Spine Ultrasound

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Spine — Contents

Probe selection (high-frequency linear / small footprint), depth, focal zones & compound imaging Patient positioning, acoustic windows (neonatal posterior fontanelle / posterior lumbar windows) & sterile technique for procedures

Conus medullaris level, filum terminale appearance and detection of spinal dysraphism Occult spinal dysraphism, meningomyelocele, lipomyelomeningocele and associated cysts

Facet joint effusion, synovial cysts & paraspinal muscle atrophy Limitations for direct disc visualization; when ultrasound may detect posterior soft-tissue collections

Paraspinal/epidural abscess suspicion, superficial collection mapping & Doppler rim Paraspinal cellulitis, hematoma versus abscess differentiation

Detection and follow-up of paraspinal hematoma, wound collections Post-op seroma, fluid tracking & safety limitations (when to CT/MRI)

Extradural masses, paraspinal soft-tissue tumours & cysts When sonography is limited and MRI is required

Facet joint and paraspinal injections, abscess drainage, lumbar puncture adjunct guidance Needle visualization, in-plane vs out-of-plane technique and sterility

Tethered cord screening, sacral dimple correlation and external markers Normal neonatal appearance & recommended follow-up intervals

Laminae, spinous processes, posterior elements, conus position and sacral hiatus Practical tips: anisotropy, probe tilt, dynamic imaging

Structured report items: window, levels imaged, lesion location/size, Doppler, recommendations for MRI/CT/Neurosurgery Key references and imaging correlates

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Spine Ultrasound — Bilingual MCQ Panel

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