojejunostomy (post-op)
π Perforated posterior duodenal ulcer causing retroperitoneal fluid/gas (indirect sign)
π Chronic ulcer recurrence with mucosal nodularity
π Ulcer-associated antral deformity with angular change
π Mallory-Weiss tear (mucosal flap with intraluminal clot)
π Pyloric channel ulcer with functional obstruction
π Submucosal ulcer crater with surrounding mucosal hyperemia
π Pyloric hypertrophy (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
π Pyloric channel edema/spasm (transient obstruction)
π Benign peptic stenosis (antral scarring)
π Malignant pyloric obstruction (tumor at antrum/pylorus)
π Gastric bezoar causing mechanical obstruction (echogenic mass with posterior acoustic shadowing or trapped gas)
π Duodenal web / membrane (congenital obstruction at bulb)
π Postoperative anastomotic stricture (gastrojejunostomy)
π External compression of pylorus by pancreatic pseudocyst or mass
π Gastric volvulus with outlet obstruction (organoaxial/mesenteroaxial rotation)
π Crohn’s disease causing pyloric stenosis (rare)
π Edematous stenosis in acute severe gastritis
π Functional gastric stasis (diabetic gastroparesis with retained fluid)
π Gastric duplication cyst (congenital anechoic cyst adjacent to wall)
π Enteric duplication with communication (complex cyst with peristalsis)
π Nonpancreatic pseudocyst abutting stomach (post-trauma)
π Retention cyst of gastric mucosa (rare)
π Submucosal gastric cyst (epithelial cyst)
π Lymphangioma of gastric wall (multiloculated cystic lesion)
π Cystic degeneration in neoplasm (necrotic cystic tumor)
π Ectopic pancreatic cystic lesion in gastric wall (heterotopic pancreas)
π Mesothelial/peritoneal inclusion cyst adhering to stomach
π Hydatid cyst adherent to gastric serosa (rare)
π Gastric wall intramural cyst (pseudocystic change in X disease)
π Gastric duplication cyst with calcified rim (chronic)
π Gastric submucosal cyst with internal debris (infected)
π Congenital bronchogenic cyst adjacent to stomach (rare mimic)
π Hyperplastic polyp (mucosal polypoid echogenic lesion)
π Fundic gland polyp (small, multiple, benign)
π Adenomatous polyp (premalignant mucosal lesion)
π Inflammatory polyp (post-ulcer/regenerative)
π Hamartomatous polyp (Peutz-Jeghers)
π Lipoma (echogenic submucosal mass with well-defined border)
π Leiomyoma (well-defined hypoechoic intramural tumor)
π Schwannoma (submucosal solid lesion)
π Granular cell tumor (small submucosal lesion)
π Lymphoid hyperplasia/nodular gastritis presenting as mucosal nodules
π Ectopic pancreas (submucosal heterogeneous lesion with central duct)
π Polypoid heterotopia (ectopic tissue causing bump)
π Hamartoma of gastric wall (rare benign mass)
π Benign epithelial adenoma with pedicle (mobile on cine)
π Multiple polyposis syndromes manifesting as numerous polyps
π Post-surgical suture granuloma on inner wall (mimic polyp)
π Gastric adenocarcinoma — intestinal type (mass or focal wall thickening)
π Diffuse (linitis plastica) gastric carcinoma (marked wall thickening and rigidity, loss of peristalsis)
π Early gastric cancer (superficial mucosal lesion—subtle on US)
π Gastroesophageal junction (cardia) carcinoma (proximal stomach)
π Gastric lymphoma (primary or secondary—mass or diffuse infiltration)
π Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) — submucosal solid mass, often exophytic
π Signet-ring cell carcinoma (diffuse infiltrative pattern)
π Adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma (rare variants)
π Metastatic gastric deposit (melanoma, breast, lung)
π Carcinosarcoma / mixed tumors (rare)
π Neuroendocrine tumor (gastric NET / carcinoid — small hypervascular nodule)
π Krukenberg tumor (ovarian metastasis from gastric primary — secondary sign)
π Diffuse infiltrative metastasis with nodular serosal implants
π Linitis plastica with gastric wall rigidity and small lumen
π Gastric sarcoma (leiomyosarcoma, rare)
π Secondary mucinous implants producing pseudomyxoma extension to stomach (rare)
π Post-surgical recurrence / anastomotic recurrence (after gastrectomy)
π Perigastric nodal extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MALT associated)
π Malignant ulcer with irregular crater and invasive margins
π Gastric stump carcinoma (post partial gastrectomy)
π Tumor with serosal breach and peritoneal implants
π Large exophytic mass with necrosis (advanced GIST/adenoca)
π Gastric wall invasion from adjacent pancreatic/gallbladder cancer
π Gastric carcinoma presenting with malignant ascites and peritoneal thickening
π Small gastric NETs with hypervascularity on Doppler
π Diffuse submucosal metastasis (scirrhous spread)
π Malignant transformation within polyp (adenoma → carcinoma)
π Recurrent gastric cancer at surgical bed
π Perigastric abscess (walled complex collection adjacent to stomach)
π Gastric perforation with free intra-abdominal fluid/air (indirect US signs)
π Perigastric phlegmon (ill-defined hypoechoic inflammatory mass)
π Omental cake/serosal metastatic implants along gastric surface
π Adhesive bands tethering stomach to adjacent organ (post-op)
π Gastric volvulus with twisted mesentery (free fluid, abnormal gastric orientation)
π Subphrenic abscess abutting gastric fundus
π Pancreatic pseudocyst adherent to posterior stomach wall
π Gastric serosal implants (peritoneal carcinomatosis)
π Gastric hernia into thorax (hiatal hernia with stomach in chest — indirect sonographic clues)
π Gastric ischemia with perigastric edema (rare, severe vascular compromise)
π Gastric wall hematoma (post trauma/anticoagulants)
π External compression by splenic/left hepatic mass causing luminal indentation
π Gastric wall desmoid or abdominal wall adhesion producing deformity
π Gastric ischemia (rare; wall thinning, absent perfusion on Doppler)
π Gastric infarction (full-thickness necrosis — emergent, loss of wall layers)
π Gastric varices (fundal varices — anechoic tortuous channels with flow on Doppler)
π Portal hypertensive gastropathy (mucosal hyperemia)
π Dieulafoy lesion (submucosal vascular malformation — intermittent bleeding)
π Gastric wall hematoma (submucosal) — echogenic evolving to anechoic over time
π Hemorrhagic gastritis (intraluminal echogenic blood/debris)
π Arteriovenous malformation of gastric wall (high-flow lesion on Doppler)
π Pseudoaneurysm of splenic/pancreatic artery causing gastric compression/bleed
π Embolic gastric ischemia (from arterial occlusion)
π Venous congestion of gastric wall (cardiorenal/portal hypertension)
π Gastric wall thrombophlebitis (rare septic venous process)
π Phlegmonous gastritis (bacterial fulminant infection — wall thickening, abscess)
π Tuberculous involvement of stomach (ulcerative/granulomatous thickening)
π Fungal gastric infection (Candida/Aspergillus in immunocompromised — focal lesion)
π Parasitic granulomas (e.g., anisakiasis — focal submucosal hypoechoic area with regional reaction)
π Echinococcus cyst abutting gastric serosa (secondary involvement)
π Gastric actinomycosis (masslike inflammatory lesion)
π Gastric syphilitic ulcer/lesion (rare)
π CMV gastric ulceration in immunocompromised (echogenic debris)
π Bacterial abscess tracking to gastric wall (post-op leak)
π Gastric candidal plaques with superficial mucosal irregularity
π Penetrating trauma with gastric wall breach (free fluid/air; local collection)
π Blunt trauma causing intramural hematoma or rupture (contours irregular)
π Gastric perforation secondary to foreign body (perforation signs)
π Ingested foreign body impacted in stomach (echogenic object with shadow)
π Bezoar (trichobezoar/phytobezoar) — echogenic mass with internal acoustic shadowing or trapped gas bubbles
π Gastric wall contusion with focal thickening
π Post-endoscopy perforation/air with peritoneal fluid (indirect signs)
π Post-surgical staple line dehiscence with leak/collection
π Balloon/food-tube related gastric injury (iatrogenic)
π Gastric wall laceration with localized hematoma
π Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) — thickened pylorus, elongated channel on US
π Congenital gastric duplications (cystic mass causing obstruction)
π Neonatal gastric volvulus (rare, acute obstruction)
π Congenital hypertrophic gastritis (rare neonatal variant)
π Aeroingested foreign body (radiolucent) visible on high-res US in child
π Pediatric gastric polyps/syndromic polyposis (familial)
π Pyloric web/diaphragm (neonatal obstruction)
π GERD with transient severe reflux visualized in infants (jet on color Doppler)
π Ectopic pancreatic rest presenting as submucosal mass in child
π Pediatric gastric lymphoma (rare)
π Neonatal gastric wall hematoma (birth trauma / coagulopathy)
π Meckel diverticulum with gastric mucosa ectopia causing adjacent gastric reaction
π Gastric involvement in Crohn’s disease (granulomatous thickening)
π Gastric amyloidosis (thickened rigid wall, echogenic layers altered)
π Gastric sarcoidosis (nodular wall lesions)
π Gastric involvement in systemic sclerosis (hypomotility, wall thinning)
π Gastric manifestations of vasculitis (e.g., BehΓ§et — ulceration)
π Metastatic disease from breast/lung/melanoma manifesting as gastric nodules
π Drug-induced gastric injury (NSAID, bisphosphonate erosions)
π Portal hypertensive gastropathy (mucosal hyperemia, wall thickening)
π Gastric changes in severe malnutrition (thin wall, reduced folds)
π Gastric wall infiltration in leukemia/lymphoma (diffuse hypoechoic pattern)
π Gastric manifestations of amyloid light-chain disease (ACD)
π Gastric involvement in HSP (Henoch-SchΓΆnlein purpura) — edema and pain
π Post-gastrectomy anastomotic leak (perigastric collection, free fluid)
π Post-surgical stricture at gastrojejunostomy (obstruction signs)
π Post-endoscopic mucosal resection cavity (localized wall defect)
π Post-endoscopic submucosal dissection (US detectable defect/hematoma)
π Post-RFA/MWA ablation cavity in gastric wall (echogenic gas/necrotic cavity)
π Post-surgical staple line fistula to skin/organ (tract with fluid)
π Post-fundoplication wrap dysfunction (abnormal gastric orientation)
π Post-laparoscopic port-site herniation with stomach contents in sac
π Post-radiation gastric fibrosis and stricture
π Post-PEG tube tract infection / abscess adjacent to stomach
π Post-surgical retained foreign material giving mass effect (gossypiboma)
π Anastomotic recurrence of tumor at surgical joint
π Gastric lymphangiectasia (rare edematous mucosal disease)
π Eosinophilic granuloma of stomach (rare inflammatory pseudotumor)
π Gastric involvement in Erdheim–Chester disease (peri-gastric rind)
π Isolated gastric Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS-associated nodules)
π Primary gastric amyloidoma (localized)
π Gastric cavernous hemangiomatosis (diffuse vascular malformation)
π Gastric mucormycosis in immunocompromised (necrotic wall lesion)
π Primary gastric choriocarcinoma (very rare aggressive tumor)
π Normal bowel wall (<3 mm thick, visible five-layer pattern)
π Normal peristalsis (propulsive, symmetric movement)
π Normal luminal gas and fluid patterns
π Normal valvulae conniventes pattern in jejunum
π Normal ileal peristalsis (terminal ileum visible)
π Normal duodenal C-loop
π Normal bowel motility during fasting and after meals
π Physiologic mucosal hyperemia post-meal
π Collapsed loops with visible mucosa-submucosa interface
π Post-meal transient mild thickening (physiologic)
π Acute enteritis (thickened wall, hyperemia)
π Chronic enteritis (fibrotic, hypoechoic wall)
π Crohn’s disease (segmental, transmural thickening)
π Crohn’s with creeping fat and skip lesions
π Crohn’s fistulizing disease (sinus/fistula tracts)
π Crohn’s abscess (perienteric collection)
π Crohn’s stricture (narrowed lumen)
π Crohn’s fibrostenotic phase
π Crohn’s pseudopolyps
π Crohn’s mesenteric hypervascularity ("comb sign")
π Ulcerative jejunitis (rare)
π Infectious enteritis — bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella)
π Typhoid enteritis (ileal thickening, mesenteric nodes)
π Amoebic enteritis (ulcerated wall, hypoechoic thickening)
π Yersinia enteritis (terminal ileitis pattern)
π Tuberculous enteritis (ileocecal thickening, necrotic nodes)
π Fungal enteritis (Candida, Mucor — immunocompromised)
π Viral enteritis (diffuse, mild wall edema)
π Parasitic enteritis (Giardiasis, Ascaris, Strongyloides)
π Whipple’s disease (hyperechoic mucosa, enlarged nodes)
π Eosinophilic enteritis (hypoechoic wall, thickened folds)
π Radiation enteritis (fixed loop, hyperechoic wall)
π Celiac disease (fold atrophy, luminal dilatation, hyperperistalsis)
π Tropical sprue (similar to celiac)
π Graft-versus-host enteritis
π Collagenous enteritis (submucosal band)
π NSAID-induced enteropathy (ulcers, strictures)
π Autoimmune enteritis (SLE, vasculitis)
π Post-COVID small bowel inflammation
π Reactive enteritis (post-infectious, post-surgical)
π Cryptosporidiosis / Microsporidiosis (HIV patients)
π Typhlitis (neutropenic enterocolitis, cecal/ileal region)
π Ischemic enteritis (segmental hypoechoic, poor flow)
π Chronic fibrosing enteritis (post inflammation)
π Post-endoscopy inflammatory changes
π Small bowel obstruction (SBO)
π Closed-loop obstruction (U- or C-shaped loop)
π Adhesive band obstruction (transition point visible)
π Volvulus (whirlpool sign, absent flow)
π Intussusception (target / doughnut sign)
π Ileus (aperistaltic, fluid-filled loops)
π Stricture (Crohn’s, radiation, post-surgery)
π Obstructing neoplasm (mass + upstream dilatation)
π Adhesive internal hernia
π Hernia-related SBO (inguinal, femoral, incisional)
π Bezoar obstruction (intraluminal echogenic focus)
π Gallstone ileus (ectopic stone with shadow)
π Foreign body impaction
π Parasitic obstruction (Ascaris bundle)
π Post-inflammatory adhesion obstruction
π Obstruction by hematoma or clot
π Intestinal malrotation with midgut volvulus
π Post-radiation fixed loop obstruction
π SBO due to peritoneal carcinomatosis
π Partial obstruction due to external compression (mass, abscess)
π Acute mesenteric ischemia (no mural flow)
π Non-occlusive ischemia (shock-related)
π Chronic ischemia (post-SMA stenosis)
π Arterial thrombosis / embolism
π Venous thrombosis (SMV, IMV)
π Ischemic stricture (fibrotic segment)
π Reperfusion hyperemia (post-ischemic recovery)
π Bowel wall infarction (loss of stratification)
π Pneumatosis intestinalis (gas in wall)
π Portal venous gas (severe ischemia)
π Segmental ischemia from radiation
π Ischemic ulceration (submucosal defects)
π Post-shock bowel edema
π Ischemia post-transplant
π Mesenteric steal syndrome
π Vasculitic enteropathy (SLE, PAN, BehΓ§et)
π Angiodysplasia (vascular tuft on Doppler)
π AV malformation (rare congenital)
π Venous congestion due to portal hypertension
π Post-embolization necrosis
π Adenoma (mucosal polyp)
π Hamartomatous polyp (Peutz-Jeghers)
π Lipoma (echogenic intramural)
π Leiomyoma (submucosal hypoechoic mass)
π Fibroma (solid echogenic lesion)
π Schwannoma (well-defined hypoechoic)
π Inflammatory fibroid polyp
π Brunner’s gland adenoma (duodenal bulb)
π Lymphangioma (cystic submucosal)
π Hemangioma (vascular lesion, Doppler flow)
π Myofibroma (pediatric)
π Juvenile polyp
π Hyperplastic mucosal nodule
π Adenomyoma (rare benign)
π Endometriosis involving small bowel wall
π Ectopic pancreas (submucosal nodule, duodenal)
π Villous adenoma (rare small bowel)
π Submucosal cystic lesion (benign)
π Solitary fibrous tumor (benign)
π Post-inflammatory pseudopolyp
π Adenocarcinoma (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
π Mucinous adenocarcinoma
π Lymphoma (circumferential wall thickening)
π Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
π Leiomyosarcoma
π Carcinoid (neuroendocrine tumor of ileum)
π Sarcoma (undifferentiated, MFH)
π Signet-ring cell carcinoma
π Small bowel metastasis (melanoma, lung, ovarian, colon)
π Metastasis from renal cell carcinoma
π Malignant melanoma primary of small bowel
π Kaposi’s sarcoma (HIV-related)
π Malignant hemangioendothelioma
π Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
π Lymphangiosarcoma
π Malignant GIST recurrence
π Carcinosarcoma (rare mixed tumor)
π Small bowel adenocarcinoma with obstruction
π Secondary lymphoma (systemic spread)
π Peritoneal carcinomatosis involving small bowel
π Duodenal papillary carcinoma
π Malignant neuroendocrine tumor (metastatic)
π Post-radiation sarcoma
π Malignant perforation (tumor rupture)
π Bowel wall metastasis (serosal implant)
π Amoebiasis (ulcerated thick wall)
π Giardiasis (luminal debris, motile echoes)
π Strongyloides (fold thickening)
π Ascariasis (tubular echogenic lines)
π Taeniasis (tapeworm, rare sonographic visibility)
π Schistosomiasis (calcified wall)
π Cryptosporidium infection (HIV enteropathy)
π Isospora enteritis
π Microsporidia enteritis (AIDS)
π Mycobacterial enteritis (TB, HIV-related)
π Typhoid enteritis (ulceration in distal ileum)
π Yersinia enteritis (mesenteric adenitis pattern)
π C. difficile enteritis (toxic dilation)
π Campylobacter enteritis
π Rotavirus enteritis (pediatric)
π Adenovirus enteritis
π Norovirus enteritis (mild thickening)
π CMV enteritis (HIV, transplant)
π Toxoplasma enteritis
π Mixed bacterial enteritis (food poisoning spectrum)
π Meckel’s diverticulum (blind-ending sac)
π Infected Meckel’s diverticulum (diverticulitis)
π Meckel’s cystic remnant
π Duplication cyst (ileal, jejunal)
π Malrotation of midgut
π Intestinal atresia (neonatal)
π Jejunal or ileal stenosis
π Persistent vitelline duct / fistula
π Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (herniated loops)
π Congenital internal hernia (paraduodenal)
π Cloacal malformation (pediatric)
π Congenital short bowel
π Cystic lymphangioma (mesenteric)
π Congenital mesenteric defect (internal herniation)
π Congenital segmental dilation
π Blunt trauma small bowel perforation
π Post-operative adhesions causing obstruction
π Anastomotic leak / abscess
π Post-resection recurrence (Crohn’s)
π Post-radiation fibrosis
π Post-endoscopic perforation
π Post-biopsy hematoma
π Post-ERCP duodenal injury
π Post-hernia repair bowel adhesion
π Post-mesh entrapment
π Post-foreign body ingestion perforation
π Post-ileostomy loop inflammation
π Post-surgical internal hernia
π Post-laparoscopic gas artifact
π Iatrogenic perforation from colonoscopy
π Post-trauma mesenteric hematoma
π Post-surgical seroma
π Post-transplant small bowel ischemia
π Suture granuloma near anastomosis
π Post-adhesiolysis partial obstruction
π Mesenteric ischemia (secondary to cardiac failure)
π Portal hypertension (bowel wall edema)
π Hypoalbuminemia-related bowel edema
π Congestive heart failure (submucosal edema)
π Renal failure with uremic enteropathy
π SLE vasculitis with small bowel thickening
π Systemic amyloidosis (rigid bowel wall)
π Sarcoidosis involving small bowel
π Celiac disease secondary to immune disorders
π Graft-versus-host enteritis
π Diabetic enteropathy
π Chemotherapy-induced mucositis
π Post-hematologic malignancy infiltration
π Immunosuppressed enteritis (HIV, post-transplant)
π Systemic sclerosis (atonic loops, pseudo-obstruction)
π Small bowel hemorrhage (intraluminal echoes)
π AV malformation (focal color flow hotspot)
π Hemangioma (vascular submucosal lesion)
π Dieulafoy’s lesion (rare, upper jejunal)
π Post-NSAID ulcer bleeding
π Post-radiation telangiectasia
π Angiodysplasia of jejunum / ileum
π Post-trauma intramural hematoma
π Anticoagulant-related hemorrhage
π Post-embolization bowel bleed
π Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (gas cysts in wall)
π Lymphangiectasia (hypoechoic mucosal band)
π Protein-losing enteropathy (thick mucosa)
π Amyloid enteropathy (rigid, hyperechoic wall)
π Scleroderma bowel (dilated, atonic loops)
π Radiation-induced enteropathy
π Sarcoid enteritis
π Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (multi-segmental)
π MALT lymphoma (thickened, preserved layers)
π Graft-versus-host disease (segmental edema)
π Celiac crisis (massive luminal dilatation)
π Short bowel syndrome (post-resection)
π Blind loop syndrome (stagnation)
π Post-obstructive bacterial overgrowth
π Inflammatory pseudotumor of small bowel
π Normal colon (wall 3 mm, haustral pattern, compressible)
π Normal cecum (gas-containing, thin wall)
π Normal sigmoid with haustrations
π Physiologic peristaltic motion
π Gas-filled colon (acoustic shadowing)
π Fluid-filled colon (transient, post-meal)
π Normal mucosal stratification (five-layer pattern)
π Postprandial vascular enhancement (Doppler)
π Mild physiological wall thickening in hyperperistalsis
π Normal collapsed colon with visible haustral folds
π Acute colitis (diffuse wall thickening, hyperemia)
π Chronic colitis (fibrotic wall, hypoechoic thickening)
π Ulcerative colitis (continuous distal disease)
π Crohn’s colitis (segmental, transmural inflammation)
π Granulomatous colitis (tuberculosis, Crohn’s)
π Pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile)
π Ischemic colitis (segmental, reduced flow)
π Radiation colitis (echogenic mucosa, fibrosis)
π Infective colitis — bacterial (E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella)
π Amoebic colitis (ulcerated, thick hypoechoic wall)
π Typhoid colitis (ileocecal region thickening)
π Tuberculous colitis (ileocecal region, necrotic nodes)
π CMV colitis (immunocompromised)
π Yersinia colitis (mimicking appendicitis)
π Schistosomal colitis (calcified wall, nodular mucosa)
π Parasitic colitis (Strongyloides, Giardia)
π Fungal colitis (Candida, Aspergillus in HIV)
π Viral colitis (rare, CMV/EBV)
π NSAID-induced colitis (ulcers, segmental)
π Post-antibiotic colitis (C. difficile pseudomembranes)
π Reactive colitis (post-infective inflammation)
π Eosinophilic colitis (allergic, pediatric)
π Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis (SCAD)
π Autoimmune colitis (SLE, vasculitis)
π Collagenous colitis (submucosal echogenic band)
π Lymphocytic colitis (diffuse hypoechoic thickening)
π Diversion colitis (post-surgery)
π Graft-versus-host colitis (GVHD)
π Chronic radiation injury with strictures
π Chronic fibrotic colitis (post-inflammation)
π Colonic diverticulosis (hyperechoic outpouchings)
π Diverticulitis (focal wall thickening, pericolic fat stranding)
π Complicated diverticulitis (abscess / perforation)
π Perforated diverticulitis (air bubbles, free fluid)
π Diverticular abscess (paracolic collection)
π Fistula (colovesical / colovaginal / colocutaneous)
π Stricture from chronic diverticulitis
π Segmental diverticular disease (sigmoid dominant)
π Diverticular bleeding (rare, color Doppler spot sign)
π Post-diverticulitis fibrosis
π Recurrent diverticulitis
π Diverticulitis with peritonitis
π Diverticulitis with mesenteric vein thrombosis
π Diverticular phlegmon (ill-defined mass)
π Postoperative diverticular adhesions
π Ischemic colitis (watershed zones – splenic flexure, sigmoid)
π Arterial occlusion (SMA / IMA)
π Venous thrombosis (IMV)
π Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (low flow state)
π Chronic ischemic stricture
π Post-embolic ischemia
π Infarcted colon wall (loss of stratification)
π Reperfusion hyperemia
π Segmental colonic edema (ischemic pattern)
π Post-radiation vascular insufficiency
π Shock-related colonic ischemia
π Ischemia after aortic surgery
π Colonic infarction with pneumatosis
π Gas in mesenteric veins (severe ischemia)
π Post-chemotherapy ischemic colitis
π Hemorrhagic colitis (diffuse hyperemia)
π AV malformation (vascular tuft on Doppler)
π Colonic varices (portal hypertension)
π Vasculitic colitis (SLE, PAN, HSP)
π Post-traumatic vascular injury to colon
π Adenomatous polyp (sessile / pedunculated)
π Tubular adenoma
π Villous adenoma
π Tubulovillous adenoma
π Hyperplastic polyp (small, nonvascular)
π Inflammatory polyp (post-ulcerative)
π Lipoma (echogenic submucosal mass)
π Leiomyoma (smooth muscle, hypoechoic)
π Schwannoma
π Hamartoma (Peutz-Jeghers)
π Lymphangioma (rare)
π Fibroma
π Granular cell tumor (rare)
π Submucosal cystic lesion
π Post-inflammatory pseudopolyp
π Polypoid mucosal prolapse
π Juvenile polyp (pediatric)
π Adenomyoma (rare benign)
π Neurofibroma
π Inflammatory fibroid polyp
π Adenocarcinoma (most common)
π Mucinous adenocarcinoma
π Signet ring carcinoma
π Medullary carcinoma (rare)
π Squamous carcinoma (anal canal extension)
π Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
π Carcinoid tumor (rectosigmoid)
π Lymphoma (primary or secondary)
π Sarcoma (leiomyosarcoma, MFH)
π Metastasis to colon (melanoma, gastric, ovarian)
π Metastasis from endometrial carcinoma
π Diffuse infiltrative carcinoma (linitis plastica type)
π Carcinosarcoma
π Adenosquamous carcinoma
π Serrated carcinoma (from serrated adenoma)
π Colonic melanoma (rare primary)
π Post-radiation carcinoma
π Post-chemotherapy recurrent tumor
π Local recurrence post-resection
π Stump carcinoma at anastomosis
π Infiltrative carcinoma with peritoneal extension
π Colonic metastases with intussusception
π Peritoneal carcinomatosis secondary to colon cancer
π Colonic wall metastasis from bladder / ovary
π Malignant polyp transformation
π Ulcerative colitis (continuous, rectosigmoid first)
π Crohn’s colitis (skip lesions, transmural)
π Indeterminate colitis (features of both)
π Backwash ileitis (with UC)
π Crohn’s penetrating disease (fistula / sinus)
π Crohn’s stricture
π Crohn’s pseudopolyps
π Crohn’s abscess
π Crohn’s mesenteric creeping fat
π Crohn’s perianal disease (secondary)
π Crohn’s fistulizing disease (to bladder, vagina)
π Chronic inactive colitis (IBD burnout phase)
π Fibrostenotic Crohn’s
π Post-surgical recurrence
π Post-therapy mucosal healing phase
π Colonic stricture (benign or malignant)
π Adhesive band causing obstruction
π Volvulus — sigmoid (whirl sign)
π Volvulus — cecal (inversion pattern)
π Obstruction due to tumor
π Intussusception (target sign)
π Post-inflammatory stricture
π Fecal impaction (echogenic intraluminal mass)
π Foreign body impaction
π Post-radiation stenosis
π Post-ischemic fibrosis
π Stricture after endoscopic mucosal resection
π Post-anastomotic stricture
π Obstructed hernia involving colon
π Chronic partial obstruction
π Post-polypectomy hematoma
π Post-colonoscopy perforation
π Post-biopsy wall injury
π Post-resection anastomotic leak
π Post-operative abscess / collection
π Post-stapler leak (pneumoperitoneum)
π Post-hemicolectomy recurrence
π Post-radiation fibrosis
π Post-chemotherapy necrosis
π Post-laparoscopic injury to colon
π Post-transplant colonic ischemia
π Post-stoma (colostomy) complications
π Post-suture granuloma
π Post-adhesiolysis seroma
π Post-surgical adhesions with tethered loops
π Colonic hemorrhage (Doppler spot)
π Angiodysplasia (vascular tuft on Doppler)
π Colonic varices (portal hypertension)
π Post-radiation telangiectasia
π AV malformation
π Hemangioma (rare)
π Ischemic colitis with bleeding
π NSAID-induced bleeding ulcer
π Stercoral ulcer bleed
π Diverticular bleeding
π Congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung’s)
π Colonic duplication cyst
π Colonic atresia
π Imperforate anus (distal colon dilation)
π Malrotation with abnormal colon position
π Persistent cloaca (female)
π Congenital segmental dilation
π Colonic aganglionosis (long segment)
π Congenital stricture
π Congenital fistula to bladder / vagina
π Appendicitis involving cecal base
π Tuberculosis involving ileocecal region
π Peritoneal carcinomatosis from colon
π Retroperitoneal fibrosis involving colon
π Pancreatic tail carcinoma invading splenic flexure
π Gastric carcinoma invading transverse colon
π Ovarian carcinoma invading sigmoid colon
π Uterine carcinoma invading rectosigmoid
π Bladder carcinoma invading colon
π Diverticulitis extending to bladder (colovesical fistula)
π Pelvic abscess compressing sigmoid
π Retroperitoneal abscess involving colon
π Crohn’s enterocolonic fistula
π Mesenteric ischemia involving colon
π Portal hypertension causing colonic varices
π Pelvic radiation fibrosis encasing colon
π Lymphoma extending to colon
π Systemic amyloidosis with colonic wall thickening
π Sarcoidosis involving colon
π Peritoneal adhesions tethering colon
π Normal appendix (compressible, ≤6 mm diameter)
π Normal blind-ending tubular structure from cecum
π Gas-filled appendix (normal, air artifact)
π Collapsed appendix (post-peristaltic phase)
π Peristaltic cecal shadow mimicking appendix
π Postprandial mild wall thickening (physiologic)
π Mobile appendix position variant (retrocecal, pelvic, subhepatic, pre-ileal, post-ileal)
π Normal periappendiceal fat without echogenicity
π Normal appendicular artery/vein (seen on Doppler)
π Normal pediatric appendix (visualized clearly on graded compression)
π Early acute appendicitis (diameter > 6 mm, noncompressible, hyperemic)
π Suppurative appendicitis (fluid-filled, thick wall)
π Gangrenous appendicitis (loss of wall layers, hypoechoic wall)
π Perforated appendicitis (discontinuity, pericecal collection)
π Appendiceal abscess (localized collection, echogenic debris)
π Appendiceal phlegmon (ill-defined mass)
π Periappendicitis (inflammation around normal-caliber appendix)
π Appendiceal mass (appendix + omentum + bowel adherent)
π Peri-appendiceal inflammatory fat (echogenic periappendiceal tissue)
π Appendicolith with inflamed appendix
π Periappendiceal gas (emphysematous appendicitis)
π Appendiceal mural hyperemia (color Doppler ring sign)
π Reactive mesenteric nodes (appendicitis-related)
π Subacute resolving appendicitis
π Post-treated appendicitis (post-antibiotic stage)
π Post-drainage resolving abscess
π Recurrent appendicitis
π Residual appendiceal tip inflammation
π Appendicitis in pregnancy (displaced upward)
π Pediatric appendicitis with reactive ileitis
π Perforation with abscess formation
π Perforation with diffuse peritonitis
π Appendiceal gangrene with necrosis
π Appendico-cutaneous fistula
π Appendico-vesical fistula (to urinary bladder)
π Appendico-vaginal fistula
π Appendico-uterine fistula
π Appendico-ileal fistula
π Appendico-colic fistula
π Appendico-peritoneal abscess
π Retrocecal abscess
π Pelvic abscess (dependent collection)
π Subhepatic abscess (ectopic appendix rupture)
π Subdiaphragmatic abscess (retrocecal perforation)
π Psoas abscess (tracking from perforated appendix)
π Portal pyaemia (thrombophlebitis secondary to appendicitis)
π Septic thrombosis of mesenteric veins
π Ileus secondary to appendicitis
π Adhesive small bowel obstruction (post-appendicitis)
π Peritoneal adhesions from chronic inflammation
π Chronic appendicitis (thickened, fibrotic, non-acute)
π Subacute appendicitis
π Recurrent appendicitis (interval inflammation)
π Fibrotic appendix (loss of lumen, scarred)
π Post-inflammatory mucocele (chronic dilatation)
π Chronic appendiceal mass (organized phlegmon)
π Granulomatous appendicitis (TB, Crohn’s)
π Eosinophilic appendicitis (parasitic, allergic)
π Appendiceal fibrosis with calcification
π Post-abscess residual sinus
π Appendicular stump inflammation
π Stump abscess (after incomplete appendectomy)
π Post-surgical chronic pain (stump appendicitis)
π Adhesive bands at appendiceal base
π Post-appendicectomy fibrotic adhesions
π Tuberculous appendicitis
π Parasitic appendicitis (Enterobius vermicularis)
π Schistosomal appendicitis
π Amebic appendicitis
π Typhoid appendicitis (ulcerative)
π Fungal appendicitis (Candida, rare)
π Viral appendicitis (CMV, EBV, rare immunocompromised)
π Yersinia enterocolitica appendicitis
π Actinomycosis of appendix
π Bacterial appendicitis (E. coli, Klebsiella, etc.)
π Appendiceal infection secondary to pelvic sepsis
π Appendiceal stump infection (post-surgery)
π Appendiceal abscess with gas-forming organisms
π Appendicular tuberculosis with caseous necrosis
π Appendiceal parasitic granuloma
π Appendiceal helminth (roundworm, rare)
π Appendiceal secondary infection due to diverticulitis
π Appendiceal infection due to pelvic inflammatory disease (female)
π Appendiceal infection post-endoscopy
π Appendiceal post-foreign body infection
π Simple appendiceal cyst (retention)
π Appendiceal mucocele (mucus-filled, >15 mm diameter)
π Mucinous cystadenoma
π Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
π Cystic epithelial neoplasm (non-mucinous)
π Appendiceal duplication cyst
π Appendiceal diverticulum (true diverticulum)
π Inflamed diverticulum (appendicular diverticulitis)
π Appendiceal hydatid cyst (rare)
π Appendiceal pseudocyst (post-infective)
π Appendiceal cystadenoma with calcified wall
π Mucocele with internal echogenic layering
π Ruptured mucocele with pseudomyxoma peritonei
π Cystic lymphangioma near appendix
π Retention cyst after obstruction of lumen
π Adenoma of appendix
π Adenomatous polyp
π Carcinoid tumor (neuroendocrine, tip of appendix)
π Goblet cell carcinoid (adenocarcinoid)
π Submucosal lipoma
π Leiomyoma
π Fibroma
π Schwannoma (rare)
π Hemangioma
π Mucnous adenoma (low-grade neoplasm)
π Adenocarcinoma of appendix
π Mucinous adenocarcinoma
π Goblet cell adenocarcinoma
π Signet ring cell carcinoma
π Mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma
π Sarcoma (leiomyosarcoma, rare)
π Lymphoma (primary or secondary)
π Carcinosarcoma
π Metastatic involvement (colon, ovary, stomach)
π Pseudomyxoma peritonei secondary to ruptured tumor
π Malignant transformation of mucocele
π Recurrent malignant appendiceal mass
π Post-appendicectomy malignant residual
π Post-chemotherapy necrotic tumor remnant
π Secondary peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendix cancer
π Appendiceal wall ischemia (pre-gangrenous stage)
π Appendiceal venous thrombosis
π Appendiceal arterial occlusion
π Appendiceal infarction (post torsion or volvulus)
π Post-trauma appendiceal hematoma
π Appendiceal hemorrhage (rare cause of GI bleed)
π Portal pyaemia from appendiceal thrombophlebitis
π Appendiceal pseudoaneurysm (rare iatrogenic)
π Hemoperitoneum from ruptured appendiceal vessel
π Appendiceal wall vascular ectasia
π Appendiceal agenesis (rare congenital absence)
π Appendiceal duplication (two appendices)
π Appendiceal atresia or stenosis
π Congenital appendiceal diverticulum
π Malrotation with ectopic appendix (subhepatic / pelvic)
π Situs inversus with left-sided appendix
π Congenital appendiceal cyst
π Persistent fetal appendiceal length (>10 cm)
π Accessory appendiceal process (rare)
π Congenital mesoappendix anomaly (vascular variant)
π Post-appendectomy stump inflammation
π Stump abscess / phlegmon
π Stump appendicitis
π Retained appendicolith (causing abscess)
π Post-surgery hematoma
π Post-drainage residual cavity
π Post-biopsy appendiceal injury
π Post-colonoscopy appendicitis
π Post-ERCP retrocecal inflammation
π Post-radiation appendiceal fibrosis
π Post-laparoscopy pericecal adhesions
π Post-surgical suture granuloma
π Iatrogenic perforation (rare, pediatric)
π Port-site herniation near cecal base
π Post-mesh fibrosis involving appendiceal region
π Crohn’s disease involving appendix (granulomatous appendicitis)
π Ulcerative colitis extension to appendix or orifice
π Diverticulitis involving appendix
π Pelvic inflammatory disease causing periappendiceal inflammation
π Endometriosis of appendix
π Carcinoid metastasis from ileum to appendix
π Omental infarction near appendix (confused with appendicitis)
π Epiploic appendagitis mimicking appendicitis
π Mesenteric adenitis (appendix normal)
π Cecal carcinoma invading appendix base
π Ileocecal tuberculosis involving appendix
π Psoas abscess tracking to appendix
π Bladder infection with pericecal inflammation
π Retrocecal abscess (secondary to diverticulitis)
π Gynecologic infection (tubo-ovarian abscess) extending to appendix
π Peritoneal carcinomatosis involving appendix
π Secondary adhesion to colon due to previous surgery
π Cecal volvulus involving appendix
π Colorectal carcinoma postoperative recurrence at appendiceal site
π Peritoneal tuberculosis causing adhesion to appendix
π Normal peritoneal lining (no free fluid)
π Physiologic small dependent peritoneal fluid (pelvic / Morrison’s)
π Minimal physiologic omental fat lobulation
π Physiologic peritoneal reflections (visible lines)
π Normal peritoneal recesses (paracolic gutters, subphrenic)
π Normal peritoneal ligaments (thin bands)
π Transient postprandial mesenteric vascularity
π Temporary peritoneal fat echoes (no mass)
π Postural redistribution of small ascites
π Age-related increase in echogenic omental fat
π Simple ascites (anechoic)
π Complex ascites (with septations/debris)
π Loculated ascites (encysted)
π Hemoperitoneum (echogenic blood / layering)
π Chylous ascites (echogenic particulate)
π Urinoperitoneum (post-urine leak)
π Bile leak collection (biloma)
π Pus collection / peritoneal abscess
π Subphrenic abscess (perihepatic)
π Morison pouch collection (hepato-renal recess)
π Pelvic (Douglas) loculated collection
π Perisplenic fluid collection
π Paracolic gutter loculation
π Post-operative seroma (subperitoneal)
π Peritoneal pseudocyst (pancreatic pseudocyst extension)
π Encysted postoperative collection (walled off)
π Septated tubercular ascites
π Hematoma in peritoneal cavity (organized)
π Post-traumatic intraperitoneal collection
π Peritoneal urinoma (after urinary tract injury)
π Lymphorrhea / lymphocele tracking to peritoneum
π Eosinophilic ascites (parasitic / allergic)
π Post-procedure encapsulated fluid (e.g., after ablation)
π Loculated fluid with gas (emphysematous abscess)
π Transudative ascites pockets (CHF / hypoalbuminemia)
π Peritonitis — diffuse bacterial (acute)
π Secondary peritonitis (viscus perforation)
π Tuberculous peritonitis (wet, dry, fibrotic types)
π Fungal peritonitis (Candida / Aspergillus)
π Parasitic peritonitis (Echinococcus secondary rupture)
π Peritoneal phlegmon (ill-defined inflammatory mass)
π Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) / sclerosing peritonitis
π Peritoneal granulomas (tuberculosis / sarcoid)
π Peritoneal actinomycosis
π Meconium peritonitis (neonatal)
π Chemical peritonitis (bile, pancreatic enzymes)
π Postoperative peritoneal inflammation (early)
π Peritoneal adhesional reaction with localized fluid
π Peritoneal exudate with septations (complicated infection)
π Peritoneal abscess with surrounding hyperemia
π Subphrenic phlegmon (post-surgical)
π Pelvi-peritonitis (gynaecologic spread)
π Peritoneal reaction to foreign body (suture, mesh)
π Peritoneal fat necrosis with inflammatory change
π Post-peritoneal dialysis peritonitis (dialysate changes)
π Inflammatory omental cake (infective)
π Peritoneal inflammatory masses (tubercular conglomerate)
π Perforated appendicitis with peritoneal contamination
π Diverticular perforation with peritoneal inflammatory collection
π Peritoneal eosinophilic infiltrate (allergic / parasitic)
π Peritoneal inflammatory pseudotumor
π Post-infective dense peritoneal scarring
π Peritoneal hyperemia with clustered microabscesses
π Chronic peritoneal inflammatory conglomerate
π Mesenteric cyst (mesenteric / omental)
π Omental cyst
π Enteric duplication cyst projecting to peritoneum
π Mesothelial / mesenteric cyst (benign)
π Lymphangioma of mesentery / omental surface
π Pseudocyst (pancreatic) adherent to peritoneum
π Urachal cyst with peritoneal extension (rare)
π Peritoneal inclusion cyst (post-surgical / endometriosis)
π Peritoneal pseudocyst of urinoma origin
π Epidermoid / dermoid cyst on peritoneal surface (implant)
π Cystic mesothelioma (multiloculated benign)
π Hydatid cyst ruptured into peritoneum (daughter cysts)
π Cystic lymph node conglomerate (necrotic)
π Peritoneal duplication cyst (rare congenital)
π Omental pseudocyst (following pancreatitis)
π Peritoneal serous cystadenoma (very rare)
π Multiloculated mesothelial cyst (post-inflammation)
π Encysted peritoneal lymphocele
π Retained surgical gauze with cystic reaction (gossypiboma)
π Peritoneal cystic teratoma (rare)
π Omental lipoma / lipomatosis
π Omental infarct (segmental hyperechoic mass)
π Omental torsion (fatty hyperechoic mass)
π Epiploic appendagitis (peritoneal surface lesion)
π Mesenteric panniculitis (fatty inflammatory change)
π Sclerosing mesenteritis (fatty fibrosis)
π Omental heterotopia (ectopic tissue)
π Omental cystic lymphangioma (benign)
π Omental calcified plaque (old inflammation)
π Omental abscess (walled off)
π Postoperative omental adhesion mass
π Omental band / adhesion seen as echogenic strand
π Omental desmoid (benign fibromatosis)
π Mesenteric cystic lymphangioma
π Mesenteric lipodystrophy (fat replacement pattern)
π Mesothelial hyperplasia (benign thickening)
π Omental granuloma (infective)
π Reactive omental nodule (inflammation)
π Omental hematoma (post-trauma)
π Peritoneal foreign body granuloma (omental location)
π Omental pseudotumor (inflammatory)
π Mesenteric fibroma (benign)
π Post-embolic omental necrosis (rare)
π Omental cystic degeneration (post-infarct)
π Peritoneal carcinomatosis (ovarian, GI, pancreatic primaries)
π Peritoneal serous carcinoma (primary peritoneal carcinoma)
π Peritoneal mesothelioma (malignant)
π Omental cake (extensive metastatic infiltration)
π Peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis / pseudomyxoma peritonei
π Peritoneal metastases — nodular implants (various primaries)
π Calcified peritoneal metastases (e.g., mucinous tumors)
π Peritoneal sarcomatosis (sarcoma spread)
π Metastatic lymphangitic peritoneal spread
π Peritoneal lymphomatosis (diffuse nodal disease)
π Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma — diffuse type
π Peritoneal mixed MΓΌllerian tumor metastasis
π Peritoneal implants from endometrial carcinoma
π Peritoneal metastatic deposits from breast carcinoma
π Peritoneal spread of gastric carcinoma (linitis plastica related)
π Peritoneal implants from colorectal carcinoma
π Peritoneal nodules with central necrosis (treated metastases)
π Metastatic melanoma implants to peritoneum
π Recurrent peritoneal malignancy (post-cytoreduction)
π Peritoneal involvement by ovarian epithelial carcinoma
π Malignant omental tumors (primary / secondary)
π Peritoneal desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT)
π Peritoneal involvement by GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor)
π Metastatic neuroendocrine tumor implants
π Peritoneal sarcoma metastasis (leiomyosarcoma spread)
π Peritoneal implant with ascites (malignant)
π Peritoneal carcinomatosis with bowel tethering
π Peritoneal tumor deposits with bowel obstruction
π Post-chemotherapy necrotic peritoneal nodules
π Calcified tumour implants (treated mucinous disease)
π Peritoneal lymphangitic carcinomatosis
π Peritoneal mixed histology metastasis
π Extensive omental metastatic confluent mass
π Peritoneal adhesions — thin fibrous bands (seen as strands)
π Dense fibrotic adhesions (limited organ sliding)
π Adhesional bowel tethering (restricted peristaltic motion)
π Omental adhesions forming mass (omental cake-like)
π Parietal peritoneal tethering (scar bands after surgery)
π Fixation of bowel loops to peritoneum (seen on cine)
π Adhesional small bowel obstruction (with free fluid)
π Pelvic adhesion complex (entrapment of bowel / ovary)
π Loculated ascites due to adhesions
π Adhesion to anterior abdominal wall (restricted sliding)
π Adhesional encapsulation (abdominal cocoon)
π Peritoneal band causing internal hernia
π Epiploic adhesions to parietal peritoneum
π Adhesive small bowel closed loop (complication)
π Post-inflammatory peritoneal fibrosis restricting motility
π Adhesion between liver and diaphragm (subphrenic tether)
π Adhesive pelvic floor fixation affecting organ mobility
π Adhesions with vascularized bridging on Doppler
π Adhesion causing fixed focal tenderness (sonographic)
π Peritoneal septations limiting fluid mobility
π Peritoneal sac in inguinal hernia (indirect / direct)
π Reducible peritoneal hernial sac with bowel content
π Sliding hernia with peritoneal surface (colon / bladder)
π Richter’s hernia (peritoneal partial wall involvement)
π Umbilical hernia with peritoneal sac
π Incisional hernia with peritoneal lining protrusion
π Spigelian hernia containing peritoneal sac
π Parastomal hernia with peritoneal sac component
π Femoral hernia with peritoneal sac (women)
π Obturator hernia with peritoneal component (rare)
π Internal hernia with peritoneal defect (mesenteric opening)
π Hernia containing omentum (epiploic content)
π Hernia with incarcerated peritoneal inflammatory mass
π Peritoneal recess in Richter’s or Littre’s hernia
π Peritoneal incarceration causing ischemia (strangulation)
π Recurrent hernia with peritoneal adhesions
π Hernial sac with peritoneal tumor implant
π Hernia with peritoneal fluid entrapment (ascites)
π Sliding bladder hernia with peritoneal reflection
π Peritoneal defect with bowel volvulus (secondary)
π Blunt trauma — free intraperitoneal blood (FAST positive)
π Focal intraperitoneal hematoma (omental / mesenteric)
π Penetrating trauma — peritoneal breach with collection
π Traumatic mesenteric tear with blood tracking to peritoneum
π Post-procedural peritoneal bleeding (e.g., post-biopsy)
π Ruptured visceral organ with peritoneal contamination (liver / spleen)
π Traumatic peritoneal air (rare sonographic signs)
π Hemoperitoneum with clot organizing around peritoneum
π Traumatic peritoneal pseudoaneurysm (rare)
π Blunt trauma leading to traumatic omental infarct
π Traumatic bowel perforation with peritoneal fluid
π Post-trauma peritoneal adhesions (chronic)
π Traumatic urinoperitoneum (bladder rupture)
π Post-war / blast peritoneal shrapnel with reactive changes
π Peritoneal compartment syndrome (mass effect from bleed)
π Peritoneal varices / portal hypertension related omental varices
π Mesenteric venous thrombosis with peritoneal edema
π Omental vascular malformation (AVM)
π Peritoneal capillary leak (severe inflammation)
π Lymphatic obstruction with chylous ascites
π Peritoneal lymphangiectasia (congenital / acquired)
π Peritoneal vascular tumor (hemangioma / angiosarcoma)
π Mesenteric arterial thrombosis with secondary peritoneal edema
π Peritoneal ischemia / perfusion defect (severe sepsis)
π Portal pyaemia with secondary peritoneal venous congestion
π Peritoneal venous thrombosis (rare)
π Peritoneal microabscesses with hyperemic rim on Doppler
π Post-embolization peritoneal ischemia (iatrogenic)
π Lymphatic leak with peritoneal accumulation (post-op)
π Peritoneal vascular invasion by tumor (neovascularity on Doppler)
π Congenital peritoneal band (Ladd’s bands)
π Omental / mesenteric cystic lymphangioma (congenital)
π Midgut malrotation with peritoneal Ladd’s bands
π Meconium peritonitis (neonatal)
π Congenital peritoneal diverticulum (rare)
π Mesenteric duplication cyst with peritoneal surface
π Persistent vitelline duct with peritoneal sinus
π Congenital omental hernia (true defect)
π Congenital peritoneal adhesions (rare)
π Peritoneal surface hamartoma (very rare)
π Congenital peritoneal inclusion around ovary (pediatric)
π Neonatal ascites (urinary / lymphatic causes)
π Peritoneal vitelline cyst (omphalomesenteric remnant)
π Congenital peritoneal serous cystadenoma (rare)
π Urachal sinus communicating to peritoneal recess (rare)
π Cirrhotic ascites with peritoneal nodularity (secondary)
π Cardiac failure related peritoneal effusion (transudate)
π Nephrotic syndrome — transudative ascites
π Hypoalbuminemia related diffuse peritoneal edema
π Peritoneal sarcoidosis (granulomatous infiltration)
π Disseminated tuberculosis with peritoneal involvement
π Amyloidosis with peritoneal infiltration (rare)
π Systemic malignancy-related peritoneal implants (hematogenous)
π Systemic lupus peritonitis (serositis)
π Post-chemotherapy peritoneal changes (mixed)
π Radiotherapy-induced peritoneal fibrosis / reaction
π Peritoneal involvement in pancreatitis (acute / chronic)
π Peritoneal involvement in systemic fungal disease
π Peritonitis secondary to bowel ischemia (systemic cause)
π Metastatic peritoneal involvement from endocrine tumors
π Peritoneal involvement in hematologic malignancies (e.g., myeloma)
π Post-transplant peritoneal lymphoproliferative disorder
π Peritoneal involvement in histiocytosis
π Peritoneal changes post-immune checkpoint inhibition therapy
π Secondary peritoneal infection in immunosuppressed patient
π Normal retroperitoneal fat and fascial planes
π Normal perirenal space (Gerota’s fascia intact)
π Normal great vessels (aorta, IVC, renal vessels)
π Normal para-aortic region
π Normal adrenal glands (adult & pediatric patterns)
π Normal ureters (not dilated, peristaltic)
π Normal psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles
π Normal perinephric fat echogenicity
π Normal lymph node (tiny oval, hilum visible)
π Physiologic post-meal vascular dilation
π Retroperitoneal abscess
π Psoas abscess (primary or secondary)
π Perinephric abscess
π Pararenal abscess
π Adrenal abscess
π Pancreatic tail abscess extending retroperitoneally
π Tuberculous cold abscess
π Tubercular lymphadenitis (caseating nodes)
π Fungal abscess (Candida, Aspergillus)
π Actinomycotic abscess
π Amebic abscess (retroperitoneal extension)
π Post-surgical abscess
π Post-traumatic abscess
π Appendicular abscess extending posteriorly
π Diverticular abscess with retroperitoneal extension
π Infected hematoma
π Phlegmonous retroperitonitis
π Retroperitoneal fasciitis
π Retroperitoneal cellulitis
π Septic thrombophlebitis of retroperitoneal veins
π Infected lymphocele
π Post-procedural infected fluid collection
π Gas-forming abscess (emphysematous infection)
π Chronic inflammatory mass (fibrosing response)
π Retroperitoneal actinomycosis
π Simple retroperitoneal fluid (transudate, ascitic pocket)
π Lymphocele (post-surgery / transplant)
π Urinoma (post-trauma or obstruction)
π Biloma (retroperitoneal bile leak)
π Chylous collection (chyloretroperitoneum)
π Hematoma (post-trauma or iatrogenic)
π Encysted hematoma (organized)
π Abscess cavity (complex fluid)
π Seroma (postoperative)
π Post-renal perinephric fluid (uriniferous)
π Post-transplant lymphocele
π Post-drain residual cavity
π Retroperitoneal pseudocyst (pancreatic extension)
π Post-radiation fibrotic seroma
π Encapsulated effusion (retroperitoneal compartment syndrome)
π Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond’s disease)
π Secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis (malignant or drug-induced)
π Post-radiation fibrosis
π Post-surgical fibrotic reaction
π Chronic inflammatory fibrosis
π Fibrosing pancreatitis extension
π Lymphomatous infiltration (diffuse hypoechoic bands)
π Sclerosing mesenteritis
π IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis
π Post-traumatic scar tissue
π Post-abscess organized fibrosis
π Retroperitoneal fibrosarcomatosis (rare)
π Chronic fibrotic encasement of aorta/IVC
π Post-implant mesh fibrosis
π Perivascular fibrotic reaction
π Lipoma (retroperitoneal fat mass)
π Angiolipoma
π Fibroma
π Leiomyoma (non-uterine, retroperitoneal origin)
π Myelolipoma (adrenal or pararenal)
π Hemangioma
π Lymphangioma (multiloculated cystic lesion)
π Neurofibroma
π Schwannoma
π Ganglioneuroma
π Paraganglioma (extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma)
π Desmoid tumor (fibromatosis)
π Mesenchymal hamartoma
π Mature teratoma (dermoid)
π Benign cystic mesothelioma
π Benign mixed mesodermal tumor
π Lipomatosis (diffuse fat proliferation)
π Adenomatoid tumor (rare)
π Ectopic adrenal adenoma
π Post-transplant lymphoproliferative benign node
π Fibroangioma
π Cystic hamartoma
π Cavernous hemangioma
π Hemangiopericytoma (benign)
π Gangliocytic paraganglioma
π Lymphoma (Hodgkin / Non-Hodgkin)
π Retroperitoneal sarcoma (unspecified)
π Liposarcoma
π Leiomyosarcoma
π Fibrosarcoma
π Rhabdomyosarcoma
π Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (pleomorphic sarcoma)
π Angiosarcoma
π Synovial sarcoma
π Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)
π Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)
π Ewing’s sarcoma (retroperitoneal)
π Malignant paraganglioma
π Malignant pheochromocytoma
π Teratocarcinoma (malignant teratoma)
π Choriocarcinoma metastasis (retroperitoneal node)
π Metastasis from testicular germ cell tumor
π Metastasis from renal cell carcinoma
π Metastasis from colon carcinoma
π Metastasis from pancreatic carcinoma
π Metastasis from ovarian carcinoma
π Metastasis from gastric carcinoma
π Metastatic melanoma
π Lymphangiosarcoma
π Malignant mesothelioma (retroperitoneal extension)
π Secondary lymphoma (disseminated)
π Post-radiation sarcoma
π Carcinosarcoma (mixed tissue)
π Metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma
π Extramedullary leukemia mass
π Reactive lymphadenopathy
π Tuberculous lymphadenitis
π Caseating necrotic nodes
π Calcified lymph nodes
π Lymphoma (hypoechoic rounded nodes)
π Metastatic lymphadenopathy (various primaries)
π Cystic metastatic node (papillary carcinoma origin)
π Post-treatment necrotic node
π Post-radiation fibrotic node
π Sarcoid granulomatous lymphadenopathy
π Fungal lymphadenitis
π HIV-related lymphadenopathy
π Castleman’s disease
π Kikuchi’s disease
π Mesenteric–retroperitoneal chain lymphadenopathy
π Iliac chain lymph node enlargement
π Peripancreatic node enlargement
π Periportal–retroperitoneal node involvement
π Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)
π Paraneoplastic nodal enlargement
π Amyloid infiltration of lymph nodes
π Necrotizing lymphadenitis
π Chronic inflammatory nodes (indolent)
π Post-infective reactive nodes
π Lymphatic cysts
π Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
π Pseudoaneurysm (aortic or iliac)
π Dissection (aortic or iliac)
π Aorto-caval fistula
π IVC aneurysm (rare)
π IVC thrombosis
π Iliac vein thrombosis
π Renal vein thrombosis
π Gonadal vein thrombosis
π Lumbar collateral varices (portal hypertension)
π Retroperitoneal varix rupture
π Retroperitoneal hemorrhage (spontaneous)
π Anticoagulant-related hematoma
π Post-traumatic vascular injury
π Post-procedure pseudoaneurysm
π Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
π Venous malformation
π Post-embolization thrombosis
π Hemoperitoneum tracking retroperitoneally
π Chronic organized hematoma
π Retroperitoneal hematoma (post-trauma)
π Post-biopsy hematoma (renal, adrenal, aortic)
π Post-renal surgery fluid collection
π Post-renal transplant lymphocele
π Post-transplant hematoma
π Post-nephrectomy abscess
π Post-pancreatectomy fluid collection
π Post-cholecystectomy retroperitoneal leak
π Post-TIPS retroperitoneal hematoma
π Post-endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) leak (type II)
π Post-catheterization pseudoaneurysm (femoral extension)
π Post-drain tract infection
π Post-radiation fibrosis
π Post-embolization necrosis
π Post-operative urinoma
π Post-perforation extravasation
π Post-lymph node dissection seroma
π Post-laparoscopic gas artifact (CO₂ tracking)
π Retroperitoneal emphysema (post-surgery)
π Post-suture granuloma
π Retroperitoneal cyst (congenital)
π Mesothelial cyst
π Lymphangioma (cystic congenital)
π Teratomatous cyst (dermoid)
π Duplicated IVC
π Left-sided IVC variant
π Circumaortic renal vein
π Retroaortic left renal vein
π Persistent left cardinal vein remnant
π Accessory renal artery or vein
π Congenital ureteric duplication (retroperitoneal course)
π Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (sonographic hypertrophy)
π Ectopic adrenal gland remnant
π Retroperitoneal ectopic kidney
π Persistent urachal remnant tracking posteriorly
π Retroperitoneal spread of pancreatic carcinoma
π Retroperitoneal invasion from colon carcinoma
π Retroperitoneal invasion from renal cell carcinoma
π Retroperitoneal invasion from gallbladder carcinoma
π Retroperitoneal metastases (multiple primaries)
π Retroperitoneal carcinomatosis (from ovarian cancer)
π Retroperitoneal amyloidosis
π Retroperitoneal sarcoidosis
π Retroperitoneal tuberculosis (caseous fibrosis)
π Retroperitoneal lymphoma (secondary diffuse form)
π Pancreatic pseudocyst extending retroperitoneally
π Duodenal perforation with retroperitoneal air
π Colonic perforation with posterior tracking
π Appendiceal abscess extension
π Renal abscess rupture into retroperitoneum
π Aortic rupture leaking posteriorly
π Post-renal leak (extravasated urine)
π Post-operative bile leak
π Pelvic abscess tracking upward
π Perinephric fat stranding due to intra-abdominal inflammation
π Normal anterior abdominal wall (intact fascial planes)
π Normal rectus abdominis and oblique muscles
π Normal linea alba (echogenic midline)
π Normal umbilical region (no defect)
π Post-exercise muscle thickening (physiologic)
π Subcutaneous tissue with normal echogenicity
π Physiologic post-meal wall distension
π Postpartum laxity (no fascial defect)
π Normal scar (post-surgical, fibrotic)
π Normal vascular pattern (epigastric vessels visible on Doppler)
π Cellulitis (diffuse subcutaneous thickening)
π Abscess (localized fluid collection with debris)
π Phlegmon (ill-defined echogenic inflammatory mass)
π Necrotizing fasciitis
π Infected sebaceous cyst
π Infected lipoma (abscess formation)
π Subcutaneous carbuncle / furuncle
π Post-injection abscess
π Post-traumatic abscess
π Post-surgical abscess (wound infection)
π Stitch abscess
π Umbilical abscess (omphalitis)
π Fungal wall infection (rare)
π Tubercular abscess of abdominal wall
π Sinus tract (post-surgical or tubercular)
π Enterocutaneous fistula
π Colocutaneous fistula
π Urinocutaneous fistula
π Biliary-cutaneous fistula
π Pyogenic granuloma (reactive)
π Subfascial abscess (deep wall infection)
π Periumbilical abscess (secondary to infected urachal remnant)
π Actinomycosis of wall (rare)
π Foreign body granuloma (infected type)
π Laparostomy wound sepsis
π Hematoma (subcutaneous)
π Hematoma (rectus sheath)
π Hematoma (intramuscular oblique)
π Hematoma (preperitoneal)
π Post-blunt trauma muscular tear
π Muscle contusion (hypoechoic band)
π Muscle rupture (discontinuity with hematoma)
π Fascial defect post-trauma
π Post-surgical hematoma
π Port-site hematoma (laparoscopic)
π Subfascial seroma
π Post-traumatic seroma
π Abdominal wall edema (post-injury)
π Shear injury to fascia (Morel-LavallΓ©e lesion)
π Crush injury hematoma
π Gunshot wound tract
π Penetrating wound with retained foreign body
π Post-aspiration puncture hematoma
π Post-biopsy abdominal wall injury
π Chronic calcified hematoma
π Post-laparotomy scar
π Post-laparoscopic port-site hernia
π Post-C-section wound dehiscence
π Post-surgery seroma
π Post-surgery abscess
π Wound infection with fistula
π Post-mesh infection
π Meshoma (folded surgical mesh mass)
π Post-mesh fibrosis / granuloma
π Suture granuloma
π Post-drain tract sinus
π Post-stoma hernia
π Post-operative adhesion
π Post-surgery fat necrosis
π Post-surgery fibrosis band
π Post-abdominal wall flap seroma
π Post-biopsy tract hematoma
π Post-drain site infection
π Post-repair scar hypertrophy
π Post-radiation fibrosis
π Post-radiation necrosis
π Post-embolization injection site abscess
π Post-abdominoplasty wall fluid
π Post-catheter tract infection
π Port-site metastasis (malignant seeding)
π Umbilical hernia
π Paraumbilical hernia
π Epigastric hernia
π Hypogastric hernia
π Spigelian hernia (lateral ventral)
π Incisional hernia (post-operative)
π Parastomal hernia
π Lumbar hernia (Grynfelt/Petit)
π Obturator hernia (rare, deep)
π Inguinal hernia – indirect
π Inguinal hernia – direct
π Femoral hernia
π Oblique hernia (interparietal)
π Sliding hernia (colon involvement)
π Incarcerated hernia (non-reducible)
π Strangulated hernia (ischemic)
π Inflamed hernia sac (abscess)
π Hernia with bowel obstruction
π Hernia with omental infarction
π Hernia with ascitic fluid
π Hernia with bladder component
π Hernia containing appendix (Amyand’s)
π Hernia containing Meckel’s (Littre’s)
π Hernia containing ovary or fallopian tube
π Richter’s hernia (partial wall)
π Port-site hernia
π Recurrent incisional hernia
π Epigastric preperitoneal fat hernia
π Small trocar-site hernia
π Hernia mesh failure
π Lipoma (most common benign mass)
π Fibroma
π Desmoid tumor (fibromatosis)
π Leiomyoma (smooth muscle)
π Hemangioma
π Lymphangioma
π Neurofibroma
π Schwannoma
π Glomus tumor (rare superficial)
π Myxoma (fibromyxoid tumor)
π Angiomyolipoma (soft tissue variant)
π Dermatofibroma
π Elastofibroma (subscapular extension)
π Granuloma (foreign body)
π Fibrolipoma
π Adenomatoid tumor (rare)
π Hemangiopericytoma (benign)
π Chondroma (calcified mass)
π Ossified fibroma
π Post-traumatic pseudotumor
π Reactive fibrous nodule
π Scar tissue mimicking tumor
π Suture granuloma (mass-like)
π Post-radiation benign fibroma
π Hypertrophic scar nodule
π Liposarcoma
π Fibrosarcoma
π Leiomyosarcoma
π Rhabdomyosarcoma
π Angiosarcoma
π Lymphangiosarcoma
π Synovial sarcoma
π Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (MFH)
π Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
π Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
π Metastasis to abdominal wall (cutaneous/subcutaneous)
π Metastasis from colon carcinoma
π Metastasis from ovarian carcinoma
π Metastasis from pancreatic carcinoma
π Metastasis from gallbladder carcinoma
π Metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma
π Metastasis from renal cell carcinoma
π Malignant desmoid (aggressive fibromatosis)
π Post-radiation sarcoma
π Post-surgical recurrent sarcoma
π Lymphoma involving wall
π Leukemic infiltration
π Cutaneous melanoma metastasis
π Kaposi’s sarcoma (HIV-related)
π Angiolipoleiomyosarcoma (rare variant)
π Superficial varices (epigastric veins)
π Inferior epigastric artery pseudoaneurysm
π Superior epigastric artery pseudoaneurysm
π Post-catheter pseudoaneurysm (femoral/abdominal)
π Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
π Venous thrombosis (superficial epigastric vein)
π Capillary hemangioma
π Cavernous hemangioma
π Lymphangioma (cystic)
π Angiomyolipoma (vascular)
π Venous malformation (congenital)
π Hematoma with active extravasation (post-trauma)
π Post-embolization necrosis
π Vascular steal from collateral shunts
π Post-radiation vascular sclerosis
π Urachal remnant (fibrous tract)
π Urachal cyst
π Urachal sinus
π Patent urachus
π Congenital umbilical hernia
π Abdominal wall hypoplasia (Prune-belly syndrome)
π Gastroschisis
π Omphalocele
π Congenital diastasis recti
π Congenital muscle aplasia (rectus absence)
π Congenital vascular malformation
π Ectopic umbilical vessel remnant
π Persistent vitelline ligament tract
π Umbilical granuloma (neonatal)
π Congenital subcutaneous cyst (epidermoid)
π Edema (cardiac or renal failure-related)
π Hypoproteinemia-related wall edema
π Myxedema (hypothyroidism)
π Anasarca (systemic)
π Cirrhotic abdominal wall varices (caput medusae)
π Portal hypertension–related collaterals
π Parietal wall venous shunts post-TIPS
π Chronic renal failure (calcified vessels)
π Diabetes-related abscess
π Immunosuppressed abscess (HIV)
π Amyloidosis of abdominal wall
π SLE panniculitis
π Rheumatoid nodules (subcutaneous)
π Sarcoid granuloma
π Metabolic calcification (soft-tissue deposits)
π Intra-abdominal abscess tracking to wall
π Peritoneal carcinomatosis invading wall
π Colon carcinoma extending to wall
π Pancreatic carcinoma infiltrating wall
π Gallbladder carcinoma invading wall
π Appendiceal abscess tracking to wall
π Urachal carcinoma extending to wall
π Hepatic metastasis breaching peritoneum
π Post-radiation pelvic fibrosis extending anteriorly
π Ascitic fluid loculated against wall (pseudo-mass)
π Normal bladder (well-distended, smooth wall)
π Mildly underfilled bladder (pseudo-thick wall)
π Overdistended bladder
π Post-void residual bladder
π Mild bladder wall trabeculation (age-related)
π Normal ureteric jets on Doppler
π Physiological mucus/debris in urine
π Post-exercise sediment echoes
π Post-catheterization reactive wall thickening
π Normal postmenopausal bladder size change
π Diffuse cystitis (acute bacterial)
π Chronic cystitis
π Hemorrhagic cystitis
π Post-radiation cystitis
π Eosinophilic cystitis
π Interstitial cystitis (Hunner’s type)
π Schistosomal cystitis
π Tubercular cystitis (granulomatous)
π Fungal cystitis (Candida)
π Viral cystitis (adenovirus, BK virus)
π Chemical/drug-induced cystitis (cyclophosphamide, etc.)
π Post-catheter cystitis
π Post-stone chronic cystitis
π Cystitis glandularis
π Cystitis cystica
π Urachal cyst (midline anterior wall)
π Urachal diverticulum
π Urachal sinus (patent tract)
π Urachal abscess
π Ureterocele (simple)
π Ectopic ureterocele
π Pseudodiverticulum (outpouching in trabeculated wall)
π True bladder diverticulum
π Multiple bladder diverticula
π Giant bladder diverticulum
π Infected diverticulum
π Calculus within diverticulum
π Cystic tumor of bladder wall (rare)
π Submucosal cyst (post-infection)
π Hematoma (intraluminal, post-trauma)
π Blood clot (organized echogenic mass)
π Fibrin clot (mobile internal echoes)
π Bladder sludge or debris (infective or stasis)
π Post-radiation cystic change
π Intramural cystic degeneration (rare)
π Inflammatory polyp
π Fibroepithelial polyp
π Leiomyoma
π Neurofibroma (rare)
π Lipoma (rare)
π Fibroma
π Hemangioma
π Endometriotic nodule (bladder endometriosis)
π Granuloma (tubercular/schistosomal)
π Amyloid deposit (focal echogenic plaque)
π Post-traumatic pseudotumor
π Post-surgical scar nodule
π Post-biopsy healing nodule
π Post-instrumentation fibrotic mass
π Ureterocele wall thickening mimicking tumor
π Paraganglioma (extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma)
π Urachal remnant nodule
π Foreign body granuloma
π Calculus adherent to wall (pseudo-mass)
π Postsclerotherapy fibrotic lesion
π Acute bacterial cystitis
π Chronic cystitis (thick irregular wall)
π Emphysematous cystitis (gas within wall/lumen)
π Fungal cystitis (mobile internal echoes)
π Tubercular cystitis
π Schistosomal cystitis
π Viral cystitis (adenovirus)
π Parasitic cystitis (trichomonas, rare)
π Granulomatous cystitis
π Eosinophilic cystitis (diffuse/focal wall thickening)
π Ulcerative cystitis
π Post-radiation cystitis
π Post-chemotherapy cystitis
π Post-catheter infection
π Post-stone cystitis
π Infected diverticulum
π Perivesical abscess
π Fistulous tract (colovesical, vesicovaginal)
π Perforated bladder (secondary peritonitis)
π Bladder wall necrosis (gangrenous cystitis)
π Prostatic abscess eroding into bladder
π Bladder empyema (purulent debris)
π Chronic cystitis with calcification
π Malakoplakia (granular echotexture)
π Xanthogranulomatous cystitis (rare)
π Papilloma (benign transitional cell papilloma)
π Inverted papilloma
π Villous adenoma
π Tubulovillous adenoma
π Fibroepithelial papilloma
π Leiomyoma (smooth muscle origin)
π Hemangioma (vascular benign tumor)
π Lymphangioma (cystic)
π Paraganglioma (functional)
π Neurofibroma
π Schwannoma
π Endometrioma (rare intramural)
π Nephrogenic adenoma (post-trauma reactive lesion)
π Urachal adenoma (benign variant)
π Chronic cystitis with pseudo-tumoral nodule
π Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma — papillary
π Urothelial carcinoma — solid nonpapillary
π Urothelial carcinoma — invasive muscle type
π Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
π Adenocarcinoma (primary bladder)
π Urachal adenocarcinoma
π Small cell carcinoma (neuroendocrine)
π Lymphoma (primary)
π Lymphoma (secondary)
π Sarcoma (leiomyosarcoma)
π Rhabdomyosarcoma (pediatric)
π Undifferentiated carcinoma
π Transitional cell carcinoma with necrosis
π Transitional cell carcinoma with calcification
π Carcinoma in diverticulum
π Carcinoma in ureterocele
π Multifocal carcinoma
π Carcinoma with perivesical invasion
π Carcinoma with bladder neck obstruction
π Carcinoma involving ureteric orifice
π Carcinoma with invasion to prostate
π Carcinoma with invasion to vagina
π Carcinoma with invasion to uterus
π Carcinoma with invasion to rectum
π Carcinoma with peritoneal spread
π Recurrent bladder carcinoma (post-TURBT)
π Carcinoma in situ (sonographic suspicion)
π Metastasis to bladder (melanoma, breast, colon)
π Secondary lymphoma infiltration
π Leukemic infiltration
π Post-radiation sarcoma
π Malignant urachal remnant
π Mixed carcinoma (adenosquamous)
π Plasmacytoid carcinoma
π Signet ring cell carcinoma
π Bladder wall varices (portal hypertension-related)
π Venous congestion (pelvic)
π Intramural hematoma (post-trauma or instrumentation)
π Intraluminal blood clot (mobile)
π Post-hematuria clots (echogenic debris)
π Hemorrhagic cystitis (diffuse echogenic lumen)
π Post-biopsy hematoma
π Post-surgery vascularized wall (hyperemia)
π AV malformation (rare)
π Arteriovenous fistula (post-surgery)
π Urachal vessel pseudoaneurysm (very rare)
π Pelvic varices compressing bladder wall
π Post-embolization wall ischemia
π Wall infarction (localized necrosis)
π Venous thrombosis in perivesical plexus
π Bladder calculus (single)
π Bladder calculi (multiple)
π Giant bladder stone
π Migrated renal calculus
π Foreign body encrusted with calcification
π Stone in diverticulum
π Stone in urethral outlet
π Urethral obstruction with bladder distension
π Neurogenic bladder with trabeculations
π Hypertrophied bladder neck
π Infravesical obstruction (BPH effect)
π Ureterocele with calculus
π Posterior urethral valve (secondary effect)
π Post-catheter calcification
π Bladder outlet obstruction with thick wall
π Bladder wall rupture (intraperitoneal)
π Bladder wall rupture (extraperitoneal)
π Post-catheter traumatic perforation
π Post-hysterectomy bladder injury
π Post-prostatectomy bladder wall injury
π Post-radiation necrosis
π Post-chemotherapy fibrosis
π Post-TURBT scar
π Post-biopsy defect
π Post-diverticulectomy wall thickening
π Post-sling surgery compression
π Post-bladder augmentation changes
π Post-urethroplasty residual cavity
π Post-urachal excision defect
π Hematoma post-bladder repair
π Post-embolization necrosis
π Iatrogenic air in bladder (pneumaturia)
π Foreign body (catheter tip, stent, gauze)
π Bladder prolapse post-surgery
π Urethral stent artifact within bladder neck
π Bladder exstrophy
π Epispadias–exstrophy complex
π Diverticulum (congenital)
π Urachal cyst / sinus / fistula (midline)
π Patent urachus
π Ureterocele (congenital intravesical)
π Duplicated ureterocele
π Congenital bladder neck obstruction
π Posterior urethral valve effect (infant)
π Neurogenic bladder (spina bifida)
π Bladder duplication (rare)
π Cloacal anomaly with common channel
π Bladder agenesis (extremely rare)
π Bladder hypoplasia (infantile)
π Congenital vesicoureteral reflux (with thick wall)
π Diabetes-related cystitis (emphysematous)
π Renal failure–related bladder wall edema
π Portal hypertension–related wall varices
π Neurogenic bladder (spinal disease)
π Autonomic neuropathy bladder dysfunction
π Lupus cystitis (autoimmune)
π Amyloidosis of bladder wall
π Post-radiation secondary bladder change
π Secondary bladder congestion in pelvic mass
π Drug-induced cystitis (cyclophosphamide)
π Prostate carcinoma invading bladder neck
π Rectal carcinoma infiltrating bladder wall
π Peritoneal carcinomatosis involving bladder serosa
π Sigmoid diverticular abscess with bladder fistula
π Pelvic hematoma compressing bladder
π Post-radiation pelvic fibrosis tethering bladder
π Normal prostate (age-appropriate volume)
π Symmetrical gland with homogeneous echotexture
π Central and peripheral zones well defined
π Ejaculatory ducts visualized normally
π Normal seminal vesicles (paired and symmetrical)
π Prostatic capsule intact and smooth
π Post-ejaculatory temporary hyperemia
π Mild age-related stromal hypertrophy (physiologic)
π Post-void residual within normal limit
π Post-pubertal prostate with normal zonal anatomy
π Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
π BPH– Grade I (Volume: 20–30 mL)
π BPH– Grade II (Volume: 30–50 mL)
π BPH– Grade III (Volume: 50–80 mL)
π BPH– Grade IV (Volume: >80 mL)
π Diffuse glandular hypertrophy
π Stromal hyperplasia (fibromuscular type)
π Mixed glandular-stromal hyperplasia
π Transitional zone hypertrophy
π Median lobe enlargement (intravesical projection)
π Diffuse calcific prostatopathy
π Chronic prostatomegaly (non-specific)
π Fibrotic prostate (chronic inflammation sequelae)
π Atrophic prostate (post-therapy or senile)
π Chronic ischemic prostatopathy
π Prostatic amyloidosis
π Post-inflammatory diffuse change
π Post-irradiation fibrosis (diffuse)
π Post-embolization atrophic prostate
π Prostate with diffuse hypoechogenicity (edematous)
π Diffuse heterogeneity (post-infection or aging)
π Diffuse asymmetric enlargement (non-focal)
π Hormone-related stromal hyperplasia
π Diabetic sclerotic prostate
π Simple prostatic cyst
π Retention cyst (ductal obstruction)
π Ejaculatory duct cyst
π MΓΌllerian duct cyst
π Prostatic utricle cyst
π Parenchymal cyst (acquired)
π Post-inflammatory cyst (post-prostatitis)
π Post-biopsy cystic change
π Hemorrhagic cyst
π Calcified cyst (chronic stage)
π Abscess cavity (resolving)
π Periurethral gland cyst
π Post-surgical cystic cavity
π Seminal vesicle cyst (para-prostatic)
π Cystic BPH nodule (degenerative)
π BPH nodule (encapsulated)
π Fibromuscular nodule
π Stromal fibroma
π Leiomyoma of prostate
π Adenomatous hyperplasia (nodular)
π Hamartomatous nodule
π Prostatic fibrous polypoid lesion
π Prostatic lipoma
π Prostatic adenofibroma
π Prostatic inflammatory granuloma (non-caseating)
π Fibroadenomatous nodule
π Calcified fibrous nodule
π Post-inflammatory regenerative nodule
π Post-therapy scar nodule
π Benign mesenchymal tumor (rare)
π Neurofibroma (periprostatic)
π Schwannoma (prostate region)
π Angiomyolipoma (rare)
π Post-injection granuloma
π Hyperplastic stromal nodule with cystic change
π Acute bacterial prostatitis
π Chronic bacterial prostatitis
π Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis
π Granulomatous prostatitis (tubercular)
π Fungal prostatitis (Candida/Aspergillus)
π Viral prostatitis (CMV, EBV, mumps)
π Post-urinary tract infection prostatitis
π Post-catheterization inflammation
π Abscess formation (pyogenic)
π Post-abscess resolving cavity
π Parasitic prostatitis (schistosomiasis/rare)
π Actinomycotic granuloma
π Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) appearance
π Post-prostatitis calcification
π Reactive periprostatic inflammation
π Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN – low grade)
π Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN – high grade)
π Atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP)
π Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
π Prostatic adenocarcinoma (peripheral zone)
π Prostatic adenocarcinoma (transition zone)
π Prostatic adenocarcinoma (diffuse infiltrative)
π Prostate carcinoma with extracapsular extension
π Prostate carcinoma with seminal vesicle invasion
π Prostate carcinoma with bladder neck invasion
π Ductal adenocarcinoma (central type)
π Mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma
π Signet-ring cell carcinoma (rare)
π Squamous cell carcinoma of prostate
π Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
π Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
π Sarcomatoid carcinoma
π Lymphoma involving prostate (secondary)
π Leukemic infiltration
π Metastatic carcinoma to prostate
π Post-radiation recurrent carcinoma
π Post-hormonal therapy regression pattern
π Carcinoma with calcified foci
π Multifocal carcinoma (mixed Gleason zones)
π Prostatic stromal sarcoma (malignant)
π Rhabdomyosarcoma (pediatric)
π Leiomyosarcoma (adult)
π Transitional cell carcinoma invading prostate
π Basal cell carcinoma (rare)
π Post-biopsy reactive atypia (pseudoneoplastic)
π Seminal vesicle cyst
π Seminal vesiculitis (acute/chronic)
π Seminal vesicle abscess
π Congenital seminal vesicle dilation
π Post-inflammatory seminal vesicle fibrosis
π Post-surgical seminal vesicle remnant
π Seminal vesicle calcification
π Seminal vesicle hemorrhage
π Seminal vesicle tumor (adenocarcinoma, rare)
π Seminal vesicle cystadenoma (rare benign)
π Periprostatic abscess
π Periprostatic cyst
π Ejaculatory duct dilation
π Seminal vesicle varices
π Retrovesical mass compressing prostate
π Prostatic venous plexus congestion
π Pelvic congestion affecting prostate
π Prostatic infarction (ischemic)
π Post-biopsy hematoma
π Post-procedural hemorrhage
π Post-embolization ischemia
π Diffuse hyperemia (acute inflammation)
π Arteriovenous malformation (rare)
π Varicoid periprostatic venous dilatation
π Venous thrombosis adjacent to prostate
π Prostate hypervascularity (neoplastic)
π Prostate hypovascularity (ischemic/necrotic)
π Diffuse vascular pattern in prostatitis
π Vascular steal phenomenon (post-TURP)
π Pelvic vascular shunt involving prostate
π Prostatic utricle cyst (congenital)
π MΓΌllerian duct cyst
π Congenital prostatic hypoplasia
π Prostatic agenesis (rare)
π Ectopic prostatic tissue (urethral)
π Prostatic duplication anomaly
π Congenital midline cystic anomaly
π Persistent mesonephric duct remnant
π Congenital ejaculatory duct obstruction
π Prostate-urethral sinus malformation
π Post-TURP cavity (surgical)
π Post-biopsy hemorrhage
π Post-radiation fibrosis
π Post-hormone therapy atrophy
π Post-cryotherapy necrosis
π Post-embolization infarction
π Post-prostatectomy remnant tissue
π Post-drainage cavity (abscess)
π Post-instrumentation inflammation
π Post-catheterization edema
π Post-laser therapy changes
π Post-brachytherapy seed artifact
π Post-prostatic stent placement
π Post-transurethral resection scarring
π Post-high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) changes
π Diabetic prostatic atrophy
π Amyloidosis involving prostate
π Sarcoidosis with prostatic infiltration
π Lymphoma (secondary systemic involvement)
π Leukemic infiltration (diffuse)
π Hemochromatosis with prostate hemosiderin
π Metabolic calcific prostatopathy
π Renal failure-related dystrophic calcification
π Systemic sepsis-related prostatopathy
π End-stage fibrosclerotic prostate
π Bladder outlet obstruction causing secondary prostate congestion
π Pelvic mass compressing prostate
π Rectal carcinoma invading prostate
π Bladder carcinoma invading prostate
π Seminal vesicle enlargement compressing prostate base
π Pelvic abscess displacing prostate
π Post-radiation pelvic fibrosis altering prostate contour
π Pelvic vascular aneurysm near prostate
π Periprostatic lymphadenopathy (secondary)
π Perirectal inflammatory mass mimicking prostate enlargement
π Acute appendicitis with appendicolith
π ADPKD
π splenomegaly Subcapsular splenic hematoma or abscess hemoperitoneum left renal cal culus ans cyst
π Duodenogastritis Rt renal calculus Lt renal microlithiasis Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – Grade 1
π Rt renal calculus (single) Rt renal cortical cyst single BPH 2 Prostatic calcification
π Bilateral renal microlithiasis single
π Echogenic pancreas (Fatty pancreas) Rt calculus single Lt renal microlithiasis multiple
π Bilateral pleural effusion moderate Lt cortical cyst Enteritis
π Hepatomegaly Rt renal calculus single
π Rt renal microlithiasis Rt seminal vesicle dilated
π Rt renal calculus single Lt renal microlithiasis
π Duodenal ulcer Rt renal microlithiasis single
π Duodenogastritis Bilateral renal microlithiasis single prostatomegaly BPH grade 1
π Rt renal microlithiasis single Enteritis
π Duodenogastritis Right renal microlithiasis
π Hepatomegaly nonspecific Duodenogastritis Lt renal calculus single
π Hepatomegaly hepatic steatosis (fatty grade 1) Rt microlithiasis single Lt renal calculus single Prostatic cyst
π Bilateral renal microlithiasis single Enteritis
π Rt renal calculus single Lt renal microlithiasis single
π Bilateral renal calculus Rt multiple Lt single (Nephrolithiasis)
π Rt renal calculus single Lt renal microlithiasis single Enteraitis
π Bilateral renal microlithiasis single prostatic calcification enteritis
π Rt renal calculus single Lt renal multiple calculus Lt mild hydronephrosis Lt VUJ calculus Lt ureter dilated
π GB Sludge Bowel perforation Heterogeneous peritoneal collection in pelvicregion and morrisonsh pouch
π Hepatomehalywith chronic liver disease [ course hepatic parenchyma decreased, echotexture, macronodule likely metatstasis largest one 26.5 x 20.6mm
π Hepatomegaly 153mm faty grade 1, Right renal agenesis congenital, Urinary tract infection lowlevel internal echoge Prostate 19 mL
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Patient Info
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End of Topic
You have reached the end of this First-Trimester Ultrasound topic.
Content is intended for educational, training, and clinical reference only.
Declaration:
I, R. K. Mouj, declare that the material presented in this
Whole Abdomen Ultrasound (Male) report template has been prepared
solely for educational and academic purposes.
Any measurements, descriptions, or examples provided are illustrative in nature.
Clinical correlation, laboratory investigations, follow-up imaging,
and professional judgment are essential before making diagnostic
or management decisions.
© SonoAcademy — an educational platform dedicated to simplifying diagnostic
ultrasound through practical tools, calculators, and clinically focused learning.
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