๐ Normal
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (POST-PRIMARY)
1๐ Apical infiltrates
2๐ Fibronodular opacities
3๐ Cavitary lesions
4๐ Apical fibrosis with volume loss
5๐ Healed TB calcifications
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
6๐ Aspergillosis (apical cavity with fungus ball)
7๐ Histoplasmosis (apical granulomas)
NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS
PRIMARY LUNG MALIGNANCIES
8๐ Pancoast (superior sulcus) tumor
9๐ Apical soft-tissue mass
10๐ First–third rib destruction
11๐ Vertebral body involvement
12๐ Apical bronchogenic carcinoma
13๐ Small peripheral apical nodules
METASTATIC DISEASE
14๐ Apical metastatic nodules (head & neck, breast)
PLEURAL & EXTRAPLEURAL PATHOLOGY
15๐ Apical pleural thickening
16๐ Apical pleural plaques (asbestos exposure)
17๐ Extrapleural masses
18๐ Loculated apical pleural effusion
19๐ Apical pleural fibrosis
PNEUMOTHORAX & AIR LEAKS
20๐ Small apical pneumothorax
21๐ Apical blebs
22๐ Bullae vs pneumothorax differentiation
CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES
EMPHYSEMA
23๐ Apical bullous emphysema
24๐ Paraseptal emphysema
FIBROTIC LUNG DISEASE
25๐ Upper-lobe pulmonary fibrosis
26๐ Post-inflammatory scarring
27๐ Ankylosing spondylitis–related fibrosis
OCCUPATIONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL LUNG DISEASES
28๐ Silicosis (apical nodules)
29๐ Eggshell calcification of lymph nodes
30๐ Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis
31๐ Berylliosis
SKELETAL & CHEST WALL ABNORMALITIES
32๐ Cervical rib
33๐ First rib anomalies
34๐ Apical rib fractures
35๐ Clavicular abnormalities
36๐ Vertebral body destruction (tumor/infection)
NEUROVASCULAR & SOFT TISSUE PATHOLOGY
37๐ Brachial plexus involvement (Pancoast tumor)
38๐ Apical soft tissue masses
39๐ Thoracic inlet masses
LYMPHATIC PATHOLOGY
40๐ Calcified apical lymph nodes
41๐ Tuberculous lymphadenitis
42๐ Metastatic lymphadenopathy (thoracic inlet)
POST-TREATMENT & POST-SURGICAL FINDINGS
43๐ Apical scarring post-radiotherapy
44๐ Surgical clips near lung apex
45๐ Post-thoracotomy changes
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